Energy Conversion and Management-X最新文献

{"title":"Comparative life cycle assessment of decarbonization pathways for cement production in Nepal","authors":"Aashish Chaulagain ,&nbsp;Parash Lama ,&nbsp;Ashal Adhikari ,&nbsp;Shrija Mandal ,&nbsp;Bibek Uprety","doi":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101284","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101284","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cement production is a major source of greenhouse gas emissions. In Nepal, rapid post-earthquake reconstruction and infrastructure development have significantly increased cement demand. The booming cement sector presents a significant challenge to the country’s net zero pledge by 2045. This study therefore presents the first life cycle assessment (LCA) of cement manufacturing in Nepal − an important step towards understanding the environmental impact of this critical industry. The environmental profile of cement production was assessed through a cradle-to-gate LCA using SimaPro software based on primary data collected from a representative plant. Several production pathways were evaluated including conventional coal-based system, system integrating post combustion carbon capture (PCCC), alternative fuel use, and clinker substitution with supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs). Pyro-processing was identified as the primary emission hotspot, contributing over 91.0 % and 88.0 % of the total global warming potential (GWP) ∼ 880 kg CO₂ eq./ton for ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and ∼ 771 kg CO₂ eq./ton for Portland pozzolana cement (PPC), respectively. PCCC systems achieved up to 52.0 % GWP reduction compared to conventional OPC, albeit with increased resource demands. Sensitivity analysis showed 5 % electricity efficiency improvements had a greater impact on GWP (up to 3.66 %) than coal reductions (up to 0.500 %), particularly in PCCC integrated systems. Uncertainty analysis revealed higher variability in electricity-intensive systems, while coal-based systems were more stable. A multi criteria decision analysis (MCDA) using analytic hierarchy process across 18 environmental indicators identified SCMs based pathway as the most sustainable option (aggregated score: 0.215). These findings provide actionable insights for steering Nepal’s cement industry towards a low carbon future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37131,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management-X","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 101284"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145157825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance, economic, and environmental assessment of PV and PVT systems in Lebanon: A comparative case study","authors":"Amal Herez ,&nbsp;Hassan Jaber ,&nbsp;Mahmoud Khaled ,&nbsp;Tareq Salameh ,&nbsp;Abdul-Kadir Hamid ,&nbsp;Mousa Hussein","doi":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101270","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101270","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In areas with great solar potential, like Lebanon, combining solar energy systems—especially photovoltaic (PV) and photovoltaic-thermal (PVT) technologies—has emerged as a viable answer to growing energy demands and environmental issues. Through a real-world investigation in Lebanon, this study compares the electrical performance, economic feasibility, and environmental impact of standalone PV and hybrid PVT systems. A validated simulation approach, a thorough economic and CO₂ mitigation analysis, and localized thermal modeling and monthly performance comparison of PV and PVT systems under Lebanese climate circumstances are what make this work unique. Electrical energy output and efficiency were estimated using thermal models for both systems. The models were checked against the body of existing research. Over the course of a year, analysis was done on monthly energy output, system efficiencies, payback periods, and CO₂ emissions reductions. In January, PV and PVT systems generated 372.5 kWh and 391.7 kWh of electricity, respectively, while in July, they generated 796.3 kWh and 934.2 kWh. During hot months, the PVT system’s electrical efficiency advantage over PV peaked at 17.3 %, with a minimum difference of 5.2 % during the winter. In terms of economics, the PV system’s payback period was 3.7 years, while the PVT system’s was 1.1 years. In terms of the environment, PV and PVT reduced CO₂ emissions by 3.45 and 17.36 tons annually, respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37131,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management-X","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 101270"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145118349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbon foam for next-generation electrochemical energy storage: advances, challenges, and outlook","authors":"Monjur Mourshed ,&nbsp;Robel Ahmed ,&nbsp;Md.Golam Kibria ,&nbsp;Md Rabiul Islam Sarker","doi":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101281","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101281","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing global demand for clean and sustainable energy has accelerated the development of advanced electrochemical energy storage systems. A critical factor in improving the efficiency of such systems lies in optimizing electrode structures and components, including both active electrode materials and current collectors. This study explores carbon foam (CF) as a versatile carbon material that can serve either as a porous electrode or as a 3D current collector, owing to its superior physicochemical properties such as high porosity (∼97–99 %), excellent thermal and electrical conductivity, low density, and structural robustness. The primary objective is to review recent advances in the synthesis, characterization, and applications of CFs in supercapacitors, fuel cells, and redox flow batteries. This review employs comparative analysis of literature data and material characterization insights to evaluate CFs’ structural advantages (e.g., hierarchical porosity, tunable pore sizes, and graphitization levels) and their impact on electrochemical performance. This tunability is typically achieved by varying precursor type, foaming agent concentration, and carbonization/graphitization conditions, which collectively determine pore size distribution and connectivity. Results show that the integration of CFs can enhance conductivity (up to 150 S/cm with CNT decoration), increase areal capacity (4.3 <span><math><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>m</mi><mi>A</mi><mi>h</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>m</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mrow><mo>)</mo><mo>,</mo><mspace></mspace></mrow></mrow></math></span> and improve energy and power densities significantly. The novelty of this work lies in highlighting CF as more than just a structural support it functions as a multifunctional component that significantly improves both electrical conductivity and mass transport. By bridging these two critical performance factors, this review offers valuable insights for the development of next-generation porous electrodes. However, carbon foams also face practical constraints brittle frameworks, energy-intensive high-temperature processing, and electrolyte-compatibility issues in aqueous media that require targeted materials and process innovations. These findings open up promising opportunities for applications in flexible electronics, hybrid energy storage devices, and high-efficiency electrochemical systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37131,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management-X","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 101281"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145157822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Techno-economic analysis of local manufacturing of perovskite photovoltaic modules for electricity generation in Ethiopia","authors":"Getnet M. Meheretu ,&nbsp;Ababay Ketema Worku ,&nbsp;Moges T. Yihunie ,&nbsp;Richard K. Koech ,&nbsp;Getasew A. Wubetu","doi":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101274","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101274","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Perovskite solar cells can be potential contenders for future photovoltaic technologies due to their high efficiency, affordability, and simple manufacturing process. This study focuses on the techno-economic analysis of local manufacturing of perovskite solar panels in Ethiopia. The total manufacturing costs were found to be $0.29 /wp or $/69.6/m². The Minimum Sustainable Price was calculated to be $0.38 /wp or $91.2/m². Using a Monte Carlo simulation, the techno-economic metrics such as Net Present Value, Pay Back Period, Rate of Return, Profitability Index, and Levelized Cost of Energy were evaluated to determine project viability. The analysis showed a positive Net Present Value, a Payback Period of 7 to 8 years, an Internal Rate of Return of about 12 % with its average rate of return greater than the weighted average cost of capital, and a profitability index of 1.22, indicating project viability. The levelized cost of energy was estimated to be $0.019/kWh, which is lower than the selling price of electricity by the Ethiopian electric power authority, suggesting economic viability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37131,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management-X","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 101274"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145157820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gradient boosting-based estimation of oxyhydrogen production in a flat-plate electrolyser using sodium hydroxide electrolyte","authors":"Mohammad Amin Adoul ,&nbsp;Balaji Subramanian ,&nbsp;Naveen Venkatesh Sridharan ,&nbsp;Ramin Karim ,&nbsp;Ravdeep Kour","doi":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101276","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101276","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The integration of oxyhydrogen (HHO) gas into internal combustion (IC) engines has attracted substantial interest among researchers in improving engine performance and reducing emissions. In the present work, a wet-type flat-plate electrolyser utilizing sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as electrolyte is investigated to determine the interdependent effects of voltage, current, and NaOH concentration on HHO gas generation rate and system efficiency. The results show that moderate current and voltage levels, along with higher NaOH concentrations (e.g., 5.87 V and 1 N) yield a maximum gas production rate of 0.5 L/min while conserving energy efficiency. The experimental analysis also showed that as the current increases the rate of production also increased. The maximum production of 0.5 L/min was achieved with 30 A. The study also extends to use experimental data to train machine learning algorithm to estimate the performance of the HHO gas system. Voltage, current, power consumption, resistance and electrolyte concentration were used as input parameters while efficiency and HHO gas production were the output parameters measured with a total dataset size of 112 observations. To reduce the experimental burden and establish an efficient predictive framework five gradient boosting algorithms namely, categorical boosting (CatBoost), extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), light gradient boosting machine (LightGBM), adaptive boosting (AdaBoost) and gradient boosting (GB) were evaluated among which CatBoost achieved maximum accuracy with R² values of 0.9903 (for hydrogen production) and 0.9583 (for efficiency) on test data. The findings highlight how crucial intermediate operating conditions are for optimizing gas output and efficiency while lowering resource usage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37131,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management-X","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 101276"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145157821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cost-optimized replacement strategies for water electrolysis systems affected by degradation","authors":"Marie Arnold ,&nbsp;Jonathan Brandt ,&nbsp;Geert Tjarks ,&nbsp;Anna Vanselow ,&nbsp;Richard Hanke-Rauschenbach","doi":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101261","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101261","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A key factor in reducing the cost of green hydrogen production projects using water electrolysis systems is to minimize the degradation of the electrolyzer stacks, as this impacts the lifetime of the stacks and therefore the frequency of their replacement. To create a better understanding of the economics of stack degradation, we present a linear optimization approach minimizing the costs of a green hydrogen supply chain including an electrolyzer with degradation modeling. By calculating the levelized cost of hydrogen depending on a variable degradation threshold, the cost optimal time for stack replacement can be identified. We further study how this optimal time of replacement is affected by sensitivities such as the degradation scale, the load-dependency of both degradation and energy demand, and the costs of the electrolyzer. The variation of the identified major sensitivity degradation scale results in a difference of up to 9 years regarding the cost optimal time for stack replacement, respectively lifetime of the stacks. Therefore, a better understanding of the degradation impact is imperative for project cost reductions, which in turn would support a proceeding hydrogen market ramp-up.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37131,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management-X","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 101261"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145157900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance enhancement of oxygen reduction reaction in proton exchange membrane fuel cells using magnetic fields under various cathode design conditions","authors":"Jun Yeob Chung,&nbsp;Wonseok Yang,&nbsp;Seong Su Park,&nbsp;Jeongwoo Roh,&nbsp;Yongchan Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101273","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101273","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recent research efforts have focused on applying magnetic fields (MFs) to PEMFC (PEMFC^MF) toward the enhancement of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR)-related performances. This study investigates the relationship between MF-induced spin-aligned oxygen and cathode design parameters, including the carbon-supported platinum weight ratio, ionomer-to-carbon weight ratio, and platinum loading amount. Morphology and electrochemical analyses of Pt/C catalysts are conducted to understand the effects of MFs on the ORR performance. The onset and half-wave potentials of the rotating disk electrode (RDE) with MFs are 28 and 45 mV higher, respectively, than those of the RDE without MFs, owing to the increased active oxygen species with aligned spins. The current increase rate of the PEMFC^MF over the PEMFC is more substantial in the high-voltage region because of the enhanced ORR activity of the catalysts. Additionally, cathode designs of PEMFC^MF are optimized to enhance its performance. The maximum performance increment of the optimized PEMFC^MF compared to that of the PEMFC with a platinum loading amount of 0.5 mg_pt cm⁻² is 12.7 % at 0.7 V. These findings indicate that proper cathode designs can enhance the performance of PEMFC^MF-based energy systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37131,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management-X","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 101273"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145118353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing structured thermocline performance using a 3D+1D advanced model","authors":"Jordi Vera,&nbsp;Oriol Sanmartí,&nbsp;Santiago Torras,&nbsp;Carlos D. Pérez-Segarra","doi":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101252","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101252","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents an advanced numerical simulation of structured thermocline thermal energy storage systems integrated with concentrated solar power plants. The system consists of a single-tank configuration with a packed bed of ceramic filler materials with channels for molten salt circulation, aimed at reducing costs and improving thermal performance. A detailed mathematical model solves the unsteady 3D heat equation in the solid domain, coupled with 1D models for the heat transfer fluid flow. After conducting a detailed numerical study to ensure both time-step and grid independence results, a reference case was simulated along with a parametric study to evaluate the effects of geometric configurations, operational conditions, and cycle durations on system performance. The parametric study highlights the influence of the mass flow rate on the charging and discharging power. The novelty of this work lies in the coupled 1D-3D modelling framework, which captures transient thermal gradients within structured ceramic solids, an aspect often neglected in traditional 1D approaches. This allows for more accurate thermal performance predictions, aiding the design and optimization of future TES systems. The findings offer valuable insights for improving the efficiency and cost effectiveness of renewable energy storage, particularly in CSP and decentralized energy applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37131,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management-X","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 101252"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145157824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrogen production from organic waste in Bangladesh: Impacts of temperature and steam flow on syngas composition","authors":"Abu Noman Shihab ,&nbsp;Md Shahriar Rahman ,&nbsp;Md. Samsad Al Imroz ,&nbsp;Md. Mahedi Hasan ,&nbsp;Md. Sanowar Hossain ,&nbsp;Md. Rasel Ahmed","doi":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101267","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101267","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>More than 0.13 million tons of waste are generated annually, making conventional methods of treatment including anaerobic digestion, incineration, and landfilling insufficient.Thus, a long-term solution is required.Therefore, this study used a process modeling through Aspen Plus V11 to investigate how variations in waste types and gasification temperatures affect the ability to producing hydrogen. Additionally, the use of a Steam Rankin Cycle has been used to optimize the economy through generation. To explore the potential of various type of waste, proximate and Ultimate analysis have been done experimentally in lab and some of them (Rice Husk, Rice Straw, Sugar-cane Baggage, Cow-dung etc.) have been taken from references. This study presents validation against experimental data using dolomite and olivine as bed materials. The model showed strong agreement with experimental results, accurately predicting hydrogen concentration, CO, and CO₂.<!--> <!-->A detailed thermodynamic analysis revealed an increase in hydrogen purity from 50.9 % in raw syngas to 100 % after pressure swing adsorption (PSA), accompanied by an exergy reduction from 48.99 MW to 34.68 MW due to separation and thermal losses. Parametric studies demonstrated that gasification temperatures between 750 °C and 800 °C and steam-to-biomass ratios of 0.4–0.5 optimize hydrogen production. Feedstock type significantly influenced performance; rice straw, rice husk, jute stick, and cow dung exhibited higher hydrogen yields compared to food waste. The model predicted a hydrogen production rate of approximately 1020  kg/h per ton of dry feedstock, with an overall system efficiency of 48.5 % based on exergy analysis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37131,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management-X","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 101267"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145118352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flow field configurations in PEMFCs: Design, Modeling, and performance insights","authors":"Shah Tanvir Alam Rimon ,&nbsp;Shajjadur Rahman Shajid ,&nbsp;Monjur Mourshed ,&nbsp;Mohammad Shahed Hasan Khan Tushar","doi":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101263","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101263","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are a promising clean energy technology due to their high efficiency, zero emissions, and applicability in transport and stationary systems. Despite these advantages, large-scale commercialization is constrained by challenges such as water management, thermal control, material costs, and limited durability. Among PEMFC components, the flow field is critical in ensuring uniform reactant distribution, efficient water and heat removal, and effective current collection. To overcome these limitations, this review systematically examines the evolution of flow field designs, from conventional geometries (serpentine, parallel, interdigitated) to advanced configurations, including biomimetic, baffle-based, porous media, composite, and three-dimensional structures. Key design parameters such as channel shape, curvature, aspect ratio, rib-to-channel ratio, and tapered depth are analyzed for their impact on performance metrics, including power density, gas diffusion, and water evacuation. The review further addresses recent advances in bipolar plate materials and fabrication methods, such as metallic, polymeric composite, and graphite structures. It highlights the role of computational fluid dynamics (CFD), AI-assisted design, and multi-objective optimization in guiding performance improvements. By integrating experimental insights, simulation-based optimization, and emerging design strategies, this review provides a holistic framework to guide the development of high-performance, durable, and cost-effective PEMFC systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37131,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management-X","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 101263"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145118350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}