Energy Conversion and Management-X最新文献

{"title":"A deep clustering and secure grouping method for power IoT terminals with mixed attributes","authors":"Wei Sun ,&nbsp;Feng Zhai ,&nbsp;Yingwei Jiang ,&nbsp;Hao Chen ,&nbsp;Bin Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2026.101856","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2026.101856","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the rapid development of the Electric Power Internet of Things (EPIoT), massive collection terminals such as distributed photovoltaic systems and smart meters generate complex heterogeneous and multi-attribute mixed operational data. Traditional clustering methods face challenges in handling such data, including insufficient adaptation to mixed attributes, inadequate characterization of security-sensitive features, and suboptimal grouping stability. To address these issues, this paper proposes a weighted mixed-attribute deep embedding clustering method for intelligent collection devices. Firstly, stacked denoising autoencoders are employed to achieve robust dimensionality reduction and deep feature extraction from high-dimensional mixed-attribute data. Secondly, a dynamic weighting mechanism based on information entropy is designed to quantify the importance of numerical and categorical attributes in secure grouping, and a weighted mixed-distance metric is constructed. Furthermore, a two-stage alternating optimization strategy is proposed: the first stage adopts t-distribution to calculate soft assignments, preserving the uncertainty of device membership; the second stage constructs a high-confidence target distribution to jointly update autoencoder parameters and cluster centers, achieving co-optimization of feature representation and grouping structure. Finally, the optimal number of clusters is adaptively determined using dual indicators of Sum of Squared Errors (SSE) and Silhouette Coefficient to ensure stable and reliable grouping results. Simulation experiments demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms existing comparison schemes in grouping accuracy, attack isolation rate, key update latency, and authentication overhead, providing effective support for collaborative control and intelligent decision-making in electric power Internet of Things.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37131,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management-X","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article 101856"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147802537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unveiling carbon coking in hydrocarbon-fueled systems via normalized in situ gas chromatography","authors":"Gyeong Duk Nam ,&nbsp;Hyesong An ,&nbsp;Hee Jin Kim ,&nbsp;Heeji Lee ,&nbsp;Gahyeon Lee ,&nbsp;Sungtae Park ,&nbsp;Jong-Eun Hong ,&nbsp;Jong-Ho Lee ,&nbsp;Jong Hoon Joo","doi":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2026.101568","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2026.101568","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Coking significantly degrades hydrocarbon-fueled system performance, making its analysis a critical challenge. Real-time monitoring of coking is typically conducted using current–voltage (I–V) or impedance spectroscopy. In most studies, systems have been considered stable against coking if no electrochemical degradation is observed. This study proposes the use of gas chromatography (GC) to investigate in situ coking behavior. Although quantifying coking using GC is inherently challenging owing to error margins, a normalization methodology was developed by systematically varying steam-to-carbon (S/C) ratios, allowing for a reliable analysis of relative coking trends despite absolute quantification limitations. The normalized values were defined as Δcoking, which represents an indicator of relative carbon deposition trends rather than the absolute amount of deposited carbon. The errors associated with the analysis process were minimized by fixing all the variables except for the hydrocarbon flow rate. In methane-utilized solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), performance remains stable at an S/C ratio of 1.5 or higher, which indicates that coking may not occur. However, applying a normalization methodology reveals coking behaviors that cannot be detected through electrochemical analysis alone. The reproducibility of the in situ GC-based coking analysis technique was validated by comparing carbon coking behavior between bare and coke-resistant catalyst-infiltrated anodes. The cell decorated with catalysts exhibited significantly lower Δcoking values under varying S/C ratios, confirming the method’s reliability in evaluating coking resistance. This highlights the limitations of traditional approaches for detecting subtle coking phenomena and demonstrates the value of GC for precise coking analysis, thereby advancing the understanding and mitigation of coking in hydrocarbon-fueled systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37131,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management-X","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article 101568"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146039768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transforming sustainable energy through microgrids: Bangladesh perspectives","authors":"Md. Kawsar Hossain ,&nbsp;Abu Saleh Molla ,&nbsp;Prangon Chowdhury ,&nbsp;Faysal Amin Tanvir ,&nbsp;Omar Farrok","doi":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2026.101585","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2026.101585","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Despite achieving universal access to electricity, Bangladesh faces severe energy issues that hinder its sustainable development. The country experiences frequent power outages, transmission losses, and overreliance on imported fuels. Many rural communities still face unreliable electricity, despite having plenty of untapped renewable resources. Existing studies have discussed microgrids’ technical, economic, and environmental aspects in different regions. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, none have evaluated detailed implementation challenges or their contribution to sustainable development. In this regard, this paper investigates how microgrids can transform Bangladesh’s energy landscape while meeting sustainability goals. It identifies key barriers to adoption such as weak infrastructure, cybersecurity risks, financial constraints, complex funding arrangements, difficulties in public–private partnerships, and challenges around social acceptance. It also reviews the technical requirements and policy frameworks within the country’s wider development agenda. Potential sites for microgrid deployment are mapped out, along with the policies needed to integrate them into the grid. Using SWOT and PESTLE frameworks, this paper observes factors influencing microgrid adoption, considering Bangladesh’s geographical and socioeconomic conditions. Based on the assessment, this study finds that microgrids can offer viable solutions to current energy problems by reducing import dependency, creating local employment, and delivering reliable rural power supply. However, regulatory ambiguity, limited technical capacity, high capital costs, and poor inter-agency coordination present significant obstacles. It can stimulate economic growth, enhance educational and healthcare services, and strengthen climate resilience. This analysis provides actionable recommendations for policymakers, investors, and development organisations addressing similar energy access challenges in other developing nations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37131,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management-X","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article 101585"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146039794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"AI-driven optimization approaches of metal–organic frameworks for enhanced methane delivery","authors":"Helder R.O. Rocha ,&nbsp;Sara Abou Dargham ,&nbsp;Jimmy Romanos ,&nbsp;Wesley Costa ,&nbsp;Roy Roukos ,&nbsp;Jair A.L. Silva ,&nbsp;Heinrich Wörtche","doi":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2026.101605","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2026.101605","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Methane, the primary component of natural gas, emits less carbon dioxide than other petroleum-based fuels but faces challenges in efficient storage and transportation. Advanced adsorption materials provide a safe and cost-effective solution, with metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) emerging as promising candidates for natural gas storage and delivery in vehicles. This research employed AI-Driven Optimization (AiDO) to identify optimal parameters for enhancing methane uptake while simultaneously improving both gravimetric and volumetric delivery. We developed and validated three machine learning models: eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), Kolmogorov–Arnold Network (KAN), and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), using experimental data. All models demonstrated strong predictive performance, with XGBoost achieving outstanding results, including a Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) of 0.0103 and a coefficient of determination (<span><math><msup><mrow><mi>R</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></math></span>) of 0.9722. When integrated into an optimization framework, the XGBoost model identified optimal conditions for methane delivery, predicting a room temperature gravimetric delivery of 724.14 cm³/g, and a volumetric delivery of 602.21 cm³/cm³ from 65 to 5 bar. Sensitivity analysis validated the robustness of the AiDO methodology, highlighting its potential to effectively reduce costs and enhance the performance of porous MOFs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37131,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management-X","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article 101605"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146039789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geometric design of gas diffusion layer of PEMFCs to improve water management using multiphase lattice Boltzmann method","authors":"Amir Nourmohammadi ,&nbsp;Majid Siavashi ,&nbsp;Hossein Pourrahmani ,&nbsp;Mohammad Mehdi Hesampour","doi":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2026.101564","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2026.101564","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are considered an advanced technology for clean energy usage due to their high efficiency and zero emissions. However, effective water management in the gas diffusion layer (GDL), particularly the formation and removal of liquid water droplets, remains a major challenge. In this study, a three-dimensional two-phase flow model based on the lattice Boltzmann method combined with the volume of fluid (LBM-VOF) approach is developed using the Palabos platform to simulate droplet dynamics at the pore scale of the GDL. The model is validated against existing numerical and experimental data. The main novelty of this study is to show the impacts of key geometric parameters, including porosity, fiber diameter, contact angle, and inlet velocity for conventional fiber-based structures, followed by the report of the best-performing values. Results reveal that mesh-based geometries, especially the hexagonal arrangement, significantly enhance water removal. In particular, the MultiOctagon 70% and Hexagon 70% configurations reduce water saturation and removal time by 42.16% and 44.99%, and by 47.61% and 43.99%, respectively, compared to the random fiber-based structure with 70% porosity and 8 µm fiber diameter. These findings highlight the potential of GDL designs to improve water management and overall PEMFC performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37131,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management-X","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article 101564"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146039762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The transition to sustainable aviation fuel: insights from patent analysis and policy implications","authors":"Qiuyan Xu,&nbsp;Greig Mordue","doi":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2026.101634","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2026.101634","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The aviation industry has committed to achieving net zero carbon emissions by 2050, with sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) identified as the most promising solution. The transition to SAF is mainly influenced by technological advancements, production capacities, and policy incentives. However, the rapidly evolving and diverse nature of SAF technologies complicates the landscape, resulting in a lack of value chain transparency and difficulties in understanding regional patterns in the SAF transition. This study addresses these challenges by constructing and analyzing a global database of SAF-related patents to examine SAF technology development trends, regional differences in innovation and patenting activities, the distribution of SAF technology domains, and key players in the supply chain. The analysis reveals regional disparities in innovation ecosystems and gaps in policy design while providing insights into the roles of stakeholders across the SAF value chain. Informed by these findings, the study makes policy recommendations aimed at addressing regional disparities, harmonizing SAF mandates, and aligning production with market dynamics, thereby supporting the sustainable decarbonization of aviation systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37131,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management-X","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article 101634"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146080380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Direct recycling of heavy cycle oil, light cycle oil and heavy naphtha to the RFCC reactor feed: Study on product yield distribution","authors":"S. Masoud Hosseini ,&nbsp;A. Afshar Ebrahimi","doi":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2026.101652","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2026.101652","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines the recycling of heavy cycle oil (HCO), light cycle oil (LCO), and heavy naphtha (HN) into the feed of a residue fluid catalytic cracking (RFCC) reactor to evaluate their effects on product yield distribution. The objective is to develop strategies for steering RFCC operations toward higher-value products. The recycled streams, rich in aromatic compounds, were tested in a fixed fluidized bed microreactor (ACE test) using a commercial RFCC equilibrium catalyst. The NOFs (neat oil fractions), namely HCO, LCO and HN, and blended feeds with atmospheric residue (ATR) were cracked at 520 °C under varying catalyst-to-oil (C/O) ratios. Conversion of the NOFs followed the order HN (99 wt%) &gt; LCO (87.5 wt%) &gt; HCO (42 wt%), with corresponding gasoline yields of 69, 51, and 14 wt%. For blended feeds, ATR + HN achieved the highest conversion (79.1 wt%) and gasoline yield (51 wt%), while ATR + LCO generated the most olefins. Results demonstrate that mono-aromatics act as gasoline precursors, whereas di-aromatics favor LCO formation. Increasing C/O ratio enhanced gasoline and olefin yields while reducing LCO and main cycle oil. These findings highlight the potential of recycling side streams to optimize RFCC performance and improve refinery fuel flexibility.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37131,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management-X","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article 101652"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146189852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The future role of agroforestry and Agri-PV in the German energy system — An analysis with the BENOPTex model","authors":"Alexander Cyfka ,&nbsp;Matthias Jordan ,&nbsp;Jürgen Vollmer ,&nbsp;Daniela Thrän","doi":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2026.101614","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2026.101614","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The climate crisis requires a transition to a climate neutral energy system, particularly in sectors that are hard to decarbonize. For these sectors, biomass-based energy carriers often represent a comparatively cost-effective decarbonization option. Given limited suitable land availability and high energy demand, identifying land-efficient solutions for renewable energy production is crucial. The present study is concerned with the collection and harmonization of data on the multi-land-use concepts of agricultural photovoltaics (Agri-PV) and agroforestry. Both concepts are considered here as systems capable of contributing to renewable energy supply, through electricity generation and biomass production for energy use. The objective is to integrate these concepts into a model of the German energy system and use the energy system optimization model BENOPTex to evaluate their economic viability. In various sensitivity analysis, we determine the most cost-effective land allocation for energy production on the 2.16 million hectares currently used for energy crops. Results indicate that, under current yield and cost assumptions, neither Agri-PV nor agroforestry systems outperform monoculture systems (e.g. Miscanthus) or ground-mounted PV. However, the analysis identifies yield and cost thresholds at which specific combinations become competitive. For example, a Miscanthus-sugar beet agroforestry system becomes viable with a 6% yield increase in Miscanthus compared to the monoculture yield. Despite their current economic disadvantages, Agri-PV and agroforestry offer non-monetized benefits including biodiversity enhancement and climate resilience. The study concludes that bridging the economic gap may require valuing these co-benefits or achieving significant cost and yield improvements through research and innovation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37131,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management-X","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article 101614"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146189860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Drying kinetics and energy-exergy performance of a hybrid solar-biomass dryer","authors":"Sifat Abdul Bari ,&nbsp;Mohtasim Fuad ,&nbsp;Md. Shahed Mahamud ,&nbsp;Arafat Ahmed Bhuiyan ,&nbsp;Md. Ahiduzzaman","doi":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2026.101644","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2026.101644","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Reliable food preservation remains difficult in developing regions with limited electricity and high ambient humidity, where traditional open solar drying often performs poorly. Hybrid solar-biomass dryers offer a promising alternative, yet their energy and exergy behavior for high-moisture vegetables under tropical conditions has not been documented. This study evaluates the drying performance, energy efficiency, and exergy efficiency of a hybrid solar-biomass dryer for cabbage and compares it with standalone sunlight and biomass heating. Experiments were conducted with 4 kg, 8 kg, and 12 kg cabbage loads under three heating modes. Temperatures, solar radiation, relative humidity, and moisture content were measured periodically, and thermodynamic performance was assessed using a validated energy-exergy model implemented in Engineering Equation Solver. Drying durations were 13 h, 8 h, and 7 h for the 4 kg sunlight, biomass, and hybrid modes; 19 h, 13 h, and 12 h for the 8 kg batch; and 20 h, 17 h, and 12 h for the 12 kg batch. The hybrid 12 kg test achieved the highest moisture evaporation rate (766.15 g/h). For the 8 kg trials, energy efficiencies were 38%, 33%, and 50%, and exergy efficiencies were 37%, 33%, and 45% for sunlight, biomass, and hybrid modes, with corresponding exergy destruction of 33.91, 167.54, and 107.42 MJ. By combining stable heat supply with reduced humidity, the hybrid system markedly improved drying rate and thermodynamic performance, demonstrating strong potential for scalable, low-cost food drying in off-grid tropical environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37131,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management-X","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article 101644"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146189854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"When does high-tech research investment enable green energy transition?","authors":"Brahim Bergougui ,&nbsp;Sudeshna Ghosh ,&nbsp;Buhari Doğan ,&nbsp;Ahmed Samour ,&nbsp;Rabindra Nepal","doi":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2026.101598","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2026.101598","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The allocation of public budgets to research and development plays a vital role in advancing climate welfare and facilitating the energy transition. Energy transition focuses on sustainable development goal −7 (SDG-7). By discussing the importance of energy transition and research and development, the current study elaborates on the pathway to resilient energy. This study investigates the influence of public research and development budgets on energy transition in 20 leading sophisticated economies over the period from 1995 to 2022. Using the method of moment quantile regression (MM-QR), the findings reveal a positive association between public renewable energy R&amp;D budgets and the Energy Transition Index (ETI) across all quantile distributions. The effect gets weakened slightly at higher quantiles. While energy efficiency RD&amp;D budgets demonstrate a positive association, the results are statistically insignificant. Public spending on storage/other technologies and high-tech industry demonstrates a negative impact in the lowest quantile, transforming to a positive and significant effect in higher percentiles. The influence of control variables is further explored. Institutional quality and technological innovation exert a positive and significant effect on energy transition across all quantiles, while economic complexity demonstrates a negative impact, particularly pronounced in lower development stages. The study suggests that governments within these leading economies should prioritize public R&amp;D budgets, particularly for low-cost renewable energy solutions across domestic, industrial, and transportation sectors. Furthermore, policies suggestions is towards carbon-free electrification, electric vehicle adoption, and hydropower generation can accelerate progress.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37131,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management-X","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article 101598"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146190000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}