Electronic Journal of the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine最新文献

{"title":"A Mini-Review of Point-of-Care C-Reactive Protein Testing in Sepsis in the Emergency Department.","authors":"Natasha Gomes Berlouis","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Timely initiation of appropriate treatment of sepsis in the Emergency Department is crucial in a patient's prognosis. Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines suggest improved results in septic shock where antimicrobials are given within 1 hour of presentation. The recognition and treatment of critically ill patients could be expedited using different methods of point-of-care testing as opposed to centralised laboratory testing. C-reactive protein is utilised as a predictor for sepsis prognosis and should be interpreted in conjunction with patient clinical findings due to its low specificity and sensitivity. Some efficient and simple C-reactive protein point-of-care assay kits discussed include immunoturbidimetry, immunonephelometry, lateral flow assays and bioassays, which have advantages over laboratory-based methods, but still require further investigation. A useful tool such as a C-reactive protein point-of-care test could potentially enhance the operational performance of emergency care. Its use in optimizing antibiotic therapy to curb the rate of antimicrobial resistance and improve sepsis outcomes still requires validation. Septic shock management in the Emergency Department continues to be a challenging task and future verification studies and clinical guidelines on biomarkers for point-of-care testing are required to establish its reliability.</p>","PeriodicalId":37192,"journal":{"name":"Electronic Journal of the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine","volume":"37 2","pages":"260-267"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13088490/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147722640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association of Hematological Inflammatory Indices with Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus- A Cross-sectional study.","authors":"S Kiran, E Karthick, Sathya Selvarajan, Sowmya Krishnamurthy, K S Sridharan","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a significant global health concern characterized by chronic low-grade inflammation, contributing to various complications. While Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) is a primary tool for assessing glycemic control, hematological inflammatory indices derived from routine Complete Blood Count (CBC) are emerging as promising, low-cost indicators of systemic inflammation. This study aimed to investigate the association between these indices and glycemic control in T2DM patients.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>This comparative cross-sectional study included 750 individuals, equally categorized into non-diabetic, well-controlled T2DM (HbA1c < 7%), and poorly controlled T2DM (HbA1c ≥ 7%) groups. HbA1c, and eleven hematological inflammatory indices like NLR, MLR, SII, SIRI, etc, were calculated and compared between the groups using JASP software followed by correlation, Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves, and binary logistic regression.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>NLR, SII, SIRI, and AISI consistently showed a rising trend with poorer glycemic control, correlated moderately with HbA1c, and demonstrated moderate predictive performance for uncontrolled diabetes (AUC > 0.6). Subgroup analysis also revealed higher NLR in poorly controlled diabetics and regression analysis proved NLR as an independent predictor of poor glycemic control (adjusted odds ratio = 4.73, p < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study demonstrates that hematological inflammatory indices, particularly NLR, SII, SIRI, and AISI, are significantly elevated in patients with poorly controlled T2DM, reflecting a state of chronic systemic inflammation. Among these, NLR shows the strongest and independent association with poor glycemic status, highlighting its potential as a low-cost, accessible adjunct marker for monitoring glycemic control and systemic inflammation in T2DM.</p>","PeriodicalId":37192,"journal":{"name":"Electronic Journal of the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine","volume":"37 2","pages":"247-259"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13088485/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147724068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of LDL-C Estimation Using Ridge Regression and Four Established Equations Against Direct Determination of LDL-C in a Northeastern Population in Thailand.","authors":"Sirawich Sonsok, Pongdech Sarakarn","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Equations traditionally used for estimating low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) have limitations in accuracy and reliability. This study aimed to compare the performance of established equations with a machine learning approach to determine the most appropriate method for LDL-C estimation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted using 14,109 lipid profile records from inpatients and outpatients at Kosumphisai Hospital, Northeastern Thailand (2017-2021). LDL-C was estimated using the Friedewald, Puavilai, National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Martin equations, as well as a Ridge regression model. Direct LDL-C measurement served as the reference standard. Model performance was evaluated using mean absolute error (MAE), the proportion of estimates within ±12% of the direct measurement, and Bland-Altman analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The calculation of LDL-C using Ridge regression provided the highest proportion of estimates within the ±12% error margin (75.37%), the lowest MAE (10.05 mg/dL), and the narrowest 95% limits of agreement (-31.19 to 31.57 mg/dL) in Bland-Altman analysis.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Ridge regression provided greater accuracy and reliability for LDL-C estimation compared with the four established equations. Future research should consider incorporating additional predictors and alternative penalized regression techniques, such as Lasso or Elastic Net, to enhance model robustness.</p>","PeriodicalId":37192,"journal":{"name":"Electronic Journal of the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine","volume":"37 2","pages":"238-246"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13088459/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147724131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beneficial Intelligence in Laboratory Medicine: Aligning Human and Artificial Intelligence for Value-Based Outcomes.","authors":"Damien Gruson, Pradeep Kumar Dabla","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into healthcare and laboratory medicine is reshaping diagnostics, workflows, and patient management. Yet, technological progress alone cannot ensure meaningful outcomes. The concept of Beneficial Intelligence (BI), defined as the synergy of human and artificial intelligence (H + A = B), emphasizes that technology must be guided by human purpose, ethics, and empathy. BI reframes AI not as a replacement for human expertise but as an augmentation that enables laboratory professionals to deliver care that is accurate, sustainable, and patient-centered. In alignment with value-based healthcare, BI prioritizes outcomes that matter most-clinical, operational, economic, and societal. Laboratory medicine provides a fertile ground for this framework, where digitalization, automation, and machine learning models already enhance diagnostics, risk stratification, and decision support. However, responsible adoption requires validation against patient outcomes, adherence to structured evaluation frameworks and continuous human oversight. Ultimately, Beneficial Intelligence is not only a technical model but a mindset: a commitment to ensure that the alliance of human wisdom and AI fosters equitable, efficient, and sustainable healthcare for the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":37192,"journal":{"name":"Electronic Journal of the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine","volume":"37 2","pages":"364-366"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13088478/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147724133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association of caspase-3 with thyroid hormone levels in patients with hypothyroidism - A hospital-based study.","authors":"Sathwika Shetty, Sindhu, Poornima Ajay Manjrekar, Sowndarya Kollampare, Janice Dsa","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>This hospital-based prospective study examined the relationship between thyroid hormone levels and serum levels of caspase-3, a critical marker of apoptosis, in 183 patients diagnosed with hypothyroidism.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Serum caspase-3 concentrations were measured using a human caspase-3 ELISA kit. Elevated caspase-3 levels indicate increased apoptotic activity.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In the overall cohort, the serum caspase-3 levels were not significantly correlated with the thyroid hormone level. However, among patients with mildly elevated TSH (Group I), caspase-3 levels were inversely correlated with T3 (r = -0.319, p < 0.05) and T₄ (r = -0.377, p < 0.001). Age-stratified analysis revealed that among younger participants (18-40 years), age independently predicted lower caspase-3 levels (p = 0.027), suggesting a decline in apoptotic activity with advancing early adulthood. In older individuals (≥41 years), serum T₄ independently and negatively predicted caspase-3 levels (p = 0.048). Partial correlation analysis controlling for age rendered the previous associations nonsignificant, indicating that age was a confounding factor.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The relationship between thyroid hormones and apoptosis appears to be both age- and severity-dependent. While thyroid hormones are inversely associated with apoptotic activity in mild hypothyroidism, age independently influences caspase-3 in younger individuals and T₄ remains a significant predictor in older adults. These findings underscore the complex interplay between aging, thyroid function, and apoptosis, with implications for thyroid-related pathophysiology across the lifespan.</p>","PeriodicalId":37192,"journal":{"name":"Electronic Journal of the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine","volume":"37 2","pages":"201-210"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13088417/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147724065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Circulating netrin-1 levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Roshan Kumar Mahat, Vedika Rathore, Mritunjay Kumar Mishra","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Netrin-1, a laminin-related guidance cue protein with emerging immunomodulatory roles, has shown conflicting associations with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in human studies. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate circulating netrin-1 levels in individuals with T2DM compared to healthy controls.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A comprehensive search of MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, and Europe PMC up to March 17, 2025, was performed for studies reporting netrin-1 levels in T2DM patients. Eligible studies were observational and provided extractable quantitative data. Study quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and JBI checklist. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using a random-effects model. Heterogeneity, subgroup, sensitivity, and publication bias analyses were performed using R software.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Twenty studies involving 1,798 articles were included. Pooled analysis revealed significantly elevated netrin-1 levels in T2DM (SMD = 0.57; 95% CI: 0.03-1.11; p = 0.0393), with substantial heterogeneity (I² = 96.4%). Subgroup analyses indicated geographic and diagnostic criteria as key moderators. Egyptian studies and those using ADA guidelines reported increased netrin-1, while Indian and WHO-based studies reported reductions. The 95% prediction interval (-2.03 to 3.18) reflected wide variability. No significant publication bias was detected (LFK index = -0.49).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This meta-analysis supports a potential link between netrin-1 and T2DM, suggesting its role as a biomarker of metabolic inflammation. However, substantial heterogeneity and study-level differences necessitate further standardized, longitudinal research to clarify its clinical relevance.</p>","PeriodicalId":37192,"journal":{"name":"Electronic Journal of the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine","volume":"37 2","pages":"345-363"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13088449/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147724071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plasma Cell Neoplasm Mimicking Metastatic Bone Disease in a Breast Cancer Survivor: A Case Report Highlighting the Role of Serum Protein Electrophoresis.","authors":"Arshiya Anjum, Sanjay Bagade, Sanath Kandem","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Breast cancer, a prevalent solid tumor, is the most common cancer among women worldwide. Hematological malignancies, such as acute myeloid leukemia, myelodysplastic syndrome, and acute lymphoblastic leukemia, are more frequent in breast cancer survivors, while plasma cell neoplasms are less common. We report the case of a 44-year-old woman with breast cancer who underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy and surgery, presenting one year later with bone lesions and anemia. Initially suspected to be metastatic bone disease, the findings of elevated serum total protein and globulins prompted serum protein electrophoresis, which revealed a distinct M band in the gamma region, suggesting a plasma cell neoplasm. Further evaluation confirmed this diagnosis, and treatment was initiated. This case underscores the importance of considering elevated total protein, globulins, and an altered albumin-to-globulin ratio as primary bone marrow disorders, such as plasma cell neoplasms, in breast cancer patients with bone lesions.</p>","PeriodicalId":37192,"journal":{"name":"Electronic Journal of the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine","volume":"37 2","pages":"367-371"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13088510/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147724137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinicians' Perspectives on the Impact of a Ransomware Attack on a Chemical Pathology Laboratory at a Tertiary Hospital in South Africa.","authors":"Ameerah Davids, Aaqilah Fataar, Asande Zama, Zakeeya Kadwa, Craig J Andrews, Mikayla N Morris, Thumeka P Jalavu, Elsie C Kruger, Annalise E Zemlin","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study aimed to explore clinicians' experiences during a ransomware attack at a public academic hospital in South Africa and assess the perceived impact of chemical pathology laboratory service disruptions on patient care.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional survey was conducted between September and December 2024. An electronic questionnaire was distributed to clinicians to gather data on their experiences during the ransomware attack, including impacts on patient care and workload. To assess changes in test requesting practices during this period, volume data for both critical (creatinine) and non-critical (vitamin B12) tests from routine annual laboratory reports were analysed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among the 58 respondents, 84% reported increased stress levels, while 78% indicated delayed diagnoses during this period. Laboratory test volumes decreased during the attack period compared to previous years, with reductions of 26.8% for creatinine and 34.1% for vitamin B12 tests. Clinicians primarily struggled with result retrieval and reported substantial disruptions to patient care.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study provides valuable insights into clinicians' perspectives on the impact of a laboratory ransomware attack. The findings highlight the critical need for investment in both cybersecurity infrastructure and comprehensive contingency planning to safeguard patient safety and minimise disruptions during future cyber incidents.</p><p><strong>Key points: </strong>This study addresses how ransomware attacks disrupt and impact clinician workflow in resource-limited hospital settings. Medical professionals should develop practical contingency plans for accessing and managing essential laboratory data during cybersecurity incidents to minimise care disruptions. The most significant finding was the dual impact of technical service disruption alongside pronounced clinician psychological stress, creating a compounded effect on healthcare delivery.</p>","PeriodicalId":37192,"journal":{"name":"Electronic Journal of the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine","volume":"37 2","pages":"268-280"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13088463/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147724104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Laboratory Professionals' Perspectives on Artificial Intelligence in Laboratory Medicine: Insights from a National Survey in Albania.","authors":"Helena Lame, Nevila Heta, Valbona Tole, Arba Coraj, Etleva Refatllari, Irena Korita, Mirela Lika, Ersida Kapllani, Anyla Bulo","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>While Artificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming Laboratory Medicine, successful AI integration depends on the readiness of healthcare professionals. This study aimed to assess the perspectives of Albanian laboratory professionals toward AI integration in medical laboratories.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a cross-sectional, voluntary, and anonymous survey using Google Forms. The survey link was distributed to all members of the Albanian Society of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine and their affiliated staff. The survey explored General Information and Demographics, Digital Properties and Health Data Access, and Perspectives on Artificial Intelligence in Medical Laboratories. Responses were automatically collected over four weeks and were analyzed to investigate laboratory professionals' perspectives.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 220 laboratory professionals completed the survey. 30% of participants were laboratory doctors and 70% were laboratory technicians. Participants expressed a generally optimistic outlook on AI integration in medical laboratories, believing it could streamline routine workflows and save time (74%), simplify repetitive tasks (70%), reduce work-related stress (61%), improve analytical accuracy and precision (57%), and reduce costs and enhance efficiency (49%). The main barriers to AI integration were considered high cost of implementation, the lack of appropriate IT infrastructure, the lack of specialized staff, and ethical considerations. Significant differences were observed among various subgroups, but interest in AI training prevailed among the majority of respondents.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This survey highlights a generally positive perspective on AI among laboratory professionals in Albania, alongside a strong interest in AI education. According to the survey respondents, strengthening digital infrastructure and promoting training programs will be essential for AI integration in laboratory medicine.</p>","PeriodicalId":37192,"journal":{"name":"Electronic Journal of the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine","volume":"37 2","pages":"326-335"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13088422/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147724061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of two analytical methods for HbA1c determination: HPLC ADAMS™ (ARKRAY A1c HA-8180T) versus CAPILLARYS 3 OCTA® (Sebia) capillary electrophoresis system.","authors":"Nisma Douzi, Oussama Grari, Imad-Eddine El Khamlichi, Soufiane Beyyoudh, Dounia El Moujtahide, El-Houcine Sebbar, Mohammed Choukri","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>HbA1c is a valuable indicator for the diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of diabetic patients. Our study aims to compare two methods of measuring HbA1c: capillary electrophoresis on the CAPILLARYS 3 OCTA ® (Sebia) with HPLC ADAMS™ (ARKRAY A1c HA-8180T) used routinely in our laboratory, to avoid any discrepancies in patient monitoring in case of changes in the HbA1c measurement method. A total of 103 blood samples from adult patients received at the laboratory have been analyzed in parallel, singly, on both machines. The results show a good correlation between the two systems with a correlation coefficient of 0.991. The Bland and Altman difference diagram shows that the average bias between ADAMS A1c™ and CAPILLARYS 3 OCTA ® is 2.087 mmol/mol (95% CI: 1.7357 to 2.4390 mmol/mol) in IFCC units and 0.19% (95% CI: 0.1602 to 0.2262%) in the National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program (NGSP) units, and that out of all the patients studied, only four had values outside the limits of the difference diagram. The latter shows a uniform dispersion of values across all the analyzed measurements, with over 95% of the differences between measurements falling within the range [-1.43; 5.61 mmol/mol] or [-0.14; 0.52%]. These results enable us to confirm the reliable transferability between the two techniques without compromising accuracy. Both machines can therefore be used interchangeably or as backup, ensuring homogeneous patient monitoring.</p>","PeriodicalId":37192,"journal":{"name":"Electronic Journal of the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine","volume":"37 2","pages":"319-325"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13088505/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147724151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}