Energy Conversion and Management-X最新文献

{"title":"An Improved MPC-based energy management strategy for hydrogen fuel cell EVs featuring dual-motor coupling powertrain","authors":"Xinyu Luo,&nbsp;Henry Shu-Hung Chung","doi":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.100975","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.100975","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles (HFCEVs) provide significant environmental benefits. Integrating dual-motor coupling powertrains (DMCPs) further enhances efficiency and dynamic performance. This article proposes an energy management strategy (EMS) for the hydrogen fuel cell/battery/super-capacitor system in an HFCEV with DMCP. Model predictive control (MPC) is adopted as the framework to optimize economic performance, defined in this study as the hydrogen consumption cost and fuel cell degradation cost. To improve the prediction horizon and accuracy, the torque split ratio for two varying permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) and the corresponding mode switching rules of the vehicle are initially established. Subsequently, a combination of Dynamic Programming (DP) and MPC is selected as the framework, utilizing a Dung Beetle Optimizer (DBO)-optimized Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BiLSTM) network to refine the predictive model. Finally, comparisons with other predictive models and commonly used control strategies demonstrate that the proposed EMS notably improves economic performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37131,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management-X","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100975"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143747869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CFD modelling of vertical-axis wind turbines using transient dynamic mesh towards lateral vortices capturing and Strouhal number","authors":"Jetsadaporn Priyadumkol ,&nbsp;Baramee Muangput ,&nbsp;Sirawit Namchanthra ,&nbsp;Thet Zin ,&nbsp;Tinnapob Phengpom ,&nbsp;Watcharapong Chookaew ,&nbsp;Chakrit Suvanjumrat ,&nbsp;Machimontorn Promtong","doi":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101022","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101022","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigated the aerodynamic performance of vertical-axis wind turbines (VAWTs) with a focus on optimising their design to enhance energy capture through lateral vortex dynamics, an aspect crucial for improving efficiency but often overlooked. Advanced Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations were performed using a transient dynamic mesh approach to analyse the aerodynamic behaviour of three distinct VAWT prototypes under varying wind conditions. The results demonstrated that kinetic energy and torque were significantly enhanced with increasing inlet velocity. A maximum torque of 5.5 Nm was achieved by the two-blade Savonius turbine across wind speeds from 5 to 14 m/s, outperforming the helical Savonius turbine, which reached a peak torque of 2.5 Nm at 14 m/s. The two-blade turbine also attained a peak velocity of 19.1 m/s at 11 m/s, exceeding the helical turbine’s 13.3 m/s. This performance comparison clearly highlights the potential of the two-blade Savonius turbine in enhancing wind energy efficiency. Additionally, the incorporation of end plates in the helical turbine resulted in a 24.1% increase in maximum torque, demonstrating improved airflow regulation and turbine efficiency. Vortex shedding analysis revealed that Strouhal numbers (<span><math><mrow><mi>St</mi></mrow></math></span>) ranged from 0.05 to 0.130 for the two-blade turbine and from 0.040 to 0.070 for the helical turbine, with further reductions to 0.028 to 0.052 when end plates were added. These findings highlighted the critical role of lateral vortices in optimising turbine performance and demonstrated the potential of this approach for validating large-scale wind cluster simulations. Ultimately, new insights into VAWT aerodynamics were provided, paving the way for improved turbine design and enhanced wind farm efficiency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37131,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management-X","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 101022"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143851796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-objective real-time energy management optimization for autonomous plug-in fuel cell electric vehicles","authors":"Ahmad Eid EL-Iali ,&nbsp;Moustapha Doumiati ,&nbsp;Mohamed Machmoum","doi":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.100987","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.100987","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With increasing concerns over climate change and the urgent need to reduce carbon emissions, electric vehicles offer a promising solution. However, challenges around efficiency and durability persist. Autonomous vehicles, equipped with advanced technologies, have the potential to revolutionize transportation. This paper presents a novel and comprehensive study of a real-time energy management system for the energy storage system of an autonomous plug-in fuel cell electric vehicle, which integrates a battery, a fuel cell system, and a supercapacitor. The research frames this as an optimization problem, aiming to minimize fuel cell and battery degradation while reducing hydrogen and electricity costs. The strategy employs a moving horizon approach, using quadratic programming to optimize power distribution. Basic GPS data is used to preplan the vehicle’s state of charge trajectory, which is also optimized using quadratic programming. Additionally, the system incorporates a simple adaptive cruise control based on model predictive control to bridge speed and power optimization, ensuring safe driving along the planned route. Validation through various battery charge levels and trajectory planning scenarios demonstrates the method’s robustness and efficiency, with results showing up to 99% optimality compared to other state of charge planners. This highlights the method’s ability to consistently deliver optimal power allocation under diverse driving conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37131,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management-X","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100987"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143839267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dual enhancement of solar organic Rankine cycle performance using SnO2/R141b and Co3O4/R141b nano-refrigerants and MWCNT+SiC/water hybrid nanofluid","authors":"Amit Kumar ,&nbsp;Arun Kumar Tiwari ,&nbsp;Zafar Said","doi":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101047","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101047","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Considering the increasing demand for converting sustainable energy, advanced thermal systems have played a vital role in electricity generation. This study presents energy and exergy analyses of a small-scale solar organic Rankine cycle (SORC) system enhanced through a dual-stage strategy: a hybrid nanofluid (MWCNT + SiC/water) is used in the evacuated tube solar collector (ETSC), while SnO₂/R141b and Co₃O₄/R141b nano-refrigerants are applied in the ORC loop. Experimental results show that the hybrid nanofluid significantly improved the thermal performance of the ETSC, achieving a maximum thermal efficiency of 44.83% at 1.0 vol% and 3 lpm. The enhanced heat input from the ETSC contributed to higher cycle efficiencies. The ORC achieved its highest energy and exergy efficiencies—16.76% and 6.64%, respectively with SnO₂/R141b at 1.0 vol%. Compared to Co₃O₄/R141b, SnO₂/R141b exhibited superior thermal conductivity and energy output quality. Therefore, this study makes a major contribution to nano-refrigerants in small-scale SORCs, opening new technological avenues for next-generation sustainable, efficient power generation technology. This work discusses some critical gaps related to nano-refrigerant applications and indicates a pathway toward guaranteeing clean energy futures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37131,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management-X","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 101047"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143923337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimal allocation and configuration of renewable energy sources, electric vehicle parking lots, and fixed and mobile batteries under uncertainty and demand response program","authors":"Ahmad K. ALAhmad ,&nbsp;Renuga Verayiah ,&nbsp;Saleh Ba-swaimi ,&nbsp;Hussain Shareef ,&nbsp;Azzam Abu-Rayash","doi":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101041","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101041","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The global transition to renewable energy sources (RESs) is critical for mitigating environmental pollution and reducing dependence on fossil fuels. However, the inherent intermittency of RESs presents significant challenges to power system stability, which are further exacerbated by the anticipated rise in electric vehicles (EVs), projected to exceed 130 million by 2030. To support this transformation, a robust energy infrastructure that integrates RESs, smart plug-in EV parking lots (PEV-PLs), energy storage systems (ESSs), and demand response programs (DRPs) is essential. This paper proposes a stochastic multi-objective mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) model for the optimal planning and operation of distribution systems (PDS) with increasing RES and EV penetration. The model incorporates wind and photovoltaic (PV) distributed generators (DGs), PEV-PLs, fixed and mobile battery energy storage systems (FBESSs and MBESSs), and DRPs. It optimally determines the sizing and placement of key components while strategically managing the relocation of MBESSs to minimize economic costs (investment, maintenance, and operation), environmental impacts (carbon emissions from the PDS), power losses, and voltage deviations. The model also accounts for major uncertainties, including EV charging behavior, wind speed, solar irradiation, load demand, and energy price fluctuations. The proposed framework is validated using the IEEE 69-bus test system, with nine configurations evaluated, ranging from a baseline (Case 1) to a fully integrated setup (Case 9). These cases include various combinations of RESs, PEV-PLs, FBESSs, MBESSs, and DRPs. The analysis underscores the importance of coordinated integration of RESs, storage, and DRPs to achieve environmental and operational benefits. Among the evaluated configurations, Case 7, which includes RESs, PEV-PLs, MBESSs, and DRP, emerges as the most balanced solution, achieving the lowest emission cost ($323,516.65/year), the highest loss reduction (39.60%), and the greatest voltage deviation improvement (41.14%). Case 3 excels in reducing operational costs (35.66%) and achieving the highest RES penetration (2.65 MVA), demonstrating the benefits of combining wind-PV DGs with a moderate EV fleet. In contrast, Case 9, despite incorporating the highest EV penetration (179 EVs) and the most comprehensive mix of technologies, underperforms economically due to system complexity, with only a 16.54% reduction in operational costs and a 1.23% increase in total cost. Overall, the results indicate that configurations that balance RES integration with moderate EV deployment and strategic energy storage, such as Cases 3 and 7, offer the most effective trade-offs between economic and environmental objectives.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37131,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management-X","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 101041"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143923339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Resistance-capacitance dynamic model for hydrogen storage in metal hydrides with phase change material as thermal management system","authors":"Bilal Lamrani ,&nbsp;Rubayyi T. Alqahtani ,&nbsp;Abdelhamid Ajbar ,&nbsp;Tarik Kousksou","doi":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present work aimed at developing a novel simplified model to predict the dynamic behavior of metal hydrides (MH) reactor integrated with phase change material (PCM) for thermal regulation. This model is based on an analogy between electrical and heat transfers, where energy and mass balances are used to analyze the interactions between the hydrogen storage material, PCM, and the surrounding environment through a network of resistances. The accuracy of the proposed model is carried through comparing our numerical results with experimental data from the literature and a good agreement is obtained. A detailed parametric study is carried out where the effect of several parameters such as the hydrogen pressure, the PCM properties and its amount on the MH performances is presented and analyzed. Results show that using PCM in MH reactors has an efficient role in recovering generated heat and stabilizing the MH bed temperature. It was also shown that increasing the absorption pressure from 8 bar to 14 bar reduces hydrogenation time by approximately 39 %. Furthermore, enhancing the PCM thermal conductivity from 0.2 to 2 W/mK accelerates the hydrogen absorption process by about 67 %. While increasing PCM quantities is often recommended, this study highlights the importance of balancing PCM amount, as excessive PCM delays hydrogenation and negatively affects MH performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37131,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management-X","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 101007"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143844087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comprehensive review of hydrogen production and storage methods: fundamentals, advances, and SWOT analysis","authors":"Milad Tahmasbi ,&nbsp;Majid Siavashi ,&nbsp;Rouhollah Ahmadi","doi":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrogen, as a versatile and clean energy carrier, holds immense potential to address the global challenges of climate change and energy security. It is estimated that hydrogen will be the main alternative to fossil fuels in the next 30 years. While hydrogen presents a promising solution for decarbonizing sectors such as transportation, industry, and power generation, realizing its full potential requires overcoming economic and environmental challenges. This review paper comprehensively examines various hydrogen production techniques, encompassing both conventional and emerging technologies, including renewable and non-renewable ones, ranging from conventional steam methane reforming to advanced electrolysis and renewable energy-driven pathways. In the other part, all of the hydrogen storage methods have been provided and compared to each other. The fundamentals, advantages, disadvantages, costs, and efficiencies of each production and storage method are scrutinized. The challenges are discussed, and solutions are evaluated. The SWOT analysis for hydrogen production and storage methods is provided, and the recent studies and published papers are summarized to make insights for more studies. Finally, based on the provided content, key challenges and future perspectives are drawn. This review serves as an invaluable reference for researchers, engineers, policymakers, and industry participants aiming to grasp the latest advancements in hydrogen production and storage technologies and how these innovations can hasten the journey towards a sustainable energy landscape.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37131,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management-X","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 101005"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143839268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review on advanced phase change material-based cooling for energy-efficient electronics","authors":"Ahmad Al Takash ,&nbsp;Khaireldin Faraj ,&nbsp;Jalal Faraj ,&nbsp;Hicham El Hage ,&nbsp;Ali Hage-Diab ,&nbsp;Mahmoud Khaled ,&nbsp;Tareq Salameh ,&nbsp;Abdul-Kadir Hamid ,&nbsp;Mousa Hussein","doi":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.100994","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.100994","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Increased power densities brought about by the quick development of high-power electronic devices call for effective thermal management to guarantee optimum performance and endurance. PCMs offer a passive and sustainable cooling solution, enhancing system reliability and energy efficiency. To maximize thermal energy management in electronic devices, this study intends to examine recent developments in PCM-based cooling systems over the previous five years, emphasizing their integration with hybrid cooling technologies such as fins, heat pipes, and nanoparticle-enhanced PCMs. In contrast to traditional reviews, this work focuses on hybrid PCM designs, demonstrating how heat dissipation is greatly enhanced by combining PCMs with nanomaterials, expanded surfaces, and active cooling approaches. Energy consumption in cooling systems can be reduced by optimizing these thermal management techniques, which will support sustainable energy management objectives. A thorough evaluation of recent research was carried out to assess the thermal performance of several PCM types, such as paraffin wax and RT-35HC, as well as nano-enhanced PCMs infused with graphene and metallic nanoparticles. Their effects on lowering temperatures and improving thermal conductivity in electronic cooling applications are the main topic of the review. While nano-enhanced PCMs exhibit a thermal conductivity gain of more than 100 %, paraffin wax-based PCMs can lower operating temperatures by up to 15 °C. High-power electronics showed temperature reductions of about 10 °C using RT-35HC, demonstrating the promise of hybrid PCM systems for energy-efficient cooling solutions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37131,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management-X","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100994"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143760243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"3E multi-objective optimization of Organic Rankine Cycle configurations for a geothermal off-grid system: Power, DHW, and hydrogen production","authors":"A. Mokhtari ,&nbsp;M. Jalalvand","doi":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the optimization of an off-grid system for supplying electrical load and domestic hot water (DHW) to a building using geothermal energy. The system generates power through an Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC), with excess energy directed to an electrolyzer for hydrogen production. A residential complex in Tabriz, Iran, with 408 occupants, was selected as the case study, leveraging the availability of geothermal power. Three ORC configurations—basic ORC, ORC with reheater (RHORC), and regenerative ORC (RORC) were optimized in terms of energy, exergy, and economy. The optimization process utilized the Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II), aiming to maximize energy and exergy efficiency, hydrogen production, and minimize levelized costs of electricity (LCOE) and hydrogen (LCOH), while ensuring that electrical and DHW demands are met. The results demonstrate that the RORC configuration outperforms the other two cycles in all aspects: it produces 44.45 % more power than RHORC and 47.86 % more than ORC, with energy and exergy efficiencies of 49.03 % and 47.01 %, respectively. Furthermore, RORC generates significantly more hydrogen 63.81 % more than RHORC and 69.37 % more than ORC. Additionally, RORC has the lowest LCOE (4.52 cent. kWh⁻¹) and LCOH (2.69 cent. kWh⁻¹).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37131,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management-X","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 101003"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143785398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and laboratory validation of an LVDC back-to-back system with residential inverter, PV, and battery-based power generation","authors":"Zaid Ali ,&nbsp;David Raisz","doi":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.100997","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.100997","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study focuses on a consumer interface unit: a low-voltage (LV) back-to-back (B2B) converter that integrates photovoltaic (PV) generation, battery storage, and possibly other DC loads and, at the same time, decouples grid connection and supply to LV consumers. The present work explores the complexities of regulating the voltage of the DC bus and managing the current. The system employs Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) to optimize solar energy harvesting and utilizes a DC-DC boost converter to amplify the voltage of the PV system. This enhances the dependability, particularly for LV (AC/DC) systems. Battery storage management is accomplished by utilizing a DC-DC buck-boost converter, ensuring a consistent power supply even in the presence of solar irradiation fluctuations. The grid-connected unit and the complete power management system (PMS) were simulated in Simulink. Thorough simulations in Simulink and laboratory validations through a rapid prototyping platform, demonstrate the system’s ability to deliver stable and efficient power in both operational modes. The incorporation of sophisticated control algorithms into the existing power management framework enhances responsiveness to fluctuations in load and solar energy, ensuring peak performance under varying conditions. Additional technical improvements have been made by fine-tuning the DC-link based on the number of IGBT-legs incorporated in the converter setup. This refinement enables more accurate regulation of the voltage levels, reducing switching losses and boosting overall energy efficiency. The system’s modular design facilitates straightforward scalability, allowing for future expansions like the integration of more renewable energy sources or increased storage capabilities. This strategy not only meets the present demands of residential users but also lays the groundwork for future smart grid solutions, promoting a more robust and flexible energy network.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37131,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management-X","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100997"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143791626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}