Energy Conversion and Management-X最新文献

{"title":"Energy transition buildings: A representative case study of refurbished single household shifted to full electric utilities combined with PV, wind and battery storage","authors":"Claudio Zuffi,&nbsp;Daniele Fiaschi","doi":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2026.101582","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2026.101582","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The objective of the paper is a comprehensive energy and material rarity analysis of a representative example of household shifted to fully electric utilities, supported by uncommon combination of photovoltaic and wind renewables, complemented by battery storage. The manuscript provides figures of optimal battery storage sizing, complementarity of PV and wind resource and material rarity impact assessment, in a combined manner unavailable in literature. The approach and the considered example are generalizable to the wide category of single households and/or accommodation facilities in suburban areas, the countryside, the mountains and holiday resorts.</div><div>The manuscript analyses the dynamic behaviour of a moderately refurbished single-family household located in a country/suburban area of central Italy, grid-connected and fully electrified through a heat pump combined with Photovoltaics, Wind Turbine (PV/WT), and a Battery Energy Storage System (BESS). A dynamic model based on 12 representative monthly days was developed to evaluate the seasonal thermal and electrical behaviour of the building. It was validated against measured PV/BESS data from an existing case study, characterized by its overall pre-/post-refurbishment transmittance U. To avoid costly and invasive masonry interventions, the existing high-temperature heaters were preserved, and a high-temperature Heat Pump (HP) was adopted. The seasonal simulations enabled the optimization of the Battery Ratio (BR), defined as the BESS-to-(PV+WT) size ratio, to maximize the renewable fraction (Fr). Depending on the configuration, Fr ranged between 58.5 % and 65.6 % without WT, and increased up to 76.4–87.9 % with WT. The daily deficit associated with a PV string anomaly was quantified at 1–4 kWh under clear-sky summer conditions.</div><div>Finally, an element rarity (TR) assessment was carried out for HP, PV, WT, and BESS as a complement to standard sustainability metrics. The analysis highlighted a TR impact of 68.2 GJ for WT, 36 GJ for PV, and 21.3 MJ for HP, while a 7 kWh BESS reached 36.6 GJ, largely driven by cobalt (79.2 %).</div><div>This study provides a comprehensive example of household energy transition, combining moderate and cost-effective refurbishment strategies with an uncommon PV/WT integration, relying on data from a real case study. It also introduces material rarity as an additional sustainability indicator, with the aim of supporting more balanced design choices in the residential energy sector.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37131,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management-X","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article 101582"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146080132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative performance evaluation of implicit and explicit models of photovoltaic modules integrated to power converters","authors":"Reshma V.P. ,&nbsp;Anjan N. Padmasali ,&nbsp;Arjun M.","doi":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2026.101601","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2026.101601","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The optimization and efficiency of photovoltaic (PV) systems are crucial for maximizing their energy output and ensuring sustainable energy solutions. The performance of a PV system is critically dependent on the selection of a power converter that aligns with the application’s specific requirements. Therefore, accurately modeling the PV system with the power converter is essential for predicting system behavior, facilitating optimization, and developing effective control strategies. This work presents the development of implicit and explicit PV models integrated with various non-ideal power converters, such as boost, buck-boost, and flyback converters, to provide a realistic comparative performance analysis. The characteristics of the PV system, incorporating PV modules integrated with various power converter topologies, are analyzed under varying irradiance levels and load conditions to assess the impact of implicit and explicit modeling approaches on overall system performance. The performance of various modeling approaches is compared across different converter topologies based on computation time and iteration count. The PV model integrated with a boost converter is validated using experimental data. The results demonstrate that the Lambert W function offers a notable advantage over conventional iterative methods, such as fzero and fsolve, by significantly reducing computation time and minimizing error variation. This research contributes to optimizing PV system performance by identifying the most efficient modeling and computational methods for various power converter topologies, enabling faster and more accurate simulations and enhancing design and operational efficiency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37131,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management-X","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article 101601"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146080238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Facile synthesis of 2D Mo2TiC2@PDA/MnO2 composite-based electrode material for clean and efficient energy storage","authors":"Md. Romzan Ali ,&nbsp;Asif Iqbal ,&nbsp;Abir Hassan Talukder ,&nbsp;Md. Abdul Khaleque ,&nbsp;Md. Ruhul Amin ,&nbsp;Md. Ismail Hossain ,&nbsp;Sakibul Islam ,&nbsp;Md. Ikram Hossain ,&nbsp;Md. Rafiul Hasan ,&nbsp;Mohamed Aly Saad Aly ,&nbsp;Ghada E. Khedr ,&nbsp;Florian J. Stadler ,&nbsp;Md. Zaved Hossain Khan","doi":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2026.101620","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2026.101620","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Owing to their distinctive stacked layered structure, exceptional conductivity, large specific surface area, and abundance of redox active sites, two-dimensional transition carbon nitride, and metal carbides and nitrides efficiently store and transfer charges, thus becoming attractive electrode materials for supercapacitors. MXene-based supercapacitors are, however, seriously hindered by the low specific capacitance driven by severe self-discharge behavior and poor ambient stability due to oxidation. To overcome these limitations, herein, a Mo₂TiC₂@PDA/MnO₂ composite was synthesized to functionalize a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) surface via a two-layer modification strategy, which enabled faster charge transfer and ion diffusion within the electrode material, thus boosting the capacitive performance of Mo₂TiC₂ MXene. The composite’s structure and morphology were confirmed by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Furthermore, the electrochemical behavior of the functionalized-electrodes was assessed by galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), which all revealed that Mo₂TiC₂@PDA/MnO₂ can be a promising electrode material for supercapacitor. The Mo₂TiC₂@PDA/MnO₂ modified electrode delivered a high specific capacitance of 573 Fg⁻¹ at a current density of 1 Ag⁻¹ and demonstrated superior cycling stability with 87.43% capacitance retention over 5000 cycles. This study shows that integrating Mo₂TiC₂, PDA, and MnO₂ can significantly improve the capacitance, stability, and eco-friendly operation in supercapacitors. However, the current work does not evaluate the performance in portable or flexible devices, and future studies may address this limitation through full-cell assembly and real-world testing. Overall, the composite provides a strong foundation for next-generation energy storage applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37131,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management-X","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article 101620"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146080240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A thermodynamically consistent simulation of gas hydrates in porous media using Operator-Based Linearization","authors":"Michiel Wapperom ,&nbsp;Sadegh M. Taghinejad ,&nbsp;Xiaocong Lyu ,&nbsp;Rouhi Farajzadeh ,&nbsp;Denis Voskov","doi":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2026.101616","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2026.101616","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this work, we present a kinetic simulation model for gas hydrates in porous media using the Operator-Based Linearization (OBL) technique. The OBL approach introduces algebraic operators that represent the physical terms in the mass and energy balance equations. Operators are calculated only in supporting points comprising the discretized parameter space, and operator values and partial derivatives for linear system assembly are readily obtained through (multi-)linear interpolation. Taking advantage of this setup, the implementation of advanced thermodynamic models for hydrate formation and dissociation under kinetic assumptions is simplified. We test the assumptions for thermodynamic modelling by analysing the Gibbs energy surfaces of the fluid and hydrate phases and demonstrate that, in the limit, the thermodynamic equilibrium for both kinetic and equilibrium reaction models is equivalent. We compare the simulation results with the published experimental results for CH₄-hydrates and extend the assessment to a CO₂-hydrate formation experiment in a semi-batch, constant-pressure configuration. The model reproduces the main pressure–temperature transients and hydrate evolution for both CH₄- and CO₂-systems. We demonstrate applicability at core scale for hydrate formation and, at field scale, for gas production from CH₄-hydrates by thermal stimulation and depressurization. The interaction of thermal-compositional phenomena (phase changes, adiabatic expansion, kinetic rates, and reaction enthalpy) gives rise to highly nonlinear physics that an appropriate OBL discretization resolves. Overall, the patterns of hydrate formation and dissociation are highly sensitive to the kinetic-rate inputs; hence, the appropriate choice of the reaction model remains a key consideration from both physical and numerical perspectives.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37131,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management-X","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article 101616"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146080324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comprehensive review of municipal solid waste chemistry relevant to hydrothermal liquefaction","authors":"Anthony Ike Anukam,&nbsp;Leonidas Matsakas","doi":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2026.101649","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2026.101649","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Municipal solid waste (MSW) poses a major challenge due to its increased heterogeneity and complex chemical composition. Derived from varied household and industrial streams, MSW contains a broad mix of organic and inorganic materials with highly diverse chemical structures and reactivities. Grasping this chemical complexity is critical for developing efficient and sustainable waste valorization and recovery pathways. Yet, the highly variable nature of MSW means that its behavior in bioconversion processes like hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is still not well understood, resulting in difficulties in achieving consistent operation and predictable product quality. However, the existing HTL literature is highly fragmented, with most studies examining isolated fractions such as food waste, plastics, or lignocellulosic materials rather than real mixed MSW. As a result, a unified reaction-network framework integrating all MSW fractions is still lacking. While recent studies suggest synergistic interactions between plastics and food or paper fractions that affects product distribution, solvolysis, radical recombination, and liquefaction efficiency, these cross-fraction interactions remain largely unexplored and represent an emerging research frontier. This review therefore examines the detailed chemical composition of MSW and the fundamental chemical processes governing its conversion via HTL. Emphasis is placed on the interplay between key organic components, their intrinsic properties, and their transformation pathways under hydrothermal conditions. Key technical barriers limiting efficient MSW HTL are systematically analyzed from a structural chemistry perspective. By synthesizing existing literature and identifying knowledge gaps, this review proposes actionable directions to accelerate the development and deployment of HTL for efficient MSW valorization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37131,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management-X","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article 101649"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146189857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Energy efficiency assessment based on IMO indices for LNG dual-fuel engine based electric propulsion coastal passenger ship","authors":"Daehyuk Kim ,&nbsp;Shin Hyung Rhee ,&nbsp;Kiyoune Kwon ,&nbsp;Jung Il Lee ,&nbsp;Donghwan Sung ,&nbsp;Hyunjun Yang ,&nbsp;Suk Won Cha ,&nbsp;Hana Lee ,&nbsp;Changwook Lee ,&nbsp;Hyunchul Park","doi":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2026.101646","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2026.101646","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study evaluates the energy efficiency of an LNG dual-fuel (DF) engine-based electric propulsion coastal passenger ship using high-resolution onboard operational data. The attained EEDI in gas mode was 30.16 gCO₂/t-nm, representing a 21.8% reduction compared with diesel mode (38.56 gCO₂/t-nm) and satisfying IMO Phase 1 requirements. In contrast, the operational EEOI averaged 28.07 across 30 voyages and was strongly influenced by the high auxiliary (hotel) load (347.4 kW, 2.6× the design value of 134.6 kW). CII-related outcomes were generally Grade A but deteriorated during long port stays, highlighting the importance of shore-based electricity such as Alternative Maritime Power (AMP) and the need to better distinguish at-berth energy use in operational assessments. A comparison between shipyard model-test references and in-service speed–power data revealed substantial deviations, particularly at 7–12 knots where operational power demand was approximately two to three times higher, questioning conventional sea margin assumptions for coastal passenger ships. The battery system contributed only ∼25% of a single generator’s capacity and was frequently recharged during voyages, limiting efficiency benefits and underscoring the need for shore charging and improved charge–discharge strategies. Overall, the findings motivate coastal-specific baselines and differentiated regulatory/benchmarking approaches for hybrid coastal vessels, supported by operationally grounded evidence.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37131,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management-X","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article 101646"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146190173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrogen and electricity production from Mount Cameroon’s energy potential: Seismic imaging, techno-environmental-socio-economic assessment, and sensitivity considerations of a zero-carbon Fuel cell/Geothermal/Electrolyzer hybrid system","authors":"Pascalin Tiam Kapen ,&nbsp;M.D. Wamba","doi":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2026.101637","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2026.101637","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Geothermal energy represents a sustainable and low-carbon resource with strong potential to support decentralized energy systems in volcanic regions. In underexplored areas such as Mount Cameroon, accurate assessment and optimal utilization of geothermal resources are critical for reliable energy supply. Recent global seismic tomography models indicate a pronounced shear-wave low-velocity anomaly beneath Mount Cameroon, suggesting elevated subsurface temperatures consistent with geothermal potential. Building on this geophysical evidence, this study proposes an off-grid hybrid energy system integrating geothermal power, and fuel cell technology to simultaneously supply electricity and hydrogen. A comprehensive techno-economic, environmental, and sensitivity considerations were taken into account using HOMER Pro to identify the optimal system configuration under local demand conditions. The load profile shows recurrent peaks, requiring a flexible and dispatchable hybrid system. Results indicate that the optimal configuration comprises a 110 kW geothermal steam turbine, a 50 kW fuel cell, a 10 kW electrolyzer, a 25.5 kW power converter, and a 20 kg hydrogen storage tank. This system achieves reliable power supply with a net present cost of approximately US$ 1.84 million and a levelized cost of energy of US$ 0.465/kWh, while ensuring zero direct carbon emissions. Sensitivity analyses reveal that system economics are most influenced by fuel cell capital and replacement costs. The proposed hybrid system demonstrates the technical feasibility and economic viability of coupling geothermal energy with hydrogen technologies in volcanic regions. The results highlight its potential as a replicable solution for clean, resilient, and decentralized energy access in remote and underserved communities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37131,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management-X","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article 101637"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146189899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A direct upscaling probabilistic forecasting model for PV cluster power generation based on softDTW-(ClusterGAN-KShape)-AMQWavenet","authors":"Qing Li ,&nbsp;Tianjiao Ma ,&nbsp;Shumao Zheng ,&nbsp;Yihui Lu ,&nbsp;Zhaoxiang Deng ,&nbsp;Fu Shen","doi":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2026.101618","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2026.101618","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing penetration of photovoltaic (PV) power presents severe challenges to power system operation due to its inherent output uncertainty. To accurately quantify the uncertainty of regional PV generation, this paper proposes a novel integrated framework for direct multi-step probabilistic forecasting of PV cluster power. First, to address temporal misalignments in PV series caused by cloud movement, a differentiable soft Dynamic Time Warping (softDTW) method is introduced, enabling the joint and adaptive selection of the most representative station and key meteorological features, thereby ensuring the physical interpretability and representativeness of model inputs. Second, to overcome the limitations of single clustering methods in disentangling complex weather patterns, an improved hybrid clustering strategy that combines ClusterGAN and KShape is proposed. This strategy synergizes deep feature learning with shape-sensitive clustering to construct a condition-specific, highly discriminative weather-pattern dataset. Furthermore, an Attention-enhanced MQ-WaveNet (AMQWaveNet) probabilistic forecasting model is developed, where a multi-head attention (MHA) mechanism focuses on critical spatiotemporal information, and a residual-connected WaveNet encoder extracts multi-scale deep features, culminating in a dual-MLP decoder that directly outputs multi-step quantile forecasts. An empirical evaluation on 14 neighboring PV stations in a large-scale base in Xinjiang, China, demonstrates that: a) Under various weather conditions (sunny, cloudy, overcast/rainy), the proposed model reduces RMSE by an average of 15–25% compared to state-of-the-art benchmarks (e.g., TFT, DeepAR); b) Its Winkler Score is significantly lower than those of competing models under complex weather, proving superior uncertainty quantification; c) The method requires only key features from one representative station to achieve high-accuracy cluster forecasting, substantially reducing data dependency and model complexity, showing strong potential for practical deployment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37131,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management-X","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article 101618"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146080388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aerodynamic optimization of the combined axial-centrifugal compressor: a deep learning assisted two-step optimization approach","authors":"Amin Anjomrouz ,&nbsp;Mohamad Sadeq Karimi ,&nbsp;Siamak Kazemzadeh Hannani","doi":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2026.101911","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2026.101911","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Performance optimization of axial and centrifugal compressors is essential due to their critical roles across various engineering applications. By integrating both compressor types, combined compressors leverage the unique advantages of each, resulting in enhanced performance and operational flexibility. In this research, an aerodynamic optimization of a combined axial-centrifugal compressor is conducted using the strength Pareto evolutionary algorithm 2 (SPEA2). This multi-objective optimization algorithm is integrated with a three-dimensional (3D) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solver, which is validated against experimental results, targeting improvements in pressure ratio and isentropic efficiency. To further enhance the optimization process, a supervised sampling strategy is proposed, which utilizes a Sobol-SPEA2-PSO combinatorial approach. This method refines database generation and provides guided samples as the initial phase of the optimization framework. Subsequently, a deep learning surrogate model based on a convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture is developed and trained on the generated dataset. The trained CNN serves as the surrogate in the second step, where the optimization is performed using SPEA2, ultimately yielding the optimal compressor design candidate. The results reveal a notable increase in total-to-total isentropic efficiency by 5.98% at the design point. Additionally, the total-to-total pressure ratio and mass flow rate are increased by 0.34% and 0.83%, respectively. Off-design performance comparisons between the baseline and optimized compressors further demonstrate substantial improvements under varied operating conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37131,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management-X","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article 101911"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147858123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simultaneous sizing of a photovoltaic system and compressed air energy storage in a microgrid","authors":"Tshilumba Kalala,&nbsp;Mwana Wa Kalaga Mbukani","doi":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2026.101571","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2026.101571","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The integration of Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) with photovoltaic (PV) systems, complemented by grid interconnection capabilities and diesel generator backup, represents an advanced approach to sustainable microgrid design for future energy systems. In this study, a multi-objective optimization model for sizing PV-CAES systems is formulated as a Mixed-Integer Nonlinear Programming (MINLP) problem with two primary objective functions: (1) minimization of total system investment costs (CAPEX) and operational costs (OPEX), and (2) enhancement of system reliability and maximization of RE penetration. The Augmented <span><math><mi>ϵ</mi></math></span>-constraint method is applied to solve this multi-objective optimization problem by incorporating the reliability and RE penetration objectives as inequality constraints, while maintaining cost minimization as the overall optimization goal. In application to a case study of a South African commercial building, the optimized design saves annual operational costs by 35.2% and achieves 41.5% penetration of RE and 2.4% increase in reliability compared with conventional designs. The results demonstrate the success of the framework in providing economically viable PV-CAES configurations that simultaneously enhance sustainability and system reliability via comprehensive mathematical optimization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37131,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management-X","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article 101571"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146039770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}