{"title":"Ultrasound Stimulation Inhibits Morphological Degeneration of Motor Endplates in the Denervated Skeletal Muscle of Rats.","authors":"Akira Ito, Yuki Araya, Hideki Kawai, Hiroshi Kuroki","doi":"10.1177/26331055221138508","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/26331055221138508","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recovery of motor function after peripheral nerve injury requires treatment of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), as well as the injured nerve and skeletal muscle. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of ultrasound (US) stimulation on NMJ degeneration after denervation using a rat model of peroneal nerve transection. Twelve-week-old male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to 3 groups: US stimulation, sham stimulation, and intact. US or sham stimulation was performed on the left tibialis anterior (TA) muscle starting the day after peroneal nerve transection for 5 minutes daily under anesthesia. Four weeks later, the number and morphology of the motor endplates were analyzed to assess NMJ in the TA muscle. The endplates were classified as normal, partially fragmented, or fully fragmented for morphometric analysis. In addition, the number of terminal Schwann cells (tSCs) per endplate and percentage of endplates with tSCs (tSC retention percentage) were calculated to evaluate the effect of tSCs on NMJs. Our results showed that endplates degenerated 4 weeks after transection, with a decrease in the normal type and an increase in the fully fragmented type in both the US and sham groups compared to the intact group. Furthermore, the US group showed significant suppression of the normal type decrease and a fully fragmented type increase compared to the sham group. These results suggest that US stimulation inhibits endplate degeneration in denervated TA muscles. In contrast, the number of endplates and tSC and tSC retention percentages were not significantly different between the US and sham groups. Further investigations are required to determine the molecular mechanisms by which US stimulation suppresses degeneration.</p>","PeriodicalId":36527,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscience Insights","volume":" ","pages":"26331055221138508"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2022-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/f3/07/10.1177_26331055221138508.PMC9677316.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40481948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Neuroscience InsightsPub Date : 2022-10-26eCollection Date: 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1177/26331055221132836
Lisa M James, Apostolos P Georgopoulos
{"title":"Reply to the Letter to the Editor by Sipila, Jussi.","authors":"Lisa M James, Apostolos P Georgopoulos","doi":"10.1177/26331055221132836","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/26331055221132836","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This a Reply to the Letter to the Editor by Sipila, Jussi regarding our article titled: James LM, Georgopoulos AP. High Correlations Among Worldwide Prevalences of Dementias, Parkinson's Disease, Multiple Sclerosis, and Motor Neuron Diseases Indicate Common Causative Factors. Neurosci Insights. 2022 Aug 8;17:26331055221117598. doi: 10.1177/26331055221117598.</p>","PeriodicalId":36527,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscience Insights","volume":" ","pages":"26331055221132836"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2022-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/e8/dc/10.1177_26331055221132836.PMC9623356.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40453730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Neuroscience InsightsPub Date : 2022-10-26eCollection Date: 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1177/26331055221129634
Jussi Ot Sipilä
{"title":"Regarding: High Correlations Among Worldwide Prevalences of Dementias, Parkinson's Disease, Multiple Sclerosis and Motor Neuron Diseases Indicate Common Causative Factors.","authors":"Jussi Ot Sipilä","doi":"10.1177/26331055221129634","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/26331055221129634","url":null,"abstract":"Creative Commons Non Commercial CC BY-NC: This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages (https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage). Dear Editor, I read the analysis of Worldwide Prevalences of Dementias, Parkinson’s Disease (PD), Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and Motor Neuron Diseases by James and Georgopoulos with great interest.1 This kind of epidemiological analysis is of great importance in our common quest to elucidate the causes and mechanisms of neurological diseases.2 These endeavours are all the more importance as populations age making neurodegenerative disorders increasingly common.3 However, more granular data may show previous countrylevel analyses inadequate.4 Indeed, for example in Finland the areas with high occurrence of PD, MS and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) are clearly separate: PD is most common in the middle parts of the country, with a belt of high PD incidence going across ‘the waist’ of Finland whereas MS is most common in a single Bothnian region and the southwest while ALS is most commonly found in the southeastern parts of the country.5-8 Unfortunately, no current studies on the incidence and prevalence of dementia in Finland are available. There are also marked regional differences in MS epidemiology in Norway and these do not seem to have a clear correlation with ALS rates in the country.9-12 On the other hand, Scotland’s 12 administrative regions have comparable ALS incidence whereas MS incidence shows a Southeast-Northwest gradient.13,14 It therefore seems that the conclusion concerning putative common causative factors may have been premature since regional data would be expected to show these even more clearly than country-level data. Indeed, it should also be noted that the genetic background and the effect of many already identified environmental risk factors differs between these disorders, the most obvious probably being the discrepancy between AD, MS and the smoking paradox of PD.15 The mechanisms behind these disorders are therefore also likely to differ considerably. Identifying their causes requires long-term, granular epidemiological data and direct comparisons between regions.2","PeriodicalId":36527,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscience Insights","volume":" ","pages":"26331055221129634"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2022-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/88/78/10.1177_26331055221129634.PMC9623354.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40453731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Neuroscience InsightsPub Date : 2022-10-17eCollection Date: 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1177/26331055221129641
Angels Almenar-Queralt, Rodrigo Dos Santos Chaves, Ester J Kwon, Sameer B Shah
{"title":"Heads Up! Interlinked Amyloidogenic and Axonal Transport Pathways in Concussion-Induced Neurodegeneration.","authors":"Angels Almenar-Queralt, Rodrigo Dos Santos Chaves, Ester J Kwon, Sameer B Shah","doi":"10.1177/26331055221129641","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/26331055221129641","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), a condition in which brain function is transiently disrupted by a mechanical force, is a major risk factor for developing Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative conditions. In this commentary, we summarize recent findings in human neurons derived from induced pluripotent stem cells, detailing early neuronal events following mild injury that may seed future neurodegeneration. In particular, we discuss interlinked relationships between mTBI and several biological pathways hypothesized to underlie AD progression, including amyloidogenic cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP), impairment of axonal transport, and the development of APP-associated axonal swellings. We also describe the implications of these findings for future mechanistic and translational studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":36527,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscience Insights","volume":" ","pages":"26331055221129641"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2022-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9580075/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40566813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Neuroscience InsightsPub Date : 2022-09-28eCollection Date: 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1177/26331055221126179
Yukiko Hori, Youhei Sohma, Motomu Kanai, Taisuke Tomita
{"title":"Promotion in the Clearance of Aggregated Aβ In Vivo Using Amyloid Selective Photo-Oxygenation Technology.","authors":"Yukiko Hori, Youhei Sohma, Motomu Kanai, Taisuke Tomita","doi":"10.1177/26331055221126179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/26331055221126179","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the aggregation and deposition of 2 amyloid proteins: amyloid β peptide (Aβ) and tau protein. Immunotherapies using anti-Aβ antibodies to promote the clearance of aggregated Aβ have recently been highlighted as a promising disease-modifying approach against AD. However, immunotherapy has still some problems, such as low efficiency of delivery into the brain and high costs. We have developed the \"amyloid selective photo-oxygenation technology\" as a comparable to immunotherapy for amyloids. The photo-oxygenation can artificially attach the oxygen atoms to specific amino acids in amyloid proteins using photocatalyst and light irradiation. We revealed that in vivo photo-oxygenation for living AD model mice reduced the aggregated Aβ in the brain. Moreover, we also showed that microglia were responsible for this promoted clearance of photo-oxygenated Aβ from the brain. These results indicated that our photo-oxygenation technology has the potential as a disease-modifying therapy against AD to promote the degradation of amyloids, resulting in being comparable to immunotherapy. Here, we introduce our technology and its effects in vivo that we showed previously in Ozawa et al., <i>Brain</i>, 2021, as well as a further improvement towards non-invasive in vivo photo-oxygenation described in another publication Nagashima et al., <i>Sci. Adv.</i>, 2021, as expanded discussion.</p>","PeriodicalId":36527,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscience Insights","volume":" ","pages":"26331055221126179"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2022-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/e2/a5/10.1177_26331055221126179.PMC9523840.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40393419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Neuroscience InsightsPub Date : 2022-09-15eCollection Date: 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1177/26331055221123072
Nazaret Gamez, Rodrigo Morales
{"title":"The Role of Circulating Aβ Seeds in the Progression of Cerebral Amyloidosis.","authors":"Nazaret Gamez, Rodrigo Morales","doi":"10.1177/26331055221123072","DOIUrl":"10.1177/26331055221123072","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>While understudied, it is suspected that peripheral Aβ peptides affect Alzheimer's disease (AD)-associated pathological changes in the brain. The peripheral sink hypothesis postulates that the central and peripheral pools of Aβ co-exist in equilibrium. As such, cerebral amyloid levels may be modulated by intervening circulating Aβ. In this commentary, we discuss relevant literature supporting the potential role of peripheral Aβ in exacerbating brain amyloidosis in both humans and mouse models of AD. Moreover, we highlight the need to further understand the mechanisms by which circulating Aβ peptides may reach the brain and contribute to neuropathology. Finally, we discuss the implications of targeting peripheral Aβ as a therapeutic approach in treating AD.</p>","PeriodicalId":36527,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscience Insights","volume":"17 ","pages":"26331055221123072"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/31/e3/10.1177_26331055221123072.PMC9493672.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9504455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Neuroscience InsightsPub Date : 2022-08-19eCollection Date: 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1177/26331055221120252
Esteban G Contreras, Jimena Sierralta
{"title":"The Fly Blood-Brain Barrier Fights Against Nutritional Stress.","authors":"Esteban G Contreras, Jimena Sierralta","doi":"10.1177/26331055221120252","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/26331055221120252","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the wild, animals face different challenges including multiple events of food scarcity. How they overcome these conditions is essential for survival. Thus, adaptation mechanisms evolved to allow the development and survival of an organism during nutrient restriction periods. Given the high energy demand of the nervous system, the molecular mechanisms of adaptation to malnutrition are of great relevance to fuel the brain. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is the interface between the central nervous system (CNS) and the circulatory system. The BBB mediates the transport of macromolecules in and out of the CNS, and therefore, it can buffer changes in nutrient availability. In this review, we collect the current evidence using the fruit fly, <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>, as a model of the role of the BBB in the adaptation to starvation. We discuss the role of the <i>Drosophila</i> BBB during nutrient deprivation as a potential sensor for circulating nutrients, and transient nutrient storage as a regulator of the CNS neurogenic niche.</p>","PeriodicalId":36527,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscience Insights","volume":" ","pages":"26331055221120252"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2022-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/5b/72/10.1177_26331055221120252.PMC9549514.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33504013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Neuroscience InsightsPub Date : 2022-08-11eCollection Date: 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1177/26331055221119221
Celia Foster
{"title":"A Distributed Model of Face and Body Integration.","authors":"Celia Foster","doi":"10.1177/26331055221119221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/26331055221119221","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Separated face- and body-responsive brain networks have been identified that show strong responses when observers view faces and bodies. It has been proposed that face and body processing may be initially separated in the lateral occipitotemporal cortex and then combined into a whole person representation in the anterior temporal cortex, or elsewhere in the brain. However, in contrast to this proposal, our recent study identified a common coding of face and body orientation (ie, facing direction) in the lateral occipitotemporal cortex, demonstrating an integration of face and body information at an early stage of face and body processing. These results, in combination with findings that show integration of face and body identity in the lateral occipitotemporal, parahippocampal and superior parietal cortex, and face and body emotional expression in the posterior superior temporal sulcus and medial prefrontal cortex, suggest that face and body integration may be more distributed than previously considered. I propose a new model of face and body integration, where areas at the intersection of face- and body-responsive regions play a role in integrating specific properties of faces and bodies, and distributed regions across the brain contribute to high-level, abstract integration of shared face and body properties.</p>","PeriodicalId":36527,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscience Insights","volume":" ","pages":"26331055221119221"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2022-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/62/08/10.1177_26331055221119221.PMC9386443.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40628224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Neuroscience InsightsPub Date : 2022-08-11eCollection Date: 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1177/26331055221119443
Shogo Kajimura, Ayahito Ito
{"title":"The Brain Understands Social Relationships: The Emerging Field of Functional-Connectome-Based Interpersonal Research.","authors":"Shogo Kajimura, Ayahito Ito","doi":"10.1177/26331055221119443","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/26331055221119443","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Human functional brain imaging research over the last 2 decades has shown that data from resting-state brain activity can help predict various psychological and pathological variables and brain function during tasks. However, most variables have been attributed to the individual brain. Recently, several studies have aimed to understand interpersonal relationships based on inter-individual similarity or dissimilarity of functional connectome. In this commentary, we introduce the studies that have opened up a new era of interpersonal research using human brain imaging.</p>","PeriodicalId":36527,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscience Insights","volume":" ","pages":"26331055221119443"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2022-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/24/f4/10.1177_26331055221119443.PMC9386479.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40628225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Neuroscience InsightsPub Date : 2022-07-30eCollection Date: 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1177/26331055221117560
Dimitri Laurent, Brandon Lucke-Wold, Owen Leary, Morgan H Randall, Ken Porche, Matthew Koch, Nohra Chalouhi, Adam Polifka, Brian L Hoh
{"title":"The Evolution of Endovascular Therapy for Intracranial Aneurysms: Historical Perspective and Next Frontiers.","authors":"Dimitri Laurent, Brandon Lucke-Wold, Owen Leary, Morgan H Randall, Ken Porche, Matthew Koch, Nohra Chalouhi, Adam Polifka, Brian L Hoh","doi":"10.1177/26331055221117560","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/26331055221117560","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The history of cerebral aneurysm treatment has a rich and storied past with multiple notable luminaries contributing insights. The modern era has transitioned from primarily clip ligation to increasing use of endovascular therapy. Even more recently, the use of intrasaccular flow diverters has been introduced for the treatment of wide necked aneurysms. The field is continuing to transform, and bioactive coils and stents have resurfaced as promising adjuvants to promote aneurysm healing. Advanced imaging modalities are being developed that could further advance the endovascular arsenal and allow for porous memory polymer devices to enter the field. This focused review highlights notable historic contributions and advances to the point of futuristic technology that is actively being developed.</p>","PeriodicalId":36527,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscience Insights","volume":" ","pages":"26331055221117560"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2022-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/a0/cc/10.1177_26331055221117560.PMC9340900.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40583107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}