{"title":"Global research trends on gold and silver nanoparticle-induced cytotoxicity in cancer cells: A bibliometric perspective","authors":"Bashiru Ibrahim , Timothy Prince Chidike Ezeorba","doi":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.106379","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.106379","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the wealth of available data on the toxicity of gold (AuNPs) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Over the past 25 years, significant research has been conducted on the cytotoxic effects of these NPs on cancer cells. The specific objective of this study is to investigate the bibliometric trends in this field, examining the contributions of different authors, years, countries, and organizations. To conduct this analysis, a collection of publications related to the cytotoxic impact of AuNPs and AgNPs from 2000 to 2025 was gathered from the Web of Science database in April 2025. Microsoft Excel, GraphPad Prism, and VOSViewer software were utilized to analyze the annual publication trends, country citations, and frequently used keywords. A total of 1224 published papers were identified and analyzed. The results of the bibliometric analysis revealed that India had the highest number of publications (436) and citations (15,417), followed by Saudi Arabia with 199 articles. The most highly cited paper in this field, with 698 citations, was published by Brown in 2010 in JACS. Furthermore, the co-occurrence analysis of author keywords highlighted the frequent use of keywords such as AgNPs, green synthesis, cytotoxicity, and anticancer activity. Overall, this bibliometric analysis highlights the promising potential of NPs in cancer research within the field of nanomedicine. The findings provide valuable insights into the research landscape and can guide future investigations in this exciting area of study.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36919,"journal":{"name":"Results in Engineering","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 106379"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144687103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A S M Mannafi , Khairul Habib , Taseen Asrafi , Syed Awais Ali
{"title":"Review on multi-functional performance analysis of MXene for thermoelectricity and electromagnetic interference shielding: challenges and future perspectives","authors":"A S M Mannafi , Khairul Habib , Taseen Asrafi , Syed Awais Ali","doi":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.106335","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.106335","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>MXenes, a family of two-dimensional (2D) transition metal carbides and nitrides, have emerged as promising candidates due to their exceptional electrical conductivity, tunable surface chemistry, and structural adaptability. However, a comprehensive assessment of their dual functionality in thermoelectric (TE) conversion and EMI shielding remains infrequent. This review critically explores the interplay between the structural and physicochemical properties of MXene-based materials and their influence on TE and EMI shielding performance. Particular focus is given to recent advancements in MXene hybrid architectures that achieve simultaneous improvements in electrical conductivity, Seebeck coefficient, and EMI shielding effectiveness. In addition to performance metrics, the review addresses key considerations such as long-term environmental stability, scalable synthesis and fabrication methods, and material costs to assess real-world applicability. It also identifies the critical parameters governing both thermoelectric efficiency and EMI shielding behavior. By consolidating current knowledge, this review provides a comparative framework and strategic insights for the rational design of next-generation MXene-based multifunctional materials, targeting efficient energy harvesting and robust electromagnetic protection in practical applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36919,"journal":{"name":"Results in Engineering","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 106335"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144680168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Identification of the key material degradation mechanisms affecting silicon solar cells: Systematic literature review","authors":"Eshetu Tadesse Ymer , Hirpa Gelgele Lemu , Mesay Alemu Tolcha","doi":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.106113","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.106113","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This literature review systematically identifies the primary material degradation mechanisms impacting silicon-based solar cells, which constitute over 90% of the global photovoltaic (PV) market. The study addresses the critical challenge of reduced solar cell performance and lifespan, driven by environmental and operational stressors, which subsequently diminish the efficiency and economic viability of solar energy systems. Employing a rigorous methodology structured on the PRISMA framework, we analyzed 181 peer-reviewed articles published between 2015 and 2024 to comprehensively evaluate various degradation pathways. Findings highlight that the degradation rate of silicon solar cells is highly sensitive to geographical location and climatic factors. Environmental elements are identified as major contributors to power output degradation, with observed annual losses ranging from 1.8% to 2% in hot-humid regions, notably higher than the approximately 0.3% reported in temperate zones. Specific degradation mechanisms include Potential-Induced Degradation, which can cause up to 30% efficiency loss by reducing short-circuit current density and open-circuit voltage, and Light-Induced Degradation, contributing up to 10% efficiency reduction. Dust accumulation is also a critical contributor to performance degradation, causing an average power loss of 1.27% per g/m<sup>2</sup> and potentially leading to further issues such as encapsulant discoloration, corrosion of electrical contacts, and the development of thermal hotspots. Furthermore, surface-related degradation is influenced by factors such as emitter doping profiles, thermal oxide layers, and substrate materials. The study also examines the effects of thermal cycling and mechanical stress on silicon solar cells, demonstrating their ability to induce thermo-mechanical stress, resulting in various failure modes including solder joint disconnection, finger breakage, and cell fracture. Overall, the analyzed literature indicates annual degradation rates for silicon solar cells ranging from 0.25% to 3.3%. In conclusion, this review underscores the necessity of climate-specific module designs and tailored maintenance strategies, such as the implementation of PID-resistant cells and anti-soiling coatings, to significantly enhance PV durability. This work distinguishes itself from prior efforts by offering a comprehensive, quantitative synthesis of degradation mechanisms across diverse climatic conditions and technologies. It explicitly addresses existing gaps in long-term field data and the standardization of testing protocols, providing a more complete understanding crucial for advancing solar PV reliability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36919,"journal":{"name":"Results in Engineering","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 106113"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144670252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Duc Hai Nguyen , Amin Elshorbagy , Muhammad Naveed Khaliq , Chaopeng Shen , Mohammad Khaled Akhtar , Mohamed Moghairib , Fisaha Unduche , Saman Razavi , Philippe Lamontagne
{"title":"Advancing Sub-Seasonal to Seasonal Streamflow Forecasting in Canada: A Review of Conventional and Emerging Approaches for Operational Applications","authors":"Duc Hai Nguyen , Amin Elshorbagy , Muhammad Naveed Khaliq , Chaopeng Shen , Mohammad Khaled Akhtar , Mohamed Moghairib , Fisaha Unduche , Saman Razavi , Philippe Lamontagne","doi":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.106345","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.106345","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sub-seasonal to seasonal (S2S) streamflow forecasts play a critical role in the planning and management of water resources for various purposes, such as optimization of hydropower production, ensuring sufficient water supplies for various usages, mitigating flood and drought risks, and management of nutrients from industrial and agricultural sources. Contrary to day-to-day operational activities, such forecasts can provide an extended operational window to various levels of the government for taking appropriate actions and issuing timely directives. Compared to the vast amount of hydrologic literature on short-term streamflow forecasting, S2S forecasting area is still not well-developed. This paper reviews state-of-the-art in S2S streamflow forecasting, considering conventional process-based and statistical modeling approaches, emerging machine learning (ML) techniques, and hybrid options. The generated knowledge and insights are intended to guide the development of operational tools for S2S forecasting for Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba provinces of Canada, and can also be used for developing similar tools for other regions of the world. Apart from discussing various modeling challenges, data availability constraints, and quantification of uncertainties, the paper also presents a systematic framework for developing ML-based S2S streamflow forecasting tools. Various limitations of the reviewed approaches and potential avenues of future research are also discussed to advance research and applications in S2S forecasting area. It is found that the potential of ML in addressing scaling issues in hydrology, through S2S forecasting, and investigating relevant hydrologic mechanisms at coarse spatial and temporal resolutions are not adequately explored. This is a significant path forward for ML in hydrology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36919,"journal":{"name":"Results in Engineering","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 106345"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144672080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ahmed K. Abbas , Razman Ayop , Chee Wei Tan , Yousif Al Mashhadany , Al Smadi Takialddin
{"title":"Advanced energy-management and sizing techniques for renewable microgrids with electric-vehicle integration: A review","authors":"Ahmed K. Abbas , Razman Ayop , Chee Wei Tan , Yousif Al Mashhadany , Al Smadi Takialddin","doi":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.106252","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.106252","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rising worldwide energy consumption and environmental concerns have expedited the transition to hybrid renewable energy systems (HRES) and electric vehicles (EVs). EVs continue to be viewed as completely compliant passive batteries, which ignore owner behaviors. Owners may deny unloading for a number of reasons, such as cheap prices, long commutes outside of town, or battery lifespan issues. EMS are divided into three categories: rule-based EMS, optimization-based EMS, and learning-based EMS. Rule-based EMS uses deterministic control techniques, such as fuzzy logic and frequency decoupling, which makes it simple and computationally efficient but restricts its flexibility. Optimization-based EMS achieves worldwide effectiveness by using complex mathematical models such as predictive control and game theory, but it demands a significant amount of processing power. Each form of EMS has advantages and disadvantages, with rule-based EMS being less expensive and simpler to implement. The study provided and analyzed a complete literature evaluation of recently published papers by numerous HRES scholars. This study further investigates energy management techniques (EMS) for EVs and HRES, with an emphasis on demand-side management, economic policies, and techno-economic strategies for optimal grid interaction. Furthermore, the combination of V2G technology is presented as a bidirectional transmission of electricity solution that enables EVs to function as mobile energy storage units, thus contributing to grid stability as well as demand control. Future research paths stress the need for hybrid AI-powered algorithms and blockchain for safe energy transactions. The future possibilities of PV, wind, and other HESs are finally covered in this study, along with their control, power management, optimization, and ideal size.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36919,"journal":{"name":"Results in Engineering","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 106252"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144694802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Youness Filaly , Nisrine Berros , Fatna El mendili , Younes El Bouzekri EL idrissi
{"title":"A comprehensive survey on big data privacy and Hadoop security: Insights into encryption mechanisms and emerging trends","authors":"Youness Filaly , Nisrine Berros , Fatna El mendili , Younes El Bouzekri EL idrissi","doi":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.106203","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.106203","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Big data has transformed analytics and data processing in many different industries, but securing security and privacy in distributed systems like Hadoop is still rather complex. This article gives a deep analysis of the symmetric, asymmetric, and hybrid encryption techniques applied in Hadoop to preserve massive amounts of data. We critically analyze earlier research, underlining its advantages, flaws, and important trade-offs, specifically with reference to scalability, computing expense, and implementation complexity. Additionally, we analyze new improvements like blockchain integration and post-quantum encryption, analyzing their potential to increase Hadoop security. We find weaknesses in existing techniques via a comparative study and provide a hybrid encryption system aimed at secure and efficient data processing in Hadoop settings. Researchers and practitioners searching for scalable, privacy-preserving big data platform solutions should use this paper as a reference.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36919,"journal":{"name":"Results in Engineering","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 106203"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144670251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M.S.N. Atikah , Razif Harun , R.A. Ilyas , Mohd Nor Faiz Norrrahim , Victor Feizal Knight
{"title":"Algae cultivation systems integrated with photovoltaic cell: A systematic review","authors":"M.S.N. Atikah , Razif Harun , R.A. Ilyas , Mohd Nor Faiz Norrrahim , Victor Feizal Knight","doi":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.106294","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.106294","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microalgae species have recently been focused on biofuel production, such as biodiesel, bioethanol, and biohydrogen. These photosynthetic organisms are widely cultivated in photobioreactors and open ponds. Advances in the cultivation methods, e.g., the development of the open pond-photobioreactor hybrid system, floating, photobioreactor, open pond-photovoltaic, and photobioreactor-photovoltaic are aiming to overcome the limitations of both methods. Among the improvements achieved are lower energy cost due to lower dependency upon electricity from the grid, lesser greenhouse gas emissions, lower raw material cost due to lower evaporative water loss, higher algal biomass productivity, reduced biofouling, easier process control, and the ability of wastewater treatment. However, the systems are also limited by the variation in biomass productivity in different locations and environmental conditions. With further optimization studies, the environmental, economic, and energy aspects of open pond-photovoltaic and photobioreactor-photovoltaic systems can be improved. Overall, the open pond-photovoltaic system offers more diverse benefits than the photobioreactor-photovoltaic system. Nevertheless, both systems are practical for enhanced microalgae cultivation systems due to the fact that the quality, price, and product developments from both methods are different. This paper presents the development of modified open and closed algal cultivation systems, including the integration with photovoltaic cells.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36919,"journal":{"name":"Results in Engineering","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 106294"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144662101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Vijai , Dinesh Babu M , Naresh Babu M , Sathiyamoorthi R , Sathyanarayanan S , Sathya V , KamakshiPriya K , Habtamu Alemayehu
{"title":"Optimizing combustion efficiency and emission reduction in low temperature combustion engines using biodiesel-nano additive alcohol blends: A review","authors":"C. Vijai , Dinesh Babu M , Naresh Babu M , Sathiyamoorthi R , Sathyanarayanan S , Sathya V , KamakshiPriya K , Habtamu Alemayehu","doi":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.106175","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.106175","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing levels of harmful emissions and the depletion of fossil fuel resources have sparked global interest in biodiesel as an alternative fuel. This review explores the potential of biodiesel derived from non-edible resources and waste products, enhanced by nano-additives and higher alcohol fuels, to support Low Temperature Combustion (LTC) engine technologies. Nano-additives like titanium dioxide and magnesium oxide enhance fuel properties, while higher alcohols reduce soot and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions. Advanced combustion modes are used to minimize nitrogen oxide (NOx) and particulate emissions. This review underscores the significant role of biodiesel with additives in enhancing lower combustion, although Low temperature combustion engines demand advanced control over fuel composition and combustion conditions for optimal performance. Effective strategies like Exhaust Gas recirculation (EGR) and Variable Injection Timing helps in controlling the harmful emission levels in LTC Engines. EGR reduces NOx emissions but increases HC and CO beyond 30 %. Early injection rates (before 23° BTDC) increased NOx, while late injection (after 27° BTDC) increases HC and CO. Combining EGR (15–25 %) with optimized injection timing (23°-27° BTDC) provides the best emission control in LTC engines. Hence Blending biodiesel, alcohols, and nano-additives helps to reduce emissions in LTC engines. It was found that Higher alcohols improve combustion efficiency, reduce NOx & PM, but increase CO & HC at high blends while with addition of Nanoparticles optimization of combustion, lower emissions, and enhancement of thermal efficiency are achieved. n-Pentanol and Copper Oxide (CuO) were found to be better Alcohol and Nanoparticle additive with respect to High energy content, Better Volatility and Stability, enhanced combustion and Emission control. Within the LTC strategies RCCI was found to be best with respect to maximum thermal efficiency, lower emissions, superior load adaptability which is a concern in HCCI and PCCI modes and fuel flexibility to be used in a wide range of fuel combinations to optimize combustion efficiency, emissions, and performance. However, trade off exists between NOx and HC levels even with enhanced combustion which can be controlled with optimized combustion chamber design, optimized fuel injection system with proper Air Fuel Ratio and after treatment systems like SCR and DPF.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36919,"journal":{"name":"Results in Engineering","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 106175"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144662102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Comprehensive Review on Fusion Arc Welding of Aluminum Matrix Composites: Challenges, Mechanisms, and Advancements","authors":"Sefrian Rizki Bintoro, Eko Surojo, Nurul Muhayat, Triyono","doi":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.106257","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.106257","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Aluminum Matrix Composites (AMCs) offer superior mechanical and tribological properties, making them attractive for advanced structural applications. However, challenges in joining techniques, especially fusion arc welding, hinder their broader industrial use. Fusion arc welding of AMCs, particularly using Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG), faces major challenges due to interfacial reactions, porosity, and reinforcement agglomeration. This review evaluates recent strategies to improve weld quality, emphasizing nano-composite filler metals, weld parameter optimization, and post-weld heat treatments. Composite fillers reinforced with TiB₂, TiC, graphene, and high-entropy alloys (HEAs) significantly enhance tensile strength and hardness through grain refinement, Orowan looping, and thermal mismatch strengthening. Among these, HEA-based fillers (10 wt%) demonstrate the best performance, achieving 410 MPa UTS and 22% strain. Post-weld aging and homogenization further improve microstructural uniformity and mechanical properties. Innovations such as artificial intelligence (AI)-based process optimization and hybrid welding are also discussed. This review provides a mechanistic synthesis of recent advancements and identifies promising pathways for overcoming critical welding challenges in AMCs, thus serving as a valuable reference for future research and industrial implementation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36919,"journal":{"name":"Results in Engineering","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 106257"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144655521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A comprehensive review on non-conventional machining of Nickel-Titanium alloys: Techniques and surface integrity","authors":"Nitish Kumar , Gaurav Nandan , Subhash Chand , Ashwini Kumar , Jayant Giri , Eman Ramadan Elsharkawy","doi":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.106231","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.106231","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nickel-Titanium (NiTi) shape memory alloys (SMAs) are widely used in biomedical implants, aerospace structures, and precision robotics due to their unique properties such as pseudo-elasticity, shape memory effect (SME), and corrosion resistance. However, their poor machinability limits the use of conventional techniques. This review critically evaluates major non-conventional machining (NCM) processes, including WEDM, EDM, ECM, laser-based, and hybrid techniques, with a focus on their influence on surface integrity, material removal rate (MRR), and electrode-tool interaction. The analysis reveals that while WEDM and EDM are popular, they often compromise SME due to thermal effects, whereas ECM and ECAM offer superior surface finish with minimal thermal damage. Notably, molybdenum electrodes reduce surface contamination, enhancing suitability for biomedical applications. The study provides actionable insights for selecting and optimizing NCM processes tailored for high-performance NiTi SMA components in medical, aerospace, and micro-mechanical systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36919,"journal":{"name":"Results in Engineering","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 106231"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144655518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}