Energy Conversion and Management-X最新文献

{"title":"Retrofitted long-range hydrogen aircraft: A viable path to sustainable aviation?","authors":"Saeed Rostami ,&nbsp;Khodayar Javadi ,&nbsp;Abbas Maleki","doi":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.100996","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.100996","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The aviation industry faces increasing pressure to decarbonize, yet long-range flights have limited alternatives due to the need for high-energy–density fuels. Hydrogen is a promising candidate, but its feasibility depends on selecting the optimal production pathway, addressing nitrogen oxides (NO_x) emissions, and managing hydrogen leakage. This study comprehensively evaluates six hydrogen production pathways for retrofitted long-range hydrogen aircraft, assessing their emissions, operating costs, and environmental-cost trade-offs. The results show that without NO_x mitigation, hydrogen-powered aircraft emit 8.6% to 58.6% more equivalent of carbon dioxide (CO₂eq) than Jet-A even under the most favorable pathway (renewable electrolysis, ERE). Additionally, hydrogen aircraft’s direct operating cost is significantly higher, with ERE increasing costs by 91% in medium twin-aisle aircraft and up to 132% in very large aircraft. A NO_x sensitivity analysis indicates that at least 15% NO_x reduction is required for medium twin-aisle aircraft to achieve lower emissions than Jet-A, while larger aircraft need reductions of 60–75%. The Eco-Efficiency Index confirms that even with NO_x mitigation, hydrogen aircraft remain less cost-efficient than Jet-A. Furthermore, hydrogen leakage penalties are higher in ERE for long-range aircraft, highlighting additional sustainability challenges.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37131,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management-X","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100996"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143800655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study of deposit accumulation and tribological degradation in diesel engine utilizing blend fuels","authors":"Faheem Ahmed Solangi ,&nbsp;Altaf Alam Noonari ,&nbsp;Fayaz Hussain ,&nbsp;Zhou Ding ,&nbsp;Bo Zhang ,&nbsp;Luqman Razzaq","doi":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.100999","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.100999","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Utilizing alcohol in diesel engines offers an alternative approach to reducing dependence on diesel fuel. Specifically, higher alcohols such as n-butanol (nB) and n-pentanol (Pn), which have high carbon content and are largely derived from non-edible sources, can be directly blended with diesel. These blends present significant economic and environmental advantages, making the study of high-carbon alcohol use in diesel engines increasingly important. This research focused on creating blends of waste cooking oil and n-pentanol with diesel fuel, preparing three binary and ternary mixtures: DF95WCO5 and DF65WCO20Pe20. The primary goal was to investigate the fundamental characteristics of these blends. However, challenges such as increased deposits, pollutant emissions, and reduced engine performance when using biodiesel have been noted. A detailed evaluation of combustion chamber deposit buildup and its impact on emissions and engine performance was carried out. The study employed diesel, waste frying oil, and n-pentanol blends. After 200 h of operation, engine injectors and pump pistons were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. It was discovered that waste cooking oil binary mix fuel had a greater rate of carbon deposition generation than diesel fuel, with 89.68% for WCO and 80.01% for D100. By contrast, engine part deposition was reduced when n-pentanol was mixed with waste cooking oil as opposed to diesel fuel, with a deposition rate of 47.90% for n-pentanol. The results revealed notable surface structure changes on pistons with DF95WCO5 and n-pentanol blends. Wear debris concentration was reduced when using emulsified fuels, particularly in binary blends, while the ternary blend DF65WCO20Pe20 showed further reductions in Cadmium (Cd), Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu), and Nickel (Ni) compared to pure diesel. The engine demonstrated lower viscosity and increased density when operated with these blended fuels. Experimental findings highlighted significant differences between biodiesel derived from used and fresh cooking oils, including reduced engine performance, higher carbon deposits, and accelerated metal degradation in key components of diesel engine lubricating oil.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37131,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management-X","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100999"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143800658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Techno-Economic Comparative analysis of hybrid renewable energy systems optimization considering Off-Grid remote area electrification in Bangladesh","authors":"Himalay Baidya,&nbsp;Md Tarak Rahman Zisan,&nbsp;Arham Zaman Alif,&nbsp;Ahbab Ahmed,&nbsp;Mahmudul Hasan,&nbsp;Nahid-Ur-Rahman Chowdhury","doi":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Reliable electricity access is crucial for enhancing living standards, fostering socio-economic growth, and ensuring community well-being in remote and underserved regions. Bhasan Char, a remote island in the Bay of Bengal, faces significant challenges in providing sustainable and reliable energy to support its population of over 100,000 Rohingya refugees. For off-grid regions, Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems present a viable and environmentally sustainable electrification solution by integrating multiple energy sources. This study investigates the design, simulation, and optimization of HRES-based power generation to meet the comprehensive electricity needs of Bhasan Char. Using HOMER Pro software, six different hybrid energy models were developed and analyzed to evaluate their technical, economic, and environmental viability. Throughout the optimization process, peak loads of 2,287 kW, 470 kW, and 2,180 kW were considered for residential, community, and deferrable uses, respectively. Out of the six models evaluated, the most cost-effective configuration was found to be PV/Biogas/Diesel/Wind/Battery. This optimal solution comprises 3.5 MW of PV, 0.5 MW of biogas generator, 3.2 MW of diesel power, 1.98 MW of wind, 8.53 MWh battery storage capacity and can generate 14,893,809 kWh of energy annually, which is sufficient to meet the entire community’s energy requirements. With a Cost of Energy of $0.195/kWh and a Net Present Cost of roughly $34.9 million, the system presents an economically viable solution. The substantial 80.6 % penetration of renewable energy considerably reduces greenhouse gas emissions. Additionally, Sensitivity analyses were performed to explore the resilience of the proposed systems ensuring adaptability to future uncertainties. The research offers a viable model for rural electrification, providing valuable insights into deploying sustainable power solutions in isolated regions and supporting global objectives for energy transition.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37131,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management-X","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 101004"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143800657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of the EU carbon border adjustment mechanism and variable renewable energy integration on fossil-based energy systems","authors":"Boris Ćosić ,&nbsp;Neven Duić","doi":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) aims to mitigate carbon leakage and foster global decarbonisation by introducing carbon pricing on imported carbon-intensive goods entering the EU. This paper evaluates CBAM’s impact on the interconnected electricity market of Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, analysing how variable renewable energy sources (VRES) deployment and CBAM compliance reshape energy trade, emissions, and system flexibility. Using the Dispa-SET model, a unit commitment and power dispatch tool for multi-zonal systems with high renewables integration, the study examines electricity flows, fossil fuel dependency, and decarbonisation trajectories across three scenarios: NECP, representing planned technologies; LRES, reflecting low renewables integration; and HRES, with high renewable deployment. The results show that accelerated VRES deployment reduces fossil fuel dependency, with CO₂ intensity in Bosnia and Herzegovina dropping to 0.85 g_CO2/kWh by 2035 under the HRES scenario. Electricity exports from Bosnia and Herzegovina to Croatia decline from 3.41 TWh in 2025 to 1.39 TWh by 2035 under the NECP scenario but stabilise at 2.35 TWh in the HRES scenario. Curtailment in Bosnia and Herzegovina rises to 2.73 TWh/year by 2035, or 24.2 % of VRES generation, highlighting the challenges of managing high renewable penetration. The interplay between declining coal power operations, reduced emissions, and shifting electricity exports underscores the complexities of aligning regional energy systems with EU decarbonisation goals while ensuring energy security.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37131,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management-X","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 101008"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143807595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Constructing the hydrogen demand curve for road transport: Case studies for Germany and China","authors":"Lin Zheng ,&nbsp;Johannes Eckstein ,&nbsp;Bastian Weissenburger ,&nbsp;Madeleine Gibescu ,&nbsp;Wolfgang Eichhammer","doi":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.100993","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.100993","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Using hydrogen as a fuel can potentially decarbonize road transport, however, its economic feasibility is unclear due to the absence of a hydrogen market. This paper introduces a novel approach for deriving hydrogen demand curves in road transport and analyzes the hydrogen demand potential for Germany and China. By estimating acceptable prices for new vehicle buyers opting for hydrogen and the possible hydrogen demand from these new vehicles, we provide insights into potential market dynamics. Additionally, we examine the impacts of different developments in fuel, electricity, and carbon prices on technology diffusion and hydrogen demand potential. Simulations for 2030 and 2050 across 15 price pathways reveal that hydrogen could be demanded in passenger transport in 2030 in Germany but not beyond, attributed to the economic viability and improving availability of electric alternatives. Heavy-duty freight emerges as a key demand segment with significant long-term potential in both countries, with higher acceptable prices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37131,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management-X","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100993"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143776867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A state-of-the-art micro-mixing micro-combustor with enhanced flame stabilization characteristics using H2-air mixtures","authors":"Sreejith Sudarsanan ,&nbsp;Akram Mohammad ,&nbsp;Prabhu Selvaraj ,&nbsp;Khalid A. Juhany ,&nbsp;Radi A. Alsulami ,&nbsp;Sudarshan Kumar ,&nbsp;Ratna Kishore Velamati","doi":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A novel micro-mixing micro-combustor was developed and the flame stabilization characteristics were investigated numerically. The Combustor exhibited excellent lean stability limits, with stability limits increasing as the fuel–air mixture became leaner. Stability limits achieved for the equivalence ratios 1.0, 0.8 and 0.6 were 8 m/s, 14 m/s and 16 m/s respectively (although the exact blow-off limit for each case is expected to be higher). The limits are higher than those reported in previous studies on hydrogen fueled combustors. As the Reynolds number exceeded 500, simulations above 6 m/s were performed using a turbulent model to account for the transition to turbulence. An all-new criterion to predict the flame stabilization was suggested by specifying the range of local equivalence ratio at central slot interface (φ_inter) as 7 ≤ φ_inter ≤ 21 (cold flow) for both laminar and turbulent regimes when 0.6 ≤ φ_g ≤ 1.0. The uniformity of wall temperature demonstrated significant improvement at lean equivalence ratios in both the laminar and turbulent regimes, which is crucial for practical applications such as thermoelectric generators (TEGs) and similar systems. Furthermore, the introduction of micro-mixing resulted in the transformation of the diffusion flame into a partially premixed flame. The underlying mechanisms driving this transformation in flame structure were analyzed and discussed in detail. Regarding the enhancement of stability limits, the firing rates of existing combustors were compared with the that of the present combustor and the results revealed a significant 28 % hike at the lift-off condition, which would be even higher when the exact blow-off limits are determined.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37131,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management-X","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 101001"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143784045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Artificial intelligence-driven modeling of biodiesel production from fats, oils, and grease (FOG) with process optimization via particle swarm optimization","authors":"Badril Azhar ,&nbsp;Muhammad Ikhsan Taipabu ,&nbsp;Cries Avian ,&nbsp;Karthickeyan Viswanathan ,&nbsp;Wei Wu ,&nbsp;Raymond Lau","doi":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101000","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101000","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents the design and optimization of a biodiesel production process, emphasizing the integration of machine learning (ML) models and process optimization techniques. The biodiesel production process involves multiple stages, including feedstock preparation, esterification, and transesterification, with catalysts Amberlyst-15 and KOH used in continuous stirred-tank reactors (CSTRs). Sensitivity analysis reveals that high conversions of free fatty acids (94 %) and triglycerides (97 %) are achievable under optimized operating conditions. To enhance process efficiency, adjustments to reaction temperature, time, and methanol-to-oil ratios are proposed, resulting in lower energy consumption and material costs. A ML model evaluation, using various algorithms, identify XGBoost, Extra Trees, Gradient Boosting, LGBM, and Random Forest demonstrate the best performer for predicting process parameters, achieving an R² value of nearly to 1. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is then employed to optimize the selected ML model (XGBoost), leading to the identification of optimal input parameters for biodiesel production. The optimized process, combined with heat integration, reduces pre-heating energy requirements by 80.9 % and total heat duties by 19.9 %. The findings demonstrate the effectiveness of combining ML and optimization techniques to enhance biodiesel production efficiency while reducing costs and energy consumption.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37131,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management-X","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 101000"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143823942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Improved MPC-based energy management strategy for hydrogen fuel cell EVs featuring dual-motor coupling powertrain","authors":"Xinyu Luo,&nbsp;Henry Shu-Hung Chung","doi":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.100975","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.100975","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles (HFCEVs) provide significant environmental benefits. Integrating dual-motor coupling powertrains (DMCPs) further enhances efficiency and dynamic performance. This article proposes an energy management strategy (EMS) for the hydrogen fuel cell/battery/super-capacitor system in an HFCEV with DMCP. Model predictive control (MPC) is adopted as the framework to optimize economic performance, defined in this study as the hydrogen consumption cost and fuel cell degradation cost. To improve the prediction horizon and accuracy, the torque split ratio for two varying permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) and the corresponding mode switching rules of the vehicle are initially established. Subsequently, a combination of Dynamic Programming (DP) and MPC is selected as the framework, utilizing a Dung Beetle Optimizer (DBO)-optimized Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BiLSTM) network to refine the predictive model. Finally, comparisons with other predictive models and commonly used control strategies demonstrate that the proposed EMS notably improves economic performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37131,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management-X","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100975"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143747869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Risk-Adjusted Financial Feasibility Model for ESCOs: Introducing Payment from Savings (PFS) Concept","authors":"Adam Febranzah ,&nbsp;Denpharanto Agung Krisprimandoyo","doi":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.100945","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.100945","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The comprehensive energy solutions offered by ESCOs (Energy Service Companies), encompassing energy audits, design, implementation, financing, and guaranteed savings, are often constrained by high initial costs and the unpredicable revenue generated derived from shared savings agreements, thereby posing formidable financial risk for the ESCO. To address these challenges, this paper proposes two innovative concepts: (1) a risk-adjusted financial feasibility model, and (2) a novel “Payment from Savings” (PFS) approach, based on an analysis of optimal shared savings rates in energy efficiency projects, leading to a 0% shared savings scheme for the client. This financial model incorporates a risk assessment, using the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) along with exchange rate and inflation volatility to calculate the discount rate. The adjusted discount rate is then applied within Net Present Value (NPV) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR) calculations to assess the economic viability of various shared savings schemes. Results indicate that the optimal shared savings rate for public street lighting should not exceed 5%. Significantly, even under a 0% shared savings rate, or the proposed PFS concept (where 100% of savings are allocated to the ESCO), the ESCO still faces a moderate level of risk, with the IRR remaining below the calculated discount rate in this 30-year case study. However, clients benefit from significantly greater marginal cost-benefits, exceeding those of the ESCO by a factor of 7.84, and proving 1.17 times more favourable than proceeding without partnership. Consequently, this paper recommends the adoption of the PFS concept.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37131,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management-X","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100945"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143815216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review on advanced phase change material-based cooling for energy-efficient electronics","authors":"Ahmad Al Takash ,&nbsp;Khaireldin Faraj ,&nbsp;Jalal Faraj ,&nbsp;Hicham El Hage ,&nbsp;Ali Hage-Diab ,&nbsp;Mahmoud Khaled ,&nbsp;Tareq Salameh ,&nbsp;Abdul-Kadir Hamid ,&nbsp;Mousa Hussein","doi":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.100994","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.100994","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Increased power densities brought about by the quick development of high-power electronic devices call for effective thermal management to guarantee optimum performance and endurance. PCMs offer a passive and sustainable cooling solution, enhancing system reliability and energy efficiency. To maximize thermal energy management in electronic devices, this study intends to examine recent developments in PCM-based cooling systems over the previous five years, emphasizing their integration with hybrid cooling technologies such as fins, heat pipes, and nanoparticle-enhanced PCMs. In contrast to traditional reviews, this work focuses on hybrid PCM designs, demonstrating how heat dissipation is greatly enhanced by combining PCMs with nanomaterials, expanded surfaces, and active cooling approaches. Energy consumption in cooling systems can be reduced by optimizing these thermal management techniques, which will support sustainable energy management objectives. A thorough evaluation of recent research was carried out to assess the thermal performance of several PCM types, such as paraffin wax and RT-35HC, as well as nano-enhanced PCMs infused with graphene and metallic nanoparticles. Their effects on lowering temperatures and improving thermal conductivity in electronic cooling applications are the main topic of the review. While nano-enhanced PCMs exhibit a thermal conductivity gain of more than 100 %, paraffin wax-based PCMs can lower operating temperatures by up to 15 °C. High-power electronics showed temperature reductions of about 10 °C using RT-35HC, demonstrating the promise of hybrid PCM systems for energy-efficient cooling solutions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37131,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management-X","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100994"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143760243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}