Space safety in the age of LEO constellations: The role of spectrum management

Abstract

The rapid expansion of low-earth orbit (LEO) satellite constellations has heightened spectrum interference and collision risks, exposing limitations in the International Telecommunication Union’s (ITU) static spectrum allocation framework. This paper investigates these challenges, particularly for Mobile Satellite Services (MSS) applications such as direct-to-cell phone connectivity and discontinuous data transmission. Through a comparative analysis of regulatory approaches by the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and the European Electronic Communications Committee (ECC), it identifies gaps in current spectrum management practices. The study proposes three adaptive solutions: (1) an enhanced time-sharing mechanism utilizing spectrum sensing and frequency hopping to minimize interference; (2) the establishment of international standards for dynamic spectrum sharing under the ITU to harmonize global policies; and (3) a multilateral governance framework, led by the United Nations, for integrated management of spectrum and orbital resources. These recommendations aim to mitigate interference risks, enhance international coordination, and ensure the secure and sustainable operation of space resources amidst the growing proliferation of LEO constellations.