Energy Conversion and Management-X最新文献

{"title":"Spatiotemporal Forecasting of Solar and Wind Energy Production: A Robust Deep Learning Model with Attention Framework","authors":"Md. Shadman Abid ,&nbsp;Razzaqul Ahshan ,&nbsp;Mohammed Al-Abri ,&nbsp;Rashid Al Abri","doi":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.100919","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.100919","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The variability in the spatiotemporal distribution of power generation is a significant challenge for accurately predicting renewable energy production patterns. Furthermore, numerous forms of unforeseen data contamination degrade the precision of forecasts since superfluous data points adversely affect the regression model. In this context, a novel robust deep learning model, termed the Convolutional Neural Network-Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory model with spatiotemporal attention mechanism (CNN-BiLSTM-STA), is developed in this study. The suggested model integrates the feature extraction expertise of CNNs with the sequence modeling proficiency of BiLSTM networks to capture spatial linkages and temporal interdependence adeptly. Moreover, the integrated spatiotemporal attention mechanism selectively focuses on significant spatial regions and time steps to enhance the prediction of spatiotemporal sequences of time-resolved grid data. The proposed architecture allows plant proprietors and system operators to obtain accurate predictions across extensive spatiotemporal patterns by eliminating the necessity for individual model fitting for each site/horizon or an additional data preprocessing phase before training. In addition, the Correntropy-based training criterion is employed to ensure the robustness of the recommended method against various types of data contamination, including data incompletion, Gaussian noises, outliers, and a mixed combination of disturbances. Furthermore, the Partial Reinforcement Optimization technique is applied to optimize the hyperparameters of the proposed model. The suggested framework incorporates numerous photovoltaic installations in Arizona and wind power installations in Texas to provide concurrent forecasts for multiple periods. The efficacy of the suggested forecasting model is evaluated by comparing it with three state-of-the-art methods. Numerical findings demonstrate that the proposed model surpasses other methods by successfully integrating spatial and temporal characteristics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37131,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management-X","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100919"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143510213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Techno-economic profitability of grid-scale battery storage allocation in European wholesale markets under a novel operation optimization strategy","authors":"Masoume Shabani ,&nbsp;Mohadeseh Shabani ,&nbsp;Jinyue Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.100936","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.100936","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study evaluates the techno-economic benefits of grid-scale battery storage allocation across 25 European countries, each with distinct wholesale price variation patterns. The evaluation is based on a novel optimization-based operation strategy, which adapts to the volatile nature of electricity markets. By making smart decisions on key operational factors, the strategy optimizes battery scheduling in the day-ahead market, maximizing profits while minimizing degradation and extending battery lifespan. Additionally, a behavior-aware battery management strategy is developed to accurately simulate real-world performance and degradation. The study identifies the most attractive European markets for grid-scale battery storage by evaluating multiple key economic metrics, including annual profit per unit of energy installed, battery lifetime, total revenue, net present value, return on investment, and payback period.</div><div>The findings show that, under the proposed strategy, battery storage integration generates significant positive profits in 23 European countries. Romania, Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia emerge as top performers, offering high profitability, short payback periods, and long-term financial sustainability. In contrast, Spain, Portugal, and Norway are currently unprofitable, though sensitivity analysis suggests that a 75 % reduction in battery costs could make these markets viable for investment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37131,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management-X","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100936"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143465203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Operational implications of transporting hydrogen via a high-pressure gas network","authors":"Amirreza Azimipoor ,&nbsp;Tong Zhang ,&nbsp;Meysam Qadrdan ,&nbsp;Nick Jenkins","doi":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.100937","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.100937","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Transporting hydrogen gas has long been identified as one of the key issues to scaling up the hydrogen economy. Among various means of transportation, many countries are considering using the existing natural gas pipeline networks for hydrogen transmission. This paper examines the implications of transporting hydrogen on the operational metrics of the high-pressure natural gas networks. A model of the GB high-pressure gas network was developed, which has a high granularity, with 294 nodes, 356 pipes, and 24 compressor stations. The model was developed using Synergi Gas, a hydraulic pipeline network simulation software. By performing unsteady-state analysis, pressure levels, linepack levels and compressor energy consumption were simulated with 10-minute time steps. Additionally, component tracing analysis was utilised to examine the variations in gas composition when hydrogen is injected into the gas network. Five scenarios were developed: one benchmark scenario representing the network transporting natural gas in 2018; one scenario where demand and supply levels are projected for 2035, but no hydrogen was transported by the network; two hydrogen injection scenarios in 2035 considering different geographical locations for hydrogen injection into the gas network; and lastly, one pure hydrogen transmission scenario for 2050. The studies found that the GB’s high-pressure gas network could accept 20 % volumetric hydrogen injection without significantly impacting network operation. Pressure levels and compressor energy consumption remain within the operational range. The geographical distribution of hydrogen injection points would highly affect the percentage of hydrogen across the network. Pure hydrogen transportation will cause significant variations in network linepack and increase compressor energy consumption significantly compared to other case studies. The findings signal that operating a network with pure hydrogen is possible only when it is prepared for these changes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37131,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management-X","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100937"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143679997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Production of bioethanol from citrus peel waste: A techno – economic feasibility study","authors":"Moses Kayanda Kiteto ,&nbsp;Beryl Minayo Vidija ,&nbsp;Cleophas Achisa Mecha","doi":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.100916","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.100916","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The quest for sustainable and clean energy solutions has sparked considerable interest in alternative energy sources to mitigate the destructive impacts of climate change and reduce over dependency on fossils fuels. Among these, biofuels, particularly bioethanol, have shown great potential based on their renewable nature, non – toxic, biodegradability and low carbon footprint. Whereas there are various reported studies on bioethanol production for organic waste, comprehensive studies targeting the technical and economic aspects are lacking. Hence, this study explores the techno – economic feasibility of the production of bioethanol from citrus peel waste using a multifaceted approach that addresses the dual challenge of energy generation and waste management. The study provides an elaborative analysis of the composition of citrus peels; technical aspects of bioethanol production and evaluated relevant unit operations. The specific reactions that occur and the optimum conditions for the processes are determined. The economic viability of the process, considering a daily processing capacity of 450 metric tons of citrus peel waste is assessed. The profitability analysis indicates a Return of Return on investment (ROR) of 23.21 %, Discounted Cash Flow Rate of Return (DCFROR) of 25.15 %, net present worth of $ 84.94 million and payout period of 2.96 years. The findings demonstrate the technological and economic feasibility of producing bioethanol from citrus peel waste, highlighting its potential as a sustainable bioenergy solution with attractive environmental, energy and economic benefits.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37131,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management-X","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100916"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143454482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pyrolysis and kinetic analysis of marine (Isochrysis sp.) and freshwater (Monoraphidium c.) microalgae","authors":"Noridah B. Osman ,&nbsp;Umi Syahirah Binti Mohd Amin ,&nbsp;David Onoja Patrick ,&nbsp;Nurul Asyikin Binti Badir Noon Zaman ,&nbsp;Syazmi Zul Arif Hakimi Saadon ,&nbsp;Suzana Yusup ,&nbsp;Liyana Yahya","doi":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.100904","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.100904","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Marine and freshwater microalgae grow in two different ecosystems, which influence their properties thus requires attention prior to determining its application. This paper has successfully disclosed the thermal, chemical, and physical properties of two types of microalgae on carbon dioxide (CO₂) fixation and underwent pyrolysis process. Slow pyrolysis process for marine and freshwater microalgae (Isochrysis sp. and Monoraphidium c.) was performed in the fixed bed pyrolysis reactor and TGA (thermogravimetric analyzer) to determine the product yield and study their thermal decomposition profile. The pyrolysis was completed at various temperatures (400, 450, 500, and 550 °C) at a heating rate of 15°Cmin⁻¹ and nitrogen flow rate of 200 ml min⁻¹. Pyrolysis in TGA analyzer ran from 27 to 800 °C at three heating rates (10, 20, and 40 °Cmin⁻¹). For chemical composition, Fourier-transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis was performed on both microalgae samples. The highest yield (up to 33.9 %) of bio-oil was obtained from Isochrysis sp. for all temperatures while the highest average yield (65.78 %) of biochar was collected from Monoraphidium c. species. From TGA pyrolysis, the major decomposition occurred between 200–400 °C for Monoraphidium c. species. On the other hand, the decomposition profile of Isochrysis sp. was slightly slower, which may be due to the differences in lipid composition (FTIR peak 2929 cm⁻¹). The activation energy of all tests is lower (33.6–40.3 kJ mol⁻¹) compared to several other biomasses. Marine species fixed with CO₂ showed promising results even without addition of catalyst and no additional cost needed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37131,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management-X","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100904"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143465204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transesterification and esterification for biodiesel production: A comprehensive review of catalysts and palm oil feedstocks","authors":"Heba Huthaifa Naseef ,&nbsp;Reem Hani Tulaimat","doi":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.100931","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.100931","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This review presents a comprehensive and critical evaluation of biodiesel production, emphasizing the synergistic integration of feedstock optimization and catalytic advancements to achieve enhanced efficiency, sustainability, and economic viability. The study systematically analyzes core production methods, including transesterification, direct esterification, and two-step processes, while evaluating the impact of crucial parameters such as alcohol-to-oil molar ratio, catalyst type and concentration, reaction temperature, and reaction time. A thorough assessment of catalytic systems is provided, encompassing homogeneous (alkaline and acidic) and heterogeneous catalysts, with special attention to advanced categories such as bifunctional, biological, and nanocatalysts. The review also examines the transformative potential of palm oil-derived feedstocks, including crude palm oil, kernel palm oil, refined palm oil, palm oil sludge, and used cooking palm oil, critically assessing their viability for biodiesel production. Additionally, the review includes an in-depth Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of palm oil biodiesel, evaluating its environmental impact and long-term sustainability. By addressing significant research gaps, particularly the linkage between feedstock properties and catalytic performance, this work offers a cohesive framework for advancing biodiesel technology. The findings underscore the potential of customized catalytic systems and diverse feedstock utilization in driving sustainable, economically viable biofuel production. As such, this review serves as an essential resource for researchers, policymakers, and industry leaders committed to solving global energy and environmental challenges.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37131,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management-X","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100931"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143454634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing concentrated photovoltaic module efficiency using Nanofluid-Based cooling","authors":"Mohamed Helmy Abdel-Aziz ,&nbsp;Mohamed Shafick Zoromba ,&nbsp;Alaa Attar ,&nbsp;M. Bassyouni ,&nbsp;N. Almutlaq ,&nbsp;O.A. Al-Qabandi ,&nbsp;Yasser Elhenawy","doi":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.100928","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.100928","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Photovoltaic technology offers a promising and environmentally sustainable solution to global energy demands. However, its efficiency is often compromised by elevated temperatures caused by intense solar radiation. Effective cooling strategies are essential to enhance electricity generation and prolong the lifespan of photovoltaic cells. This study explored the enhancement of electricity production in concentrated photovoltaic systems through the use of Al₂O₃/water nanofluid as a cooling medium. An experimental analysis evaluated the thermal and electrical efficiencies of cooled versus uncooled concentrated photovoltaic panels. Aluminum oxide nanoparticles were utilized in various loadings ranging from 0.2 wt% to 0.5 wt% at a flow rate of 1.25 L/min to assess their impact on concentrated photovoltaic performance. The results demonstrated that 0.5 wt% Al₂O₃/water nanofluid achieved the most significant reduction in PV surface temperature lowering it by 55 % compared to an uncooled panel. Under peak solar intensity, the electrical output of the concentrated photovoltaic panels was recorded as 43.22 Wh for the uncooled panel. In contrast, the cooled panels produced 48.87 Wh with water, 51.01 Wh with 0.2 wt% Al₂O₃/water nanofluid, and 54.30 Wh with 0.5 wt% Al₂O₃/water nanofluid. For the 0.5 wt% Al₂O₃ nanofluid, the electrical and thermal efficiencies were measured at 34.80 % and 64.42 %, respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37131,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management-X","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100928"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143454480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Power-to-X in Southern Iraq: Techno-economic assessment of solar-powered hydrogen electrolysis combined with carbon capture and storage for sustainable energy solutions","authors":"Rudha Khudhair Mohammed ,&nbsp;Hooman Farzaneh","doi":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.100918","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.100918","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the techno-economic feasibility of a Power-to-X (PtX) system by integrating solar-powered hydrogen electrolysis with carbon capture and Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis processes for e-fuel production in Basra, Iraq. To this aim, a comprehensive modeling framework is developed to cover the detailed simulation of E-fuel production along with the system cost analysis. The proposed PtX system is supposed to be located near the Hartha power plant, which is one of the main sources of electricity in the Basra region, allowing for the utilization of captured CO₂ from the power plant’s exhaust gas. The PtX plant design shows significant potential, producing 2.44 tonnes of (C12-C20) hydrocarbons and 3.36 tonnes of (C21-C40) heavy oils annually. This is achieved by utilizing 7.5 and 74.2 tonnes per year of hydrogen generated from solar electrolysis and captured CO₂, respectively. A cash flow analysis covering 25 years shows that an E-fuel market price of $10 per liter is needed to achieve a positive cash flow within 15 years. The study also indicates that implementing a $200 per tonne carbon tax improves the economic feasibility of the project by allowing for earlier positive cash flows from 6 years and a quicker break-even point at the current E-fuel market price of $2 per liter with a NPV of $ 464 million. Sensitivity analysis reveals that higher carbon taxes and e-fuel prices enhance profitability by reducing payback periods and increasing the NPV. However, an increase in hydrogen production costs introduces substantial risk, with higher costs decreasing economic viability. The feasibility assessment suggests that despite the substantial initial investment needed for various system components, the long-term advantages include reduced CO₂ emissions and the potential for Iraq to emerge as a leader in renewable fuel production. Stable policies, robust carbon taxes, and cost-efficient hydrogen production are essential for the successful implementation of PtX project.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37131,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management-X","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100918"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143454497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contactless external manifold design of a kW-scale solid oxide electrolysis cell stack and analysis of its impact on the internal stack environment","authors":"Donghun Ryu,&nbsp;Janghyun Lim,&nbsp;Wooseok Lee,&nbsp;Jongsup Hong","doi":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.100934","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.100934","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) technology emerges as a promising solution for producing environmentally friendly green hydrogen. However, stacking multiple repeating units to maximize hydrogen production introduces significant challenges, particularly non-uniform distribution of reacting gases and temperature across the cell-layers in internal manifold stacks. To address these issues, external manifold stacks are proposed as a potential solution. However, conventional external manifold configuration utilizes a fastening method that directly connects the stack and external manifold to supply reacting gases. This approach often fails to maintain uniform fastening strength due to thermal expansion of the stack, leading to gas leakage and degradation of electrochemical cells. To overcome these limitations, this study proposes a contactless external manifold design that eliminates direct contact between the stack and the external manifold while focusing on a detailed analysis of heat and mass transport characteristics within the stack and the resulting electrochemical distributions. Meanwhile, using the contactless configuration creates not only a flow path entering the stack but also a newly formed bypass outside the stack, with simulation results revealing that excessive air leakage occurs through this bypass. To resolve this issue, a flow resistance circuit is constructed to derive the flow resistance of each airflow path. Based on the calculated flow resistances, a hook-shaped flow resistance structure is introduced to ensure that the desired airflow rate enters the stack. A comparative analysis is conducted among three configurations: an external manifold stack with the hook-shaped resistance structure, an external manifold stack without the resistance structure, and an internal manifold stack. This analysis elucidates the relationships among pressure, species distribution, temperature, and electrochemical distribution for each configuration. The results demonstrate that the external manifold stack with the hook-shaped resistance structure provides the most uniform internal environment for cells. Additionally, an air ratio study is conducted to verify the validity of the proposed external manifold design under various conditions, confirming its applicability across a wide range of operating conditions and the reliability of the flow resistance structure design methodology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37131,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management-X","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100934"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143454481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of a combined cycle utilizing parabolic trough collector integrated organic Rankine cycle and single-stage evaporation","authors":"Mohammad Mahyar Khademi,&nbsp;Alibakhsh Kasaeian","doi":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.100932","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.100932","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Considering the harmful environmental effects of greenhouse gases, including global warming, many researchers are looking to use cleaner energy. In the meantime, renewable energies, including solar energy, have received much attention due to their availability and sustainability. There are different processes for desalination including multi effect desalination (MED), reverse Osmosis (RO), multi stage flash (MSF), etc. The proposed innovative system in this research is based on parabolic trough collector (PTC), which makes the system efficient and renewable. In this system, PTC have the task of collecting sunlight and transferring it to the organic Rankine cycle (ORC). The turbine is responsible for generating electricity in the ORC in this system. Also, the residual heat is transferred to the single stage evaporation unit (SSE). This unit produces hot water and fresh water. Also, the remaining heat is used by another heat exchanger to produce hydrogen. The integration of this system with renewable energy as a research gap was investigated in this research. The proposed system is simulated in Aspen HYSYS software. Finally, the amount of production equivalent to 32.2 kg/s, 0.55944 kg/s, 4156 kW and 10 kg/s was calculated for hot water, hydrogen, electricity and fresh water respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37131,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management-X","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100932"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143519731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}