Energy Conversion and Management-X最新文献

{"title":"Methodology for assessing cost of electricity for energy community members","authors":"Elisa Peñalvo-López ,&nbsp;Iván Valencia-Salazar ,&nbsp;Vicente León-Martínez ,&nbsp;Clara Inés Buriticá-Arboleda","doi":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101258","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101258","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Having achieved a significant share of renewable generation in different sectors of society, forming Energy Communities (EC) is the next step towards energy sustainability. The energy and economic performance of EC depends on several factors. These include electricity tariffs, members’ consumption profiles, available generation/storage, and the type of generation ownership.</div><div>This study analyzes the variations in economic benefits among EC members and the EC as a whole. The study is based on a simulation of an EC ’s operation in Bogota, Colombia applying current regulations. Four scenarios are evaluated (Conventional, Non-cooperative with renewable energy, Cooperative with centralized renewable energy, and, Cooperative with centralized/distributed renewable energy). The members of the CE are residential and commercial consumers.</div><div>The annual cost of electricity (COE) is used to measure the operational efficiency of the EC. The results of the simulations indicate that, varying the ownership of the generation sources within the EC, ceteris paribus, the total COE of the EC is constant. The change is observed in the distribution of profits among the EC members. Due to the priority given to self-consumption, members who own generation sources obtain greater profits than community generation source users.</div><div>A methodology has been developed to assess the impact of a new member joining on the individual and group energy and economic management of an EC that is already operating. A quick and simple indicator has been obtained about the potential benefit that a new member can bring to the already operational EC. To do this, it is only necessary to know the annual energy consumption to compare it with the maximum self-consumption of the original members. The results obtained in the scenarios analysed indicate that the proposed indicator is very close to the result obtained through complete scenario simulations, demonstrating the usefulness of the proposed indicator.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37131,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management-X","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 101258"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145265605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimal sizing and placement of capacitors using an improved particle swarm optimization to enhance networks reliability and voltage profile in distribution systems","authors":"Samson Ademola Adegoke","doi":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101294","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101294","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Enhancing radial distribution systems’ reliability and power quality is essential for ensuring efficient and standard-compliant electricity delivery under growing load demands. This study proposes an improved particle swarm optimization (IPSO) based on the nonlinearly decreasing inertia weight (&lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;w&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; that uses the feature of the cosine function. This proposed method helps to optimize capacitor placement and sizing, while minimizing power losses and voltage deviation, improving reliability and voltage profiles. The proposed method was also compared with three other inertia weights and tested on IEEE 33 and 69 bus systems for sizing and the best location of capacitors under three load scenarios. The backward/forward sweep load flow method was employed for load flow analysis in the distribution systems. The real power loss obtained for the normal load of the 33-bus system was 122.62 kW compared to the base case of 202. 68 kW, this shows a 39.50 % reduction. The voltage deviation obtained with IPSO was 0.0015p.u compared to the base case of 0.0035p.u. The reliability was enhanced with percentage increases of 14.74 %, 23.95 %, 10.79 %, 29.39 %, and 29.42 %, respectively, for SAIFI, SAIDI, CAIDI, EENS, and AENS. The power loss for the IPSO for the light load condition was 33.498 kW, the voltage deviation of IPSO was 0.000506p.u., and the reliability indices were 2.1202, 1.6744, 0.78975, 377.5616, and 0.02075 for SAIFI, SAIDI, CAIDI, EENS, and AENS, respectively. The heavy load condition for power loss reduction for IPSO was 239.485 kW, and the voltage deviation was 0.001826p.u. The assessment of reliability indices gives SAIFI (2.2057), SAIDI (1.735), CAIDI (0.78657), EENS (4330.0819), and AENS (0.23792). This underscores the efficacy of IPSO in improving reliability and voltage profile while reducing power loss. The power loss for the 69 bus system was 113.8047 kW at normal load compared to other PSO-&lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;w&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, PSO-&lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;w&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, and PSO-&lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;w&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; with the values of 116.7882, 115.7898, and 115.0942 kW, respectively, resulting in a 49.56 % reduction for IPSO. The voltage deviation of IPSO was 0.0000665p.u., compared to the base case of 0.001443p.u. The reliability metrics were SAIFI, SAIDI, CAIDI, EENS, and AENS, demonstrating improvements with percentage increases of 12.28 %, 19.10 %, 7.78 %, 39.60 %, and 39.60 %, respectively. At the light load, the power loss is 34.5488 kW with a 33.06 % reduction; at the heavy load, the power loss is 217.752 kW with a 66.63 % reduction. This underscores the efficacy of IPSO in reducing energy waste and deferring infrastructure upgrades, and the results outperformed those of other methods in the literature. The superiority and effectiveness of the IPSO were further verified on the Wilcoxon and Friedman signed-","PeriodicalId":37131,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management-X","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 101294"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145265607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lightweight hierarchical spatial feature extraction and sequential modeling for PV fault detection using pyramid network and GRU for edge applications","authors":"Archana Pallakonda ,&nbsp;Rayappa David Amar Raj ,&nbsp;Rama Muni Reddy Yanamala ,&nbsp;Ranjith Raja B. ,&nbsp;Himavarshini Kolisetty ,&nbsp;Sai Mrudula Pedamallu ,&nbsp;Krishna Prakasha K.","doi":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101293","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101293","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems are becoming an increasingly important source of renewable energy around the world. However, faults in these systems can drastically diminish energy production, resulting in economic losses and environmental issues. Traditional fault detection methods are based on manual examination, which can be time-consuming and labor-intensive. This study presents a Custom GRU Pyramid Network, a deep learning-based method for fault detection in solar PV systems. This uses a convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture to analyze images of solar PV panels and detect faults such as soiling, hotspots, and cracks. The proposed model integrates Spatial–Sequential modeling for feature refinement, leveraging pseudo-temporal GRU processing of spatial feature maps. The proposed model is trained using a dataset of Infrared solar module. The model’s performance is measured using metrics such as accuracy, precision, and recall for 12 different classes. The proposed model is extremely light which is utilizing only 3.5 million parameters. The results reveal that the suggested GRU Custom Pyramid deep learning-based approach is highly accurate at detecting faults in solar PV systems. The model detects faults with 96% accuracy in 2-class and 91% in 12-class scenario, exceeding standard fault detection approaches. This technique can be integrated into existing solar PV monitoring systems, allowing for real-time fault identification and lower maintenance costs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37131,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management-X","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 101293"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145265612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimising mini-grid efficiency in Ghana: A techno-economic analysis of hydrogen production from redundant solar energy for fuel cell power generation","authors":"Louis Kwasi Osei ,&nbsp;Richard Opoku ,&nbsp;Flavio Odoi-Yorke ,&nbsp;Charles K.K Sekyere ,&nbsp;George Yaw Obeng ,&nbsp;Francis Kofi Forson","doi":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101309","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101309","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rural mini-grids in Ghana often experience substantial midday solar PV generation surpluses due to mismatches between peak production and local demand, with excess energy (redundant energy) frequently curtailed once batteries are fully charged. This underutilisation limits the socio-economic benefits of renewable electrification and highlights the need for alternative long-duration storage solutions. This study investigated the techno-economic feasibility of converting excess PV energy from a 54 kWp mini-grid in Aglakope, Ghana, into hydrogen via electrolysis, storing it, and reconverting it to electricity using fuel cells. Redundant energy generation was quantified using measured PV output and load consumption and validated using statistical error metrics (R² = 0.955). Hydrogen production and recovery potential were modelled for different electrolyser technologies, and system performance was evaluated using round-trip efficiency (RTE), levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH), and levelized cost of storage (LCOS), with comparative analysis against additional battery capacity. The results yielded an average monthly excess energy of about 2250 kWh, convertible into 43–53 kg per month of hydrogen depending on electrolyser type. The proposed hydrogen-fuel cell pathway yielded a RTE of 44.4 %, LCOH of $4.97/kg, and LCOS of $0.249/kWh, which is about 13 % higher than lithium-ion storage benchmarks. The study findings demonstrate that hydrogen storage can complement batteries, offer seasonal and multi-day storage capability, and reduce renewable curtailment. Therefore, wider adoption could be supported by cost reductions, efficiency improvements, and enabling policies, positioning hydrogen-based storage as a viable pathway for resilient, low-carbon rural electrification in off-grid contexts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37131,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management-X","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 101309"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145266355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review of international grid codes for wind power integration","authors":"Yun Yu ,&nbsp;Yajuan Guan ,&nbsp;Bahaa Tarek ,&nbsp;Mitchel Andres Leon Leon ,&nbsp;Kemal Onur Özcan ,&nbsp;Solomon Feleke ,&nbsp;Degarege Anteneh ,&nbsp;Baseem Khan ,&nbsp;Juan C. Vasquez ,&nbsp;Josep M. Guerrero","doi":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101278","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101278","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The installation of wind power plants (WPPs) has experienced significant growth in recent years. This growth is primarily driven by the increasing demand for clean energy sources. In particular, in certain countries with abundant wind generation potential, the lack of diversity in their energy sector creates an urgent demand for wind power (WP). To facilitate the integration of WPPs, the grid code plays an essential role. In this context, a comprehensive review and comparative analysis of common technical specifications given in international grid codes have been conducted, including 11 grid codes from 10 countries and 1 organization. Specifically, this study mainly covers 5 aspects of the WPP’s integration: WPP classification, nominal operating range, active power controllability requirement, reactive power controllability requirement and abnormal conditions tolerance. Moreover, considering the emerging grid-forming (GFM) technologies for renewable energy integration, recent progress reported by 5 transmission system operators (TSOs) and 3 research projects has been summarized, offering insights into future GFM wind development. Conclusions are then presented to highlight the findings and the potential challenges in applying GFM specifications in practice.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37131,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management-X","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 101278"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145157895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Highly active and stable Ni–W/SiO2 catalyst derived from W incorporated on Ni phyllosilicate for deoxygenation of triglycerides into green biofuel range hydrocarbons","authors":"Wanichaya Praikaew ,&nbsp;Jedy Prameswari ,&nbsp;Sakhon Ratchahat ,&nbsp;Weerawut Chaiwat ,&nbsp;Chularat Sakdaronnarong ,&nbsp;Wanida Koo-amornpattana ,&nbsp;Wanwisa Limphirat ,&nbsp;Suttichai Assabumrungrat ,&nbsp;Yu-Chuan Lin ,&nbsp;Kittisak Choojun ,&nbsp;Tawan Sooknoi ,&nbsp;Atthapon Srifa","doi":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101288","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101288","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Highly active and stable Ni–W/SiO₂ catalyst derived from W incorporated into Ni phyllosilicate (Ni-PS) was prepared by the ammonia evaporation (AE) method, and benchmarked with the catalyst prepared by the impregnation method (IM). Their catalytic activities were evaluated for deoxygenation of triglycerides into green biofuel-range hydrocarbons. The Ni-PS structure demonstrated a large surface area with strong interaction between Ni²⁺ and SiO₂, resulting from the incorporation of Ni²⁺ into the silica framework, which led to highly dispersed Ni⁰ after H₂ reduction. Additionally, the H₂ adsorption and desorption capabilities, together with a substantial quantity of Lewis acid sites, were advantageous features of Ni-PS catalysts compared to Ni-IM and 5 W/Ni-IM catalysts. Ex situ and in situ structural characterizations revealed the generation of Ni⁰ and W⁰ states, along with remaining W⁴⁺ species after H₂ reduction. The 5 W/Ni-AE catalyst exhibited stable performance up to 60 h on stream, producing consistent yields of 30 % jet fuel and 40 % diesel, which was attributed to its high porosity, small Ni⁰ particle sizes, enhanced H₂ adsorption–desorption capacities, and abundant Lewis acid sites. Consequently, the heterogeneous 5 W/Ni-AE catalyst shows significant practical relevance for generating green biofuel from oil-derived feedstock in sustainable biorefineries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37131,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management-X","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 101288"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145157894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Change management in Iran’s energy policies: analyzing the transition process from fossil fuels to renewable energies","authors":"Ali Asghar Sadabadi ,&nbsp;Narges Shahi ,&nbsp;Faezeh Borhani","doi":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101269","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101269","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In oil-rich countries, the transition from fossil fuels, despite significant renewable energy resources, faces complex challenges. This research aims to design a change management framework to overcome energy transition challenges and to outline foresight scenarios for oil-rich countries, with a focus on Iran. Through a systematic review of the literature and official documents, 33 key challenges were identified and classified into seven groups. The challenges were ranked using a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method, and long-term trends related to energy transition indicators were analyzed using time series analysis of World Bank data (1990–2022). Plausible scenarios were developed using the Cross-Impact Balance (CIB) method. Political, governance, and institutional challenges were identified as the most influential, followed by infrastructural, economic, geopolitical, regulatory, market, and environmental challenges, respectively. The time series analysis shows Iran’s high dependence on fossil fuels and a growing gap with global decarbonization trends. These findings were used to identify 7 plausible scenarios. Transformative transition (Scenario 1) and structural stagnation (Scenario 7) were identified as the most favorable scenario and the warning scenario, respectively. The integration of the Multiple Streams Framework (MSF), Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF), and Punctuated Equilibrium Theory (PET) in the context of change management was identified as an operational tool to reduce resistance, build consensus, and accelerate structural reforms in energy policy. The proposed framework can assist in the policymaking process to accelerate the energy transition in oil-rich countries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37131,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management-X","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 101269"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145157819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Explainable AI for Wind Energy Systems: State-of-the-art Techniques, Challenges, and Future Directions","authors":"Jishnu Teja Dandamudi ,&nbsp;Rupa Kandula ,&nbsp;Rayappa David Amar Raj ,&nbsp;Rama Muni Reddy Yanamala ,&nbsp;K. Krishna Prakasha","doi":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101277","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101277","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This review paper offers a thorough assessment of Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) methodologies applied to wind energy systems, which are crucial for improving transparency, trust, and operational performance in wind energy-related areas including wind power forecasting, fault detection and predictive maintenance, wind farm optimization and control, and Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) data analysis. It elaborates on model-agnostic and model-specific XAI methods and more recently emerging methods such as counterfactual explanation and concept-based reasoning, and the potential of these approaches to explain the more complicated AI models used in wind turbine applications. We also review the important issues of the lack of benchmarking datasets, limited temporal explainability, human factors integration, and hardware limitations for real-world real-time deployment. Furthermore, we include the current evaluation measures, actual on-site deployments, and suggest future research to develop lightweight, temporally aware, human-centered, and causally interpretable AI systems for safer, more reliable, and efficient wind energy systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37131,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management-X","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 101277"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145157897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A hybrid ANN–AHP–GIS framework with dimensionality reduction and uncertainty quantification for solar site selection in Southern India","authors":"Radhika Guntupalli ,&nbsp;S.K.B. Pradeepkumar CH ,&nbsp;Bala Bhaskar Duddeti ,&nbsp;Narendra Ankireddy ,&nbsp;V.P. Meena ,&nbsp;Vinay Kumar Jadoun","doi":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101280","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101280","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a novel hybrid framework for assessing solar energy feasibility across nineteen sites in Southern India by combining artificial neural networks (ANN) and the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). Using a 40:60 weighting, the model integrates expert-driven AHP and data-driven ANN scores, demonstrating 85 % ranking stability across different settings, indicating a robust and reliable site prioritization that remains consistent despite input variability through Monte Carlo simulations. Nine spatial criteria, including solar irradiation (4–7 kW/m²), land cost variability (±12 %), grid proximity, unused land, land slope, land area, ecological impact, population density, and future energy demand, are incorporated into actionable suitability maps using geographic information systems (GIS). Principal component analysis (PCA) and t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) diminish dimensionality, encapsulating 94 % of data variance, thereby facilitating the simplification of intricate criteria for enhanced interpretability without substantial information loss and uncovering latent patterns in site suitability. Robust concordance among scoring systems is validated by Spearman, Pearson, and Kendall correlation analyses (Pearson &gt; 0.99). The framework also includes uncertainty quantification, modeling variance in input data (e.g., ±5% solar irradiation) and ANN prediction uncertainty (±0.03), producing 95 % confidence intervals for site rankings. Among the top-ranked sites are Vizag, Guntur, and Srikakulam. The hybrid technique enhances classification accuracy by 22 % compared to individual models. Three-dimensional scatter plots, heat maps, and radar charts, among other visualization methods, illustrate the tradeoffs between land cost, environmental impact, and infrastructural accessibility. The fully automated MATLAB framework offers policymakers a swift, reproducible, and scalable decision-support tool for efficient, transparent, and risk-informed solar site selection aligned with national energy objectives.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37131,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management-X","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 101280"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145157896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A soft real-time ROS2-based energy management system under asynchronous messaging and different node update rates","authors":"Mircea-Bogdan Radac ,&nbsp;George Borsa ,&nbsp;Liviu-Aniel Alexa","doi":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101272","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101272","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>An energy management system (EMS) developed around a ROS2 (Robot Operating System) messaging backbone used to exchange relevant information for the underlying optimization in soft real-time, is proposed herein. Several case studies performed in a critical and objective manner allow us to calibrate, test and compare existing off-the-shelf numerical optimizers, in terms of advantages and disadvantages. A novel optimal EMS problem including penalty terms in the cost functions and linear plus nonlinear inequality and equality constraints is defined, to address optimization infeasibility under asynchronous messaging and various update rates in the communicating nodes. The case study discusses the importance of each hyperparameter in ensuring the feasibility and success of the optimization in real-time settings under a real-life driving scenario for an electric vehicle. The optimizers’ performance is compared with two popular and open-source libraries, SciPy and NLopt, with nodes being updated at various frequencies. A trust region-based with interior point barrier optimizer was found to recover feasibility at the expense of some acceptable constraint violation. While for all the other cases, the <em>softplus</em> penalty in the objective function serves as an early constraint violation prevention mechanism, when properly tuned. The ROS2 communication infrastructure was critically analyzed in terms of Quality of Services (QoS) along with several of the associated security risks. Safety aspects of the proposed EMS architecture are tested in an adversarial setting: the messaging system resilience to network congestion was tested by altering the network parameters, while the security was challenged by false data injection. The results are also cross-built and measured on a targeted edge device in order to check feasibility under low-cost low-power computing platforms. We show that the ROS2-based EMS can deliver in several critical aspects, as required to run on real systems with soft real-time, reliable performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37131,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management-X","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 101272"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145157898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}