Energy Conversion and Management-X最新文献

{"title":"Renewable microgrids with PEMFC, electrolyzers, heat pumps, hydrogen and heat storages in scenario-based day-ahead electrical market","authors":"Seyyed Mohammad Bornapour ,&nbsp;Mostafa Nejatolahi ,&nbsp;Reza Hemmati","doi":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101120","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101120","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microgrids enable the integration of renewable energy sources; however, managing electricity from intermittent wind and solar power remains a significant challenge. This study investigates two storage strategies for managing surplus renewable electricity in an IEEE 84-Bus microgrid with wind turbines and photovoltaic units. The first option involves producing hydrogen via electrolyzers, which is stored for later electricity generation through fuel cells. The second option involves converting surplus electricity into heat using heat pumps, which is then stored in thermal energy storage systems to efficiently meet the microgrid’s thermal load requirements. A scenario-based day-ahead scheduling model is proposed to optimize the microgrid’s electrical and thermal load management while considering uncertainties in market prices, wind speeds, and solar irradiance. The resulting large-scale optimization challenge is effectively tackled using the self-adaptive charge system search algorithm. The results indicate that, for the optimal utilization of excess renewable electricity, heat generation via heat pumps is more cost-effective than hydrogen production, primarily due to the inefficiencies in hydrogen conversion and the ability of heat pumps to produce several units of heat for each unit of electricity consumed. Moreover, heat pumps prove to be more economical than natural gas combustion in boilers for meeting the thermal demands across a wide range of gas prices. These findings highlight the economic benefits of integrating heat pumps and thermal energy storage systems into renewable energy microgrids.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37131,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management-X","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 101120"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144518491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neural network-based prediction interval estimation with large width penalization for renewable energy forecasting and system applications","authors":"Worachit Amnuaypongsa ,&nbsp;Wijarn Wangdee ,&nbsp;Jitkomut Songsiri","doi":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101119","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101119","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Increasing the penetration of renewable energy introduces significant uncertainty into power systems. Probabilistic forecasting, which quantifies this uncertainty through prediction intervals (PIs), is essential for guiding a generation operating reserve preparation. The amount of standby generation resources is directly reflected by a PI width and typically focuses on the worst-case scenario arising with large PI widths under extreme conditions. This paper aims to reduce the large PI widths by proposing a new PI-based loss function that utilizes the sum of the K-largest element functions to impose greater penalties on larger PI widths in developing a renewable energy forecasting model. The proposed methodology can identify and reduce large PI widths during the model training process while ensuring PI’s reliability. The loss function is compatible with gradient-based algorithms, allowing for further integration with state-of-the-art neural networks and recent deep learning techniques. Experiments on synthetic and solar irradiance forecasting datasets utilizing ANN and LSTM models showcase our approach’s effectiveness in attaining narrower PIs while maintaining prediction accuracy. A cost analysis of solar power reserve demonstrates that our method yields reduced reserve over-allocation and lower total costs for provision and deficit penalties under high uncertainty. This is due to an improved PI’s lower bound, which better captures actual generation, thereby decreasing lost load penalties. Furthermore, in robust energy management, the net electricity cost range assessed using PI information exhibits the narrowest variation compared to benchmarked methods due to the conservatism reduction in PI widths of net load forecasts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37131,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management-X","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 101119"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144632772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The rising, applications, challenges, and future prospects of energy in smart grids and smart cities systems","authors":"Bilal Naji Alhasnawi ,&nbsp;Hayder Khenyab Hashim ,&nbsp;Marek Zanker ,&nbsp;Vladimír Bureš","doi":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101162","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101162","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>More than half of world’s population lives in cities, which also consume around 75 % of world’s energy and produce 80 % of its greenhouse gas emissions. In light of energy trilemma, which requires balancing the goals of sustainability, security, and affordability, it is crucial to ensure that cities are intelligently organized for both quality of life and resource efficiency, with a focus on energy use and management. The most effective strategy to lessen the effect of energy use on gas emissions and the depletion of natural resources is electrification in conjunction with use of renewable energy generation. Developing and managing electrical infrastructure is made more difficult by electrification, necessitating the use of smart grids, which are a crucial component of smart cities. Utilizing various energy sources more efficiently, consistently, and sustainably is made possible by smart grid technology. By improving the economy, government, environment, living conditions, healthcare, energy, and mobility, smart city apps make people’s lives easier and more comfortable. This paper reviews the rising, applications, challenges, and future prospects in energy smart grids and smart cities systems. Several key components, such as IoT, renewable energy sources, and artificial intelligence (AI), including deep learning (DL) and machine learning (ML). Lastly, the study highlights innovative strategies and instruments that might strengthen smart city security and resilience against modern physical and cyber threats.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37131,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management-X","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 101162"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144704489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Machine learning modeling and optimizing of greenhouse climate conditions","authors":"Seyed Aliakbar Hosseini,&nbsp;Sepehr Sanaye","doi":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101127","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101127","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Enhancing food security and increasing production efficiency can be achieved by adjusting various operating parameters in greenhouses that influence plant growth. These parameters include temperature, irrigation scheduling, humidity, supplemental carbon dioxide, sunlight exposure, and the use of artificial lighting on cloudy or low-light days. This study presents the results of an Artificial Neural Network–accelerated dynamic greenhouse model, which, for the first time, considers all of these parameters together and enables optimization of operational conditions based on minimizing the cost per kilogram of tomato yield over the cultivation period. The selected design variables are daytime temperature (for both day and night with artificial lighting), nighttime temperature (during the dark period), relative humidity, and carbon dioxide concentration. The use of the ANN reduced computation time considerably. Compared to typical greenhouse environmental settings (day time temperature = 22 °C, night time temperature = 18 °C, relative humidity = 80 %, CO₂ concentration = 800  ppm), the optimized environmental settings reduced production cost by 6 %, lowering it from 0.50 $.kg⁻¹ to 0.47 $.kg⁻¹. The optimum values of the objective function and design variables are 0.47 $.kg⁻¹, 23.7 °C for daytime temperature, 16 °C for nighttime temperature, 68.2 % RH, and 627.7  ppm CO₂ concentration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37131,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management-X","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 101127"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144596038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioethanol manufacturing from industrial olive pomace slurry through integrated hydrothermal carbonisation and non-conventional yeast-based fermentation processes","authors":"Adnan Asad Karim ,&nbsp;Maria Lourdes Martínez-Cartas ,&nbsp;Manuel Cuevas-Aranda","doi":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101128","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101128","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The two-phase olive pomace slurry (TOPS) is the major waste of the olive oil industry. Hydrothermal carbonisation (HTC) has been widely used for the conversion of TOPS into hydrochar, a solid biofuel. The HTC process also co-produces a liquid hydrolysate, whose valorisation has been scarcely investigated. This study focussed on to investigate the composition (reducing sugars, total phenols, acetic acid and furfural) and use of the hydrolysate derived from conventional and microwave assisted HTC of TOPS to produce bioethanol by the fermentation carried out by <em>Hansenula polymorpha</em>, a non-conventional yeast. On the basis of holocellulose content (39.12 %) present in dry TOPS, the optimum conditions to achieve a maximum reducing sugar yield of 25.92 % through conventional HTC were 180 °C and 30 min. In the case of microwave HTC, the optimal conditions were 203 °C and 30 min to obtain a maximum reducing sugar yield of 27.88 %. The HTC also produced total phenols (up to 3.30 %), acetic acid (up to 3.33 %), and furfural (up to 1.96 %). In comparison to conventional HTC, the microwave HTC advantage was generation of lower concentrations of fermentation inhibitors. The <em>H. polymorpha</em> strain produced maximum overall bioethanol yield of 0.21 g g⁻¹ in case of fermentation of liquid hydrolysate at 45 °C with inoculum concentrations of 0.8 g dm⁻³. These findings emphasised that the HTC of TOPS could be an alternative and promising method for co-production of reducing sugars, bioethanol and total phenols.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37131,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management-X","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 101128"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144614219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of single-cell shading impact on polycrystalline PERC module under hot-dry conditions","authors":"Neha Kumari ,&nbsp;Sanjay Kumar Singh ,&nbsp;Sanjay Kumar ,&nbsp;Vinay Kumar Jadoun","doi":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101143","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101143","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>PV technologies may often perform differently under outdoor operating conditions compared with Standard Test Conditions, which are performed under a controlled setup inside a laboratory. Outdoor-installed PV modules are exposed to continuously varying factors, like solar radiation and temperature, which significantly impact their electrical and thermal behavior. Moreover, due to prolonged exposure to these dynamic conditions, outdoor-installed PV modules are subject to gradual degradation over time. One frequently occurring degradation is partial shading, which can lead to hotspot formation in shaded modules. To predict the formation of the hotspot, it is essential to understand the impact of partial shading in a PV module. In this investigation, indoor and outdoor partial shading stress experiments are conducted on a single cell in a PV module. This methodology accelerates the degradation, and the impact of single-cell shading on the performance of a PV module is analysed. The results are extracted using obtaining I-V and P-V curves for different shading conditions, and various performance parameters like output power and efficiency are recorded to analyse the electrical and thermal response of a shaded module. The experiments performed in outdoor conditions recorded power loss as high as 49 %, and efficiency dropped to 8.11 % from its initial unshaded conditions. Additionally, the results confirm the occurrence of hotspot due to shading. Though indoor experiments did not exhibit any visible temperature rise in the shaded cell, outdoor experiments showed a significant thermal response. The highest temperature of 92.3°C was recorded in the shaded cell under a 40 % single-cell shading condition, highlighting the pronounced impact of real shading and environmental conditions on thermal behavior of a PV module.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37131,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management-X","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 101143"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144614414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Energy harvesting from radial electro-hydraulic actuators in tracked armored vehicle suspensions under thermal constraints","authors":"An Huang ,&nbsp;Yong Guo ,&nbsp;Guosheng Wang ,&nbsp;Qihui Ling ,&nbsp;Yanfeng Peng ,&nbsp;Weijie Zhang ,&nbsp;Wensheng Peng","doi":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101129","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101129","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The electro-hydraulic energy-harvesting suspension system is crucial for enhancing the mobility and firing accuracy of tracked armored vehicles. However, its application is constrained by limited structural space and thermal loss issues. This paper designs an energy-harvesting suspension system based on radial electro-hydraulic actuators without a hydraulic rectifier bridge, addressing the challenge of integrating high-efficiency energy recovery with thermal management. A linear weighted fusion method is proposed to integrate efficiency and thermal loss power matrices, enabling a low-loss, high-efficiency vibration energy recovery strategy. Model predictive control (MPC) is employed to implement the strategy in tracked armored vehicle suspensions. Experimental results under sinusoidal excitation show that the system achieves a maximum energy recovery efficiency of 54.6 % (average: 35.8 %) and reduces REHA temperature by 2.5 °C, demonstrating its potential to advance REHA applications in space-constrained military vehicles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37131,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management-X","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 101129"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144556687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal and electromagnetic analysis of a 200 kVA transformer with heat pipe cooling","authors":"Fateme Tavakoli Dastjerd,&nbsp;Emadoddin Erfani Farsi Eidgah,&nbsp;Hamid Niazmand,&nbsp;Ahmad Arabkoohsar","doi":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101103","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101103","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Integrating copper wicked heat pipes (CWHPs) is a proven method to improve oil immersed power transformer (OIP/transformer) heat dissipation. However, determining the most effective placement and number of the heat pipes, and addressing electrical and magnetic constraints associated with the heat pipes integration remains a challenge. This study combines numerical modeling of a 200 kVA OIP/transformer with experimental analysis of a CWHP’s performance to identify the most suitable number and arrangement of CWHPs. Results show that the replacement of cooling fins with 58 CWHPs – even before optimizing their placements − decreases hot-spot temperature (HS/temperature) by 9.8 °C. Besides thermal performance, numerical modeling was conducted to assess the potential electrical and magnetic impacts of the CWHPs, demonstrating almost no negative effects on the OIP/transformer in this sense. However, small eddy currents induced in CWHPs by magnetic field fluctuations generate a very tiny extra heat loss of 0.799 W, an insignificant figure compared to the total 2986 W dissipated heat by active components. Generally, using 28 CWHPs located distant from active components provides optimum temperature reduction in HS/temperature by 14.3%. This will significantly enhance the insulation life of windings as well as the reliability of the OIP/transformer. The results of this article demonstrate the practicability and effectiveness of utilizing CWHPs as a thermal management system for OIP/transformers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37131,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management-X","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 101103"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144572630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plastic waste treatment and utilization: Unveiling the environmental impacts of efficient conversion and high value utilization in Greek industries","authors":"Evanthia A. Nanaki ,&nbsp;Giorgos Kardaras ,&nbsp;Loukia P. Chrysikou ,&nbsp;Stella Bezergianni ,&nbsp;Michael Bampaou ,&nbsp;Tzouliana Kraia ,&nbsp;Spyros Kiartzis ,&nbsp;Kyriakos D. Panopoulos","doi":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101154","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101154","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The growing accumulation of plastic waste presents major environmental and health challenges. This is largely due to the widespread use of plastics, driven by their versatility, low cost, and broad range of applications. Innovative plastic waste management strategies aligned with circular economy principles are urgently needed to reduce emissions and mitigate end-of-life treatment issues. Focusing on the case study of a Greek industry, the environmental impacts of advanced plastic waste treatment technologies, such as pyrolysis, as well as its potential for high-value utilization are being investigated. This work employs a comprehensive methodology combining experimental analysis and Life Cycle Assessment to assess the efficiency and sustainability of the conversion of different plastic wastes to liquid fuels via pyrolysis, evaluating also their physicochemical properties compared to conventional fuels. Results indicate that pyrolysis can effectively produce high-value liquid fuels from non-recyclable plastic waste, contributing to resource efficiency within a circular economy framework. Among the scenarios assessed, the configuration incorporating industrial waste heat demonstrates superior environmental performance, including significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, particulate matter formation, and resource depletion. However, the reuse of pyrolysis by-products such as char and gas for internal combustion was found environmentally suboptimal, highlighting the need for alternative valorization pathways. Despite its potential, challenges such as feedstock variability, pre-treatment costs, and regulatory uncertainties must be addressed for large-scale implementation. Overall, the study underscores the viability of pyrolysis as a key strategy for sustainable plastic waste management, particularly when embedded within existing industrial infrastructures and supported by favorable policy frameworks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37131,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management-X","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 101154"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144696428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental arbitrage with battery storage: Reducing emissions from electricity generation","authors":"Ángel Arcos-Vargas,&nbsp;David Canca,&nbsp;Fernando Núñez","doi":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101152","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101152","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Although the power industry has significantly reduced its emissions in recent years, society’s environmental concerns continue. Likewise, the technological and economic progress experienced and expected in energy storage systems has allowed them to be incorporated as one more tool for electricity system operations. This work develops a model that, using utility-scale energy batteries, intends to carry out an environmental arbitrage in the wholesale electricity market consisting of buying energy in those hours in which the marginal technology is non-polluting and selling it in those hours with highly polluting marginal technologies. To solve this social arbitrage problem, a mixed-integer linear programming model has been proposed. Since the problem depends on the ratio between battery and inverter sizes, without losing generality, the model is solved for a battery of 10MWh by parametrically fixing the inverter size from 1 to 8 MW, considering the battery degradation due to charge/discharge cycles and a planning horizon of 25 years. For each inverter, the optimization model provides the optimal strategy to avoid emissions. Finally, the net present value of each investment alternative is calculated by including in the positive cash-flow of each year the implicit value that society obtains from each ton of CO₂ emissions avoided in that year. Our results suggest that this type of investment is socially desirable, given the current prices of emission allowances. The rate of 10 MWh/6 MW offers the most promising results in environmental temrs. Purely economic arbitrage destroys net value, with the 2 MW inverter destroying the least value.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37131,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management-X","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 101152"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144670223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}