Energy Conversion and Management-X最新文献

{"title":"Thermodynamic performance evaluation of a solar powered Organic Rankine cycle (ORC) and dual cascading vapor compression cycle (DCVCC): Power generation and cooling effect","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2024.100662","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2024.100662","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The organic Rankine cycle (ORC)−dual cascading vapor compressor cycle (DCVCC) system, being a highly efficient energy utilization technology, possesses significant potential for development. This paper presents a thermodynamic analysis of a new combined ORC and DCVCC system propelled by the solar cycle to produce electric energy and a cooling effect. An exergy-energy evaluation was conducted utilizing six distinct pairs of refrigerants due to their favorable thermodynamic properties, efficiency, environmental considerations, compatibility, safety, and regulatory compliance, namely R245fa-R114, R245fa-R1234yf, R245fa-R1234ze, R245fa-R32, R245fa-R404A, and R245fa-R134a. The fixed refrigerant pair R245fa-R114 is used in the ORC-VCC₁ circuit, while the remaining pairs of refrigerant are used in the VCC₂ circuit. The system modeling is done using the Engineering Equation Solver (EES) program, which takes into account all assumptions, boundary conditions, and inputs as well as the built-in thermodynamic characteristics of various refrigerants in the suggested system models. The findings show that the thermal efficiency of the proposed system exhibits an 84.84% improvement compared to a conventional ORC. This study investigates the influence of thermodynamic parameters, specifically turbine inlet temperature, turbine inlet pressure, and condensing temperature, on the overall performance of the system. The refrigerant pair of R245fa-R32 has a 14.53% higher COP compared to the R245fa-R114 pair when subjected to variations in turbine inlet temperature. A notable enhancement in thermal and exergy efficiency has been reported, exhibiting an increase of 3.03% and 2.03%, respectively, compared to the simple ORC-VCC configuration. The application of R32 in the VCC₂ circuit results in a 63% enhancement in cost-effectiveness as compared to R114. However, low-GWP refrigerants like R1234yf and R1234ze boost COP by 55.45% over R114. In addition, the elevating of the condensing pressure results in a decrease in the COP, thermal efficiency, and net work. Moreover, by finding the most favorable range of evaporator temperature that maximizes the benefits in both cycles, improves system performance characteristics including COP, thermal efficiency, net-work, and refrigerant mass flow rate. For instance, at higher evaporator temperatures the usage of R1234yf, and R1234ze generates approximately 16% higher COP than R114 refrigerant which is making sure the reliability and efficient use of low GWP fluids.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37131,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management-X","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590174524001405/pdfft?md5=040e76767df323a9e5bd1e9e47ab3227&pid=1-s2.0-S2590174524001405-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141846144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermodynamic and thermoeconomic evaluation of integrated hybrid solar and geothermal power generation cycle","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2024.100685","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2024.100685","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The present investigation examines geothermal and solar energy for electricity generation. The proposed cycle can generate electricity independently or jointly using geothermal and solar sources. Organic Rankine Cycles (ORCs) have been employed due to their positive effects, including improved efficiency, comprehensive performance and economic analysis, adaptability, and the benefits of using ORCs with refrigerants in the hybrid power generation system. The proposed system is designed to include two evaporators, each working at distinct temperature levels, with one running at a high temperature and the other at a low temperature. Consequently, the system is outfitted with a pair of turbines functioning at elevated and moderate pressures. The analysis of the performance of the suggested cycle was conducted considering both energy and exergy perspectives; this leads to the determination of the efficiency of the first and second laws of thermodynamics. As a result, the exergy loss amount was calculated, and the exergy utilization efficiency for each component was determined. To assess the financial implications of the end product, a comprehensive study including electricity and exergy economic factors was conducted. A sensitivity analysis for many different aspects of the design factors and a parametric study, such as the difference in temperature at the pinch point and the temperature of the evaporator and their effects on energy and exergy performance, as well as the cost, are done. Findings revealed that the high-pressure turbine is directly related to the highest second-law efficiency. In contrast, the low-pressure turbine had the highest value for the exergy economic component. The average cost of energy production, obtained by evaluating power generation through low-pressure and high-pressure turbines, was calculated as 27.23 <span><math><mrow><mi>S</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>G</mi><mi>j</mi></mrow></math></span>. The system presented in this article can expand and adapt to diverse case analyses and can be effectively applied under various climatic conditions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37131,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management-X","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590174524001636/pdfft?md5=053fb9a9643dc4c52f98e509aa6a8e1e&pid=1-s2.0-S2590174524001636-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141979693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental insights into thermoelectric freezer systems: Feasibility and efficiency","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2024.100676","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2024.100676","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study presents an experimental investigation into the operational performance of a thermoelectric (TE) freezer system. A freezer unit is composed of two-stage thermoelectric modules, an aluminum plate fin heat exchanger sink with fans positioned either on top or directing airflow through the center, and a cooling block incorporating circulating icy water for heat dissipation. Three distinct configurations, featuring varying numbers of freezer units and fan arrangements, underwent testing using a 300-liter freezer prototype under typical room conditions, specifically at 21 °C. The findings illustrate that the minimum temperature inside the freezer cabinet can achieve −16.0 °C across all configurations. Moreover, the cooling capacity can reach up to 74.7 W, with the thermoelectric coefficient of performance (COP) achieving a maximum of 0.45, while the system COP ranges from 0.23 to 0.28. The minimum TE power consumption and TE system power consumption are recorded at 138.8 W and 174.4 W, respectively, suggesting feasibility for practical residential freezer applications. This investigation sets the stage for the development of TE freezers integrated with ice thermal storage applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37131,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management-X","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590174524001545/pdfft?md5=9ad7b7a955848ab48ac4a287515cad5d&pid=1-s2.0-S2590174524001545-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141952011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental and numerical investigation of the incorporation of an air temperature controller for indirect solar dryers","authors":"Mourad Salhi ,&nbsp;Dounia Chaatouf ,&nbsp;Benyounes Raillani ,&nbsp;Tabish Alam ,&nbsp;Rohit Khargotra ,&nbsp;Samir Amraqui ,&nbsp;Ahmed Mezrhab","doi":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2024.100658","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecmx.2024.100658","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Solar drying systems often face the challenge of overheating due to uncontrolled solar collectors, which can degrade the quality of dried products by destroying enzymes, vitamins, and their chemical composition. To address this issue, we developed and validated a new control system for stabilizing drying air temperature using both experimental and CFD numerical methods. This system not only effectively maintains the desired air temperature but also extends the lifespan of solar collectors by adjusting their exposure during periods of excessive solar radiation. The experimental results demonstrated that without the control system, the air temperature peaked at 72 °C, leading to potential product degradation. In contrast, the control system has succeeded in stabilizing the air temperature at an optimum level. Additionally, the validated CFD model confirmed the effectiveness of this control technique in various climatic conditions, including cold semi-arid, typically Mediterranean, hot semi-arid, and sub-desert conditions. The findings underline the importance and necessity of temperature control in solar drying systems, as well as the effectiveness of the CFD method in predicting system performance. Furthermore, this work significantly enhances the efficiency and applicability of solar drying technology, offering a practical solution for improving product quality and system durability.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37131,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management-X","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590174524001363/pdfft?md5=5063918cb564092c607a5e744530e7c8&pid=1-s2.0-S2590174524001363-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141596017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A sustainable self-generating system driven by human energy for wearable safety solutions","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2024.100667","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2024.100667","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>With the improvement in people’s quality of life, the requirements for health and safety are also increasing. While many wearable devices are available, those wearable devices specifically designed for the safety of night workers have yet to be effectively utilized. A survey conducted with 100 night workers revealed that they have expressed concerns about their safety and that of their colleagues due to lack of visibility while working on the road at night. To address this issue, a wearable electromagnetic energy generator was designed as a permanent solution to increase the visibility of night workers by illuminating LEDs and reduce the discomfort associated with wearable devices. The generator can be integrated with uniforms and converts the kinetic energy generated by the human body during work into electrical power. The generator achieved a maximum output power of 4.28 mW under 2.8 Hz, with a power density is 51.56 μW/cm³. The LED brightness driven by the generator reached 218 Lux. To ensure user customization, the Living Lab strategy was employed, allowing direct user participation during the development process and incorporating improvements based on their feedback. After gathering feedback from the workers, the uniform was redesigned and revised multiple times. Ultimately, the product received high satisfaction scores and was successfully delivered to local municipalities. This paper details a comprehensive study covering the process from needs survey to product design.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37131,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management-X","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590174524001454/pdfft?md5=c10459471cea227c72aecf612790302f&pid=1-s2.0-S2590174524001454-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141731944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Computational fluid dynamic model analysis of multipurpose dryer with bio-waste heat source: An experimental validation using paddy rice","authors":"Chukwuemeka Jude Ohagwu ,&nbsp;Kelechi Samson Ugwuja ,&nbsp;Anthony Ozoemena Ani ,&nbsp;Ifeanyi Okoro Jacobs ,&nbsp;Onyebuchi Israel Ibeagwu ,&nbsp;Cosmas Ngozichukwu Anyanwu","doi":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2024.100652","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecmx.2024.100652","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The quest to develop an appropriate drying technology that is sustainable while minimizing energy losses was the key motivation of this work. In this study, COMSOL multiphysics CFD software was used to model and simulate computational behaviour of a fabricated multipurpose crop dryer equipped with a bio-waste heat source. The generated thermal flow was deployed for drying of paddy rice given the rice drying characteristics. Meanwhile, the drying chamber was finitely discretized into little fragments in order to obtain a better distribution, result and efficiency. The temperature, pressure, and velocity distribution were analysed with simulated optimal drying temperature of paddy rice as 43 °C. This was attained for both simulated and experimented. It was observed that there was higher pressure and velocity at the fan orifice but a decrease as the air moves up the chimney surface as the drying chamber’s average temperature variation required for drying paddy rice was established, with relative error of 0.019 %. The simulated and experimental mean drying chamber efficiency were 90.3 % and 89 % respectively. Therefore, the fabricated multipurpose dryer is a good system for grain drying.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37131,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management-X","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590174524001302/pdfft?md5=8542f706a8cb45404b986c61a8f39273&pid=1-s2.0-S2590174524001302-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141478884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"P2M systems based on proton-conducting solid oxide cells: Future prospects and costs of renewable methanol production","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2024.100666","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2024.100666","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>As consequence of the transition towards sustainable energy sources, the future production of liquid energy carriers (e.g. methanol) via H₂ supply pathways utilizing water electrolyzers (power-to-liquid) will most likely be based on fluctuating grid electricity or islanded renewable inputs. As a result, these production processes are subject to fluctuating operating conditions and varying production capacities, ultimately leading to uncertainties with respect to their process economics and profitability. Therefore, the impact of different electricity supply-side scenarios (static grid and intermittent grid or renewable supply) on the production economics of power-to-liquid processes needs to be assessed thoroughly for the upcoming decades. Methanol is considered as an essential base chemical which is widely known for its versatility and broad potential use contexts in future chemical industries and energy storage applications. Methanol production pathways powered by renewable electricity sources, also known as power-to-methanol processes, are characterized by low specific life-cycle emissions and are therefore of paramount interest. One possible renewable process chain features proton-conducting high temperature electrolyzers combined with a direct hydrogenation of CO₂. In this paper, a techno-economic forecast study of this process chain is presented and specific production costs of renewable methanol under different electricity supply scenarios are determined and discussed for the years 2030 and 2050. The studies showed that flexible grid-supported scenarios through direct spot-market participation and renewable scenarios based on wind onshore production enable the largest production cost reduction potential in the upcoming decades. Minimum production costs of 740 € t⁻¹_MeOH (2030) and 415 € t⁻¹_MeOH (2050) are determined for a flexible operation of the system with spot-market participation, benefitting from times of low or even negative electricity prices. Among the renewable production scenarios, islanded power-to-methanol systems coupled to wind onshore plants were identified as the most beneficial configuration with ascertained production costs as low as 820 € t⁻¹_MeOH and 353 € t⁻¹_MeOH by 2030 and 2050, respectively.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37131,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management-X","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590174524001442/pdfft?md5=317b1cea95d474fad7b9428aa5da20e7&pid=1-s2.0-S2590174524001442-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141696082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study on the effect of operational and environmental conditions on photovoltaic modules productivity in El-Oued region, algeria","authors":"Soulef Largot ,&nbsp;Noureddine Bessous ,&nbsp;Mokhtar Ghodbane ,&nbsp;Boussad Boumeddane ,&nbsp;Fayaz Hussain ,&nbsp;Muhammad Shafi ,&nbsp;Bo Zhang ,&nbsp;Ali Wadi Al-Fatlawi ,&nbsp;Abdelhalim Borni","doi":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2024.100655","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecmx.2024.100655","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This experimental study aims to track the changes in electrical properties and energy behavior of two technically identical photovoltaic modules of the RAGGIE type (RG-M165W model) under different operating conditions. The first is the reference photovoltaic module, while the second is the targeted photovoltaic module. Both modules were tested under the same climatic conditions in the Algerian region of El-Oued. Numerous practical experiments were conducted to demonstrate the effect of using a solar tracking system (a horizontal single-axis tracking system manually moved from east to west), changing the tilt angle of the photovoltaic modules, and the cleanliness of the effective photovoltaic module area on their productivity. The study results showed a convergence between experimental and theoretical results. The optimal tilt angle of the photovoltaic modules in El-Oued during the study days is 33°, and any inaccurate selection of this angle results in an efficiency loss of 19.31 %. Additionally, manually tracking the solar path improved the photovoltaic module efficiency by 1.63 %. A decrease in energy productivity by 34.68 % was recorded due to dust deposition of 14.5 g.m⁻². Economically, it was shown that installing a photovoltaic system consisting of 14 RAGGIE modules can feed a typical Algerian house with 136.6 MWh over 25 years, with a Levelized Cost of Energy of $0.037/kWh, and the CO₂ mitigation is 59.15 tons with a saving of $858.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37131,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management-X","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590174524001338/pdfft?md5=bbb7ab576de7f0302db4601f9d584b83&pid=1-s2.0-S2590174524001338-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141594331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comprehensive investigation on energy consumptions, impacts, and challenges of the food industry","authors":"Orlando Corigliano,&nbsp;Angelo Algieri","doi":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2024.100661","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecmx.2024.100661","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The food industry is a cornerstone of the global economy, supporting millions of jobs and generating substantial revenue annually. It also significantly influences public health, environmental sustainability, and social equity. As the world’s population continues to grow, the demand for food is increasing dramatically, necessitating substantial investments in agricultural productivity, infrastructure, and improved food distribution and access. Concurrently, addressing the resulting environmental impact and ensuring sustainability are crucial challenges. The inextricable link between energy, water, and waste in food production underscores the need to reduce loss and waste throughout the supply chain, enhance energy efficiency in food processes, and optimize resource utilization.</p><p>This work aims to extensively analyze the food industry, focusing on the energy and environmental dimensions. The study provides an in-depth exploration of the food market, employing a comprehensive review approach, with information on diverse geographic regions and major global markets. Moreover, the work sheds light on critical sections that present significant opportunities for efficiency improvements, emphasizing the intricate interplay between food and energy up to introducing a standardized taxonomy and energy planning framework. The paper highlights the environmental implications of food waste and the unsustainable utilization of energy resources and provides valuable insights into the feasibility and applicability of various conventional and innovative energy management strategies. The findings serve as a foundation to guide the development of efficient and sustainable solutions for a cleaner future.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37131,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management-X","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590174524001399/pdfft?md5=fb35527279ee18bd4c53b53fecd1b6e9&pid=1-s2.0-S2590174524001399-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141596018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing diesel engine performance and emissions with diesel-hydrogen mixtures: Impact of injector configuration, angle, and pressure","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2024.100678","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2024.100678","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Several factors affect engine performance, including fuel injection pressure, injection angle, and injector orifice diameter. Any deviation from normal conditions in any of these aspects can disrupt optimal engine performance, resulting in inefficient combustion and increased exhaust emissions. To investigate the effect of injector hole number, injection hole angle, and injection pressure on the performance and emissions of a diesel engine operating on a diesel/hydrogen blend (10 % hydrogen and 90 % diesel), a single-cylinder direct injection diesel engine was used. Three injector nozzle configurations just for diesel injector with different hole diameters (0.6, 0.3, and 0.2 mm) were used at injection angles of 0, 15, and 30 degrees, respectively. Three injection pressures (200, 400, and 600 bar) were tested, with results monitored for brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC), brake thermal efficiency (BTE), smoke, and NOx emissions.</p><p>Optimal results were achieved with a maximum injection pressure of 400 bar and a nozzle angle of 15 degrees, resulting in improved engine performance and BTE, along with a 6.5 % reduction in BSFC. Increasing the number of injector holes, injection pressure, and injection angle resulted in reduced BSFC and smoke emissions, but with a significant increase in NOx emissions. Notably, this study deviates from traditional combustion methods by introducing air from a 1.1-atmosphere tank instead of relying solely on natural intake. In addition, hydrogen fuel is introduced into the air manifold via a separate injector with an injection pressure of 20 bar, while diesel fuel is injected directly into the combustion chamber.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37131,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management-X","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590174524001569/pdfft?md5=ca5ac41a62b6829302b7b6f79c46148b&pid=1-s2.0-S2590174524001569-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141963761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}