Results in Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Advances in bioheat transfer models for hyperthermia: A comprehensive review and future directions","authors":"Xiangkun Yuan ,&nbsp;Jiaying Fu ,&nbsp;Yilong Mao ,&nbsp;Jianyuan Li ,&nbsp;Yongxia Zhang ,&nbsp;Yang Zhao ,&nbsp;Bing Zhang ,&nbsp;Ruixue Yin ,&nbsp;Hongbo Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.107499","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.107499","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the rapid increase in cancer cases over recent decades, extensive research has focused on developing effective treatments. Among these approaches, hyperthermia stands out as a promising therapeutic option due to its non-invasiveness, non-toxicity, and favorable safety profile. However, challenges remain regarding precise temperature control and optimal adjustment of <em>in vivo</em> parameters. Therefore, bioheat transfer models are necessary to accurately predict tissue and organ temperature distributions during treatment. This paper provides a systematic review of the evolution of bioheat transfer models, ranging from the classical Pennes model to fractional-order models. It details the fundamental assumptions, mathematical formulations, advantages, and limitations of each model within the context of bioheat transfer research. Furthermore, the effects of blood flow on heat dissipation and tissue homogeneity are examined. In this context, major bioheat transfer models, including the continuum model, vascular model, and porous media model, are critically evaluated, emphasizing their applicability. This review also proposes a scheme for selecting appropriate models for different biological tissues, providing a theoretical foundation and practical guidance for bioheat transfer calculations in living tissues. The integration of emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligent (AI) and advanced <em>in vitro</em> models, for example, engineered tissue equivalents, is highlighted as a future trend. These advancements could enhance modeling accuracy, with biomimetic living tissues serving as more reliable platforms for model validation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36919,"journal":{"name":"Results in Engineering","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 107499"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145227304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioconvection in Maxwell nanofluids with gyrotactic microorganisms: A comprehensive review of viscoelastic flow dynamics, parametric influences, and emerging applications","authors":"Ganesan Subbaiah ,&nbsp;Deepak K ,&nbsp;Honganur Raju Manjunath ,&nbsp;Sikata Samantaray ,&nbsp;Jyotirmaya Sahoo ,&nbsp;Vishal Sandhwar ,&nbsp;Kamakshi Priya Kumar","doi":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.107487","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.107487","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bioconvection within viscoelastic Maxwell nanofluids that encompass gyrotactic microorganisms has emerged as a pivotal domain of inquiry owing to its significance in biomedical microfluidics, thermal regulation in lab-on-chip systems, and energy transport mechanisms. These nanofluids, distinguished by their memory-dependent flow characteristics and superior thermophysical attributes, engage with the upward locomotion of microorganisms such as Chlamydomonas nivalis to establish organized convection rolls that markedly affect heat and mass transfer phenomena. This review synthesizes literature from the years 2019 to 2024, encompassing mathematical formulations, similarity transformations, and numerical simulations employing Runge–Kutta (RK4) shooting methodologies, MATLAB's BVP4c solver, and finite element analytical techniques. A particular focus is directed toward linearly stretching surface configurations, along with cylindrical and inclined geometries, to elucidate the governing roles of viscoelastic effects, thermophoresis, Brownian motion, magnetic fields, and microorganism motility on flow dynamics. Documented findings indicate substantial enhancements in thermal transport, with Nusselt numbers varying from 1.8 to 4.2 across diverse configurations, a reduction exceeding 25 % in wall shear stress under magnetic influence, and the emergence of sharper, convection-driven microbial plumes at elevated motility levels. Practical ramifications are underscored for bio-MEMS devices, targeted drug delivery mechanisms, and nanobioreactors, wherein the regulation of heat and mass transport is of paramount importance. The review distinctively amalgamates discussions pertaining to hybrid nanofluid design, artificial intelligence (AI), and machine learning (ML)-based predictive modeling for the optimization of parameters and pathways for experimental validation utilizing micro-PIV and holographic velocimetry, thereby providing a strategic framework for the application of theoretical insights into advanced thermal-fluid and biomedical innovations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36919,"journal":{"name":"Results in Engineering","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 107487"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145227397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"State-of-the-art review on reduced graphene oxide for supercapacitor electrode applications","authors":"Mohammad Bagher Askari ,&nbsp;Parisa Salarizadeh","doi":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.107429","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.107429","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) has been considered as a promising electrode material for supercapacitors due to its unique properties, including high surface area, excellent electrical conductivity, and tunable surface chemistry. However, it follows an electrical double layer charge storage mechanism that limits the energy density of the supercapacitor. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the recent advancements in rGO-based materials for supercapacitor electrode applications. The synthesis methods of rGO and their impact on structural and electrochemical properties are discussed. Despite its advantages as a supercapacitor electrode material, reduced graphene oxide (rGO) has certain limitations. To address these, researchers have recently explored combining rGO with metal sulfides, metal oxides, metal selenides, layered double hydroxides (LDHs), and conductive polymers. Investigating the synergistic effects of rGO with its electric double-layer capacitors behavior and these materials has led to the development of highly efficient electrodes with exceptional cyclic stability for advanced energy storage applications. The review also explores the role of rGO in enhancing specific capacitance and power density, as well as its integration with other nanomaterials to form hybrid composites for improved performance. Furthermore, the challenges associated with rGO-based electrodes, such as scalability, stability, and cost-effectiveness, are addressed, outlining future directions for research and development. By summarizing the state-of-the-art progress in this field, this review aims to provide valuable insights into the design and optimization of rGO-based materials for next-generation energy storage systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36919,"journal":{"name":"Results in Engineering","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 107429"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145227395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From melt pool to performance: A review of microstructural engineering in the additive manufacturing of nickel-based superalloys","authors":"Hedayat Hamdi ,&nbsp;Sadaf Sadatabhari ,&nbsp;Atefeh Tajik ,&nbsp;Abbas Zarei Hanzaki ,&nbsp;Ahmad Hatamiyan ,&nbsp;Hamid Reza Abedi","doi":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.107402","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.107402","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This review critically and systematically analyses recent progress in additively manufactured (AM) Ni-based superalloys, mapping processing–microstructure–property linkages relevant to qualification of hot-section hardware in aerospace and energy, including turbine blades, combustion chambers, and injectors. Comparisons are drawn across laser/electron powder-bed fusion and directed energy deposition. We explain how melt-pool dynamics and cooling rate govern grain architecture and boundary character, micro-/macro-texture, micro-segregation, and phase evolution-strengthening γ′/γ″ (γ'/γ'') and carbides versus deleterious Laves/TCP. Key defects, such as porosity, lack of fusion, hot cracking, and residual stress, are linked to the tensile response, hardness stability, and creep/fatigue resistance. Practical process windows are identified, and optimization strategies are synthesized in terms of power, scan speed, hatch spacing, layer thickness, preheating, shielding, and feedstock quality; for illustration, scan speeds on the order of 1100–1700 mm/s in <span>l</span>-PBF IN718 shift strength/porosity trade-offs. Post-processing routes (stress-relief, solution/aging, HIP) that reduce defects, tailor metastable constituents, and restore near-isotropy are summarized. Representative alloys (IN718, IN625, Hastelloy X) illustrate trade-offs between γ′ fraction, Nb-rich Laves formation, and build rate. Remaining gaps include standardized powder specifications, robust in-situ monitoring with model-informed control, cross-platform comparability, and long-duration oxidation/hot-corrosion datasets to support design allowable. Overall, the review offers practical guidance for engineering microstructure and properties in AM Ni-based superalloys and accelerates industrial qualification for critical service environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36919,"journal":{"name":"Results in Engineering","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 107402"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145227426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functionalized graphene oxide for Cr (VI) removal: A systematic review of functional groups, mechanisms, and environmental implications","authors":"Somayeh Rahdar ,&nbsp;Aliakbar Dehghan ,&nbsp;Mojtaba Davoudi ,&nbsp;Mahmoud Shams","doi":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.107385","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.107385","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hexavalent chromium Cr (VI) pollution poses significant health and environmental risks, prompting the exploration of graphene oxide (GO)-based adsorbents as a promising removal solution due to their unique properties. This systematic review (2014–2023) examines hexavalent chromium (Cr (VI)) removal using functionalized GO, focusing on the role of surface groups such as amine (-NH₂), carboxyl (-COOH), thiol (-SH), sulfonic (-SO₃H), and metal oxides in enhancing adsorption. Among 53 studies, amine-functionalized GO demonstrated superior efficiency owing to its protonation in acidic conditions, nitrogen's lone electron pair, increased positive surface charge, and expanded interlayer spacing. Carboxyl/hydroxyl groups facilitated ion exchange and Cr (VI)-to-Cr (III) reduction but showed weaker binding tendency. Sulfur-containing groups enabled physical adsorption via complexation but suffers lack of stability in acidic media. Despite limited direct Cr (VI) adsorption, metal oxides enhanced GO’s magnetic properties and stability. Reports indicated the pseudo-second-order model frequently described the adsorption processes, suggesting chemisorption is the rate-limiting step. Besides, depending on the functional groups and operating conditions, thermodynamic analysis revealed that Cr (VI) adsorption could occurs spontaneous, endothermic, or exothermic. Basically, a variety of the key operational parameters i.e. pH, initial concentration, contact time, and temperature, were evaluated for Cr (VI) adsorption on graphene-based adsorbents. The maximum removal efficiencies predominantly occurred in strong acidic condition i.e. pH 2–3, where protonation of functional groups develops strong electrostatic attraction to HCrO₄⁻. Tailoring carbon-based materials through rational functionalization and extending their working pH range toward neutrality warrants further attention in future studies. Within this context, emerging utilities such as machine learning and artificial intelligence offer a promising avenue to fulfill these goals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36919,"journal":{"name":"Results in Engineering","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 107385"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145158890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances in functional metamaterials: bridging mechanical, acoustic innovations with multifunctionality and adaptive responses","authors":"George Boafo,&nbsp;Deepak Kumar Biswal","doi":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.107367","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.107367","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Functional metamaterials have emerged as a class of engineered materials exhibiting properties not found in nature, enabling unprecedented control over electromagnetic, acoustic, thermal, and mechanical wave propagation. Their multifunctional characteristics position them as critical enablers for aerospace, automotive, biomedical, and energy applications. However, despite rapid academic progress, practical adoption remains limited due to unresolved challenges. This review systematically synthesizes recent advances (2020–2025) in functional and adaptive metamaterials, emphasizing structural innovations such as functionally graded materials, honeycomb/cellular architectures, and bio-inspired designs. The analysis draws on comparative evaluation of reported studies, tabulated literature summaries, and classification of physical phenomena governing metamaterial responses. Key findings highlight progress in additive manufacturing for scalable fabrication, AI/ML-driven design for performance optimization, and the integration of multifunctional properties, including energy absorption, acoustic damping, and tunable stiffness. Case studies demonstrate applications in lightweight aerospace components, vibration control systems, biomedical scaffolds, and sustainable material solutions. A clear identification of research gaps, limitations, and practical constraints is provided, supported by comparative tables and schematic figures. While significant progress has been achieved, challenges persist in scalability, durability, sustainability, and data-driven design reliability. This review outlines practical and industrial implications, recommends hybrid manufacturing strategies, circular-material approaches, and collaborative frameworks, and emphasizes the transition of metamaterials from laboratory concepts to real-world engineering solutions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36919,"journal":{"name":"Results in Engineering","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 107367"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145158893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular insights into shale gas adsorption: Thermodynamics, pore architecture, and CO₂ utilization in next-generation energy systems","authors":"Surajudeen Sikiru ,&nbsp;Mohd Muzamir Mahat ,&nbsp;Jayant Giri ,&nbsp;Muthusamy Kandasamy ,&nbsp;Mohammad Kanan","doi":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.107370","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.107370","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As the world's need for reliable, environmentally friendly power grows, shale gas has become an important unconventional energy source. The process that controls the effectiveness of gas storage, transport, and recovery is known as adsorption, and it is fundamental to the extraction of shale gas. Adsorption takes place inside intricate nanoporous networks composed of organic and mineral substances. Methane adsorption, thermodynamics, pore structure, mineral composition, and competitive sorption with carbon dioxide (CO₂) are the main topics of this study, which summarizes recent progress in our knowledge of methane adsorption processes. Micropores, which have overlapped van der Waals contacts, may store more methane than larger holes because of the high temperature and pressure that characterize methane adsorption. Thermodynamic analyses show that adsorption is an exothermic, spontaneous process, and the fact that there is hysteresis between the two processes highlights how complicated confinement effects and pore connections are. Carbon dioxide-enhanced shale gas recovery (CO₂-ESGR) is based on CO₂'s competitive replacement of methane, which improves recovery and allows geological carbon sequestration. By combining microscopic interactions with macroscopic production projections, new molecular modeling techniques like molecular dynamics (MD) and grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulations provide atomistic insights that go beyond classic adsorption models. Energy security, carbon management, and sustainable resource development are three areas where shale gas research is positioned, thanks to the combination of experimental investigations and sophisticated simulations that have shed light on adsorption thermodynamics, competitive processes, and transport phenomena.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36919,"journal":{"name":"Results in Engineering","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 107370"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145227396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Frontiers in liquid lithium mining: innovations and advances in extraction techniques","authors":"Mochi Li ,&nbsp;Ruyi Shi ,&nbsp;Juan Xie ,&nbsp;Yongsheng Du ,&nbsp;Jilong Han","doi":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.107352","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.107352","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper examines cutting-edge advancements in lithium extraction from salt lake brines, a field critical to supporting global renewable energy transitions. With over 80 % of China’s lithium reserves found in salt brines, improving extraction efficiency and sustainability has become a research priority. Conventional methods suffer from high energy consumption, environmental risks, and low recovery rates, especially under complex brine conditions. This review systematically analyzes innovative techniques—including membrane separation, adsorption, solvent extraction, and electrodialysis—focusing on their performance in enhancing lithium selectivity, reducing cost, and minimizing ecological impact. Quantitative analyses reveal that emerging adsorbents and modular membrane systems achieve lithium recovery rates exceeding 90 %, with purity levels up to 99.5 %, while hybrid processes such as nanofiltration-integrated electrodialysis reduce energy consumption compared to traditional approaches. The study emphasizes the promise of integrated and scalable extraction systems, which combine complementary unit operations to simultaneously improve efficiency and sustainability. We conclude that interdisciplinary cooperation among materials science, process engineering, and environmental management is essential to overcoming existing barriers to industrial implementation. These technological improvements are key to enabling economically viable and ecologically responsible lithium production, ultimately bolstering the supply chain for battery technologies and renewable energy infrastructure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36919,"journal":{"name":"Results in Engineering","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 107352"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145158892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A systematic review of material erosion prediction techniques: Incorporating model parameters variability and the lack of field-scale representation","authors":"Ahmed Alghurabi ,&nbsp;Abdullah Abduljabbar ,&nbsp;Mohd Azuwan Maoinser ,&nbsp;Alawi Alqushaibi ,&nbsp;Haithm Hagar ,&nbsp;Mysara Eissa Mohyaldinn","doi":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.107194","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.107194","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The precise prediction of solid particle erosion of industrial flow equipment remains a constant challenge due to the effects of particle properties, flow conditions, and approximation of field-scale geometries. This research offers a systematic literature review (SLR), following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, in which a primary collection of records was obtained from six major scholarly databases. After duplicate discard, two-stage title/abstract/keywords screening, and eligibility/quality assessment, 84 studies were included. These included records were categorized into purely numerical-based (33%), purely experimental (16%), and hybrid numerical–experimental (51%) approaches, revealing distinct variations between computational cost, mechanistic consistency, and empirical precision. We then analyzed how particle size, concentration, impact angle, and velocity have been adapted through these approaches. A common simplification to particle size and small concentrations was observed in numerical-based studies; whereas hybrid-based studies used more realistic distribution. Field-scale geometries were commonly approximated by laboratory-scale flow loops or simplified coupons or plates, with just a few studies incorporating gravity effects or real field-scale dimensional representation. In addition, fluid-medium temperature effects on erosion remain predominantly ignored, with less than 5% of included studies integrating thermal coupling in spite of its well-known effect on material surface erosion and fluid viscosity reduction. Our findings underline crucial literature gaps—especially the necessity for temperature-dependent investigation and improved field-scale dimensional validation—and put forward recommendations for future research, including the selection of two-way coupled CFD–DEM modeling validated with more field representative experimental setups.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36919,"journal":{"name":"Results in Engineering","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 107194"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145107004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Review on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling and simulation of CO2 adsorption","authors":"A. Qudoos ,&nbsp;T.L. Chew ,&nbsp;M. Abro ,&nbsp;P.C. Oh ,&nbsp;L.D. Anbealagan ,&nbsp;M.A. Bustam ,&nbsp;C.-D. Ho ,&nbsp;Z.A. Jawad ,&nbsp;Q.H. Ng","doi":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.107336","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.107336","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing emission of carbon dioxide (CO₂) into the environment has a significant influence on increasing global warming. The widely used carbon capture technologies (CCTs), including adsorption, absorption, cryogenics and membrane separation, have been reported previously through both experimental and simulation studies. Simulation studies are particularly considered essential tools for investigating the performance of the process from various aspects, as well as for predicting the complex behavior in any real system without actual experimental setups. This review mainly focuses on the recent advancements in computational fluid dynamics (CFD), modeling and simulation as a transformative tool for optimizing CO₂ adsorption processes. The fundamentals of CFD with their role in accurately simulating complex phenomena involved in the CO₂ adsorption are discussed. Parametric sensitivity analysis, hydrodynamics, kinetic and adsorption isotherms are thoroughly studied, and critical challenges, including mesh independence, model complexity, and scalability, are also addressed. The future research directions proposed include the integration of CFD with machine learning algorithms, the development of multi-scale models, and the deployment of CFD methodologies to industrial-scale applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36919,"journal":{"name":"Results in Engineering","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 107336"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145227394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}