International Journal of Thermofluids最新文献

{"title":"Development of solar photovoltaic as the mainstream source of energy in the fourth industrial revolution (4IR)","authors":"Charity Mokom ,&nbsp;Chika Oliver Ujah ,&nbsp;Christian O. Asadu ,&nbsp;Peter A. Olubambi","doi":"10.1016/j.ijft.2026.101579","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijft.2026.101579","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The <strong>fourth industrial revolution (</strong>4IR) era is characterized by the adoption of Innovative and emerging renewable technologies, such as solar photovoltaic (PV), which are pivotal in driving the transition to green energy. This study examines the synergies between solar PV and 4IR technology, such as AI and blockchain, enabling the development of distributed energy systems, intelligent grids, and sophisticated energy trading platforms. Recent technological advances in PV, such as bifacial, flexible, floating, perovskite and tandem cells, improve energy conversion efficiency and system durability, minimising dependency on conventional fuels and limiting CO₂ emissions. The integration of energy storage solutions, such as batteries, pumped hydro, compressed air, and hydrogen systems, mitigates variability and ensures grid stability. The role of solar PV in providing rural areas with electricity has increased accessibility to green energy, thereby strengthening communities and local economies. Furthermore, PV promotes circular economy initiatives by facilitating reuse and recycling, and improves grid-integrated PV systems. Leveraging these prospects could see solar PV emerge as a reliable, mainstream energy source, aligning seamlessly with worldwide sustainability targets and championing decarburization alongside energy equality. Although there are barriers relating to finance, infrastructure, and regulation, introducing policy innovations could speed up the deployment of PV systems. This study emphasizes the necessity of further research, favourable regulations, and collaborative efforts between various stakeholders to realize the utmost capabilities of solar PV in developing a robust, sustainable approach to energy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermofluids","volume":"32 ","pages":"Article 101579"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147398210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrating CFD, molecular dynamics, and AI techniques for thermal management of heat transfer devices in microelectronic chip cooling using nano-enhanced PCMs and hybrid cooling systems","authors":"Monica Jayaram Indhe ,&nbsp;Anirban Sur ,&nbsp;Ashok Kumar Yadav ,&nbsp;Ashok Kumar Dewangan ,&nbsp;Ashu Yadav","doi":"10.1016/j.ijft.2026.101587","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijft.2026.101587","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Thermal management plays a key role in ensuring efficient operation across EVs, aerospace, power plants, and high-performance computing. Excessive heat flux and rising operating temperatures can significantly compromise the reliability and efficiency of devices such as CPUs, GPUs, and stretchable electronics. This review addresses thermal stress issues in modern electronic systems and highlights advanced cooling strategies, with a particular focus on microchannel heat exchangers (MCHS). Further this review emphasizes on evaluating cooling technologies for better energy efficiency and clean-energy support, highlighting nanofluids and PCMs for effective transient heat control. This study presents a recent progress in computational approaches including molecular dynamics simulations (MDS), computational fluid dynamics (CFD), and machine learning techniques such as genetic algorithms and artificial neural networks for optimizing microchannel geometries and enhancing heat transfer efficiency. Special attention is given to emerging microchannel designs, fluid flow behavior, and cooling performance, including concepts such as the Zwieback–Fung effect and fractal like branching channels. The review concludes by outlining future research directions toward the development of highly efficient and cost-effective cooling solutions for next-generation high-power electronic systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermofluids","volume":"32 ","pages":"Article 101587"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147398211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal and mass transfer prediction of Casson based nanofluid flow over an exponential stretching sheet using a Multi-Task Neural Network approach","authors":"S Raghu ,&nbsp;K.M Niranjan ,&nbsp;Venkanagouda M Goudar ,&nbsp;N Neelima ,&nbsp;K Vinutha ,&nbsp;J.K Madhukesh","doi":"10.1016/j.ijft.2026.101547","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijft.2026.101547","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The precise forecasting of thermal and mass transportation properties in a non-Newtonian nanofluid circulation is vital for the design and development of efficient thermal management systems, especially in micro-scale electronic devices, polymer processing, and biomedical equipment. In this context, the current work inspects the thermal and mass distribution of Casson nanofluid composed of SWCNT nanoparticles and sodium alginate-based liquid over an exponential stretching surface in the presence of inclined magnetic field, chemical reaction, slip impact, and non-uniform heat source/sink physical phenomena. The effective transport properties of these nanofluids strongly depend on their molecular structure, necessitating the use of topological indices. Similarity transformations are utilized to alter the governing partial differential equations (PDEs) to a system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs), and solutions are obtained using Runge Kutta Fehlberg - 4^th 5^th scheme and the shooting technique. The outcomes of the numerical calculations are presented and visualized with the aid of graphs. To improve the predictive capability, a Multi-Task Neural Network is developed and offers improved generalization across a wide range of parameter values. The numerical outcomes show that improving Casson, inclination angle, and magnetic parameter values slows down the velocity, while thermal slip declines the temperature profile. The improvement in the rate of heat and mass transfer improves up to 2.3753% and 10.5201% in the presence of Casson nanofluid for changes in inclination angle and magnetic field. The outcomes of the neural network model show strong agreement among the numerical and MTNN predictions, with a total loss of 0.000, and <em>R</em>² for <em>Cf, Nu</em>, and <em>Sh</em> tasks are found to be 0.9999, 0.9997, and 0.9994, respectively, indicating a perfect fit of the data for predicted and target values with excellent convergence and effective numerical stability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermofluids","volume":"32 ","pages":"Article 101547"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146024814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A stable high mixing performance of Koch fractal array obstacle-based micromixer","authors":"Lilik Hasanah ,&nbsp;Fasya Nur Afifah ,&nbsp;Roer Eka Pawinanto ,&nbsp;Muhammad Iqbal ,&nbsp;Gilang Gumilar ,&nbsp;Muhammad Yusuf ,&nbsp;Widyaningrum Indrasari ,&nbsp;Ida Hamidah ,&nbsp;Jumril Yunas ,&nbsp;Budi Mulyanti","doi":"10.1016/j.ijft.2026.101550","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijft.2026.101550","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Passive micromixers are essential components in microfluidic systems, enabling efficient fluid mixing under laminar flow conditions without external energy input. This study numerically investigates the mixing performance and flow mechanisms of passive micromixers incorporating Koch fractal obstacle arrays. Four fractal geometries—Secondary Snowflakes Fractal (SSF), Tertiary Snowflakes Fractal (TSF), Rounded Secondary Snowflakes Fractal (RSSF), and Rounded Tertiary Snowflakes Fractal (RTSF) are analyzed in both same-side and different-side configurations using COMSOL Multiphysics over a wide Reynolds number range (<em>Re</em> = 0.1–100). Model validation against benchmark obstacle-based micromixers from the literature shows good agreement in mixing efficiency and pressure drop, confirming the reliability of the numerical framework. The results demonstrate that Koch fractal obstacles enhance mixing through flow splitting, stretching, and chaotic advection. Among all configurations, the different-side rounded tertiary snowflake fractal (DSRTSF) exhibits the most stable and consistently high mixing performance, achieving a maximum mixing efficiency of 97.70% at a Reynolds number (<em>Re</em>) of 0.1. Performance index analysis further reveals that rounded fractal geometries provide a favorable balance between mixing efficiency and pressure drop. These findings offer practical design guidelines for high-performance fractal obstacle-based passive micromixers in lab-on-a-chip and microfluidic applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermofluids","volume":"32 ","pages":"Article 101550"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145981356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heat and mass transfer and irreversibilities of humid air flow over a flat plate operating under vacuum","authors":"Vo Long Hai ,&nbsp;Nguyen Duc Nam ,&nbsp;Nguyen Minh Phu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijft.2025.101540","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijft.2025.101540","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a numerical investigation into the coupled heat and mass transfer phenomena and the associated thermodynamic irreversibilities (entropy generation) of humid air flowing over a flat plate under vacuum conditions (40 kPa to 100 kPa). A comprehensive mathematical model, incorporating the continuity, momentum, energy, and species transport equations, was established and solved using the finite difference method. The model's accuracy was validated by comparing the numerical local heat transfer coefficient results, which demonstrated excellent agreement with theoretical predictions. Key findings indicate that lower operating pressures significantly enhance mass transfer efficiency: the local mass transfer coefficient approached its maximum value of approximately 4.5 × 10⁻⁴ m/s at 40 kPa. This enhancement translates directly to water production, with the hourly condensation rate increasing from about 0.11 kg/m²-h at 100 kPa to approximately 0.19 kg/m²-h at 40 kPa. Examination of irreversibilities showed that thermal irreversibility is the predominant contributor to entropy generation. At 100 kPa, the local thermal irreversibility peaked at approximately 50 W/m³-K (compared to concentration irreversibility up to 10 W/m³-K and viscous irreversibility around 1.6 × 10⁻³ W/m³-K. On average, the total irreversibility increased with operating pressure, ranging from approximately 0.6 to 0.85 W/m³-K as the pressure rose from 40 kPa to 100 kPa. These quantitative insights offer valuable understanding for optimizing the design and improving the performance of humid air systems operating under vacuum by focusing on reducing thermal energy dissipation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermofluids","volume":"31 ","pages":"Article 101540"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145926542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of Plane Poiseuille flow of non-isothermal couple stress fluid between two parallel inclined plates using two reliable methods","authors":"Muhammad Farooq ,&nbsp;Faisal Zia ,&nbsp;Rashid Nawaz ,&nbsp;Alamgeer Khan ,&nbsp;Ilker Ozsahin ,&nbsp;Hijaz Ahmad ,&nbsp;Waleed Mohammed Abdelfattah","doi":"10.1016/j.ijft.2025.101520","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijft.2025.101520","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study is motivated by the need to understand complex thermal and hydrodynamic behaviors of couple stress fluids, which commonly occur in lubrication systems, microfluidic devices, and polymeric material processing. Its significance lies in modeling non-isothermal couple stress fluid flow through an inclined Poiseuille channel bounded by two heated parallel plates, a configuration relevant to advanced heat and mass transfer applications. The aim is to determine the velocity profile, temperature distribution, volumetric flow rate, average velocity, and shear stress for the incompressible fluid. To achieve this, the highly nonlinear coupled ordinary differential equations governing the system are solved using the Optimal Homotopy Asymptotic Method and the Homotopy Perturbation Method, which provide accurate approximate solutions without linearization. The major findings show excellent agreement between the two approaches, confirming their validity, while parametric studies reveal how physical factors such as couple stress effects, plate inclination, and thermal gradients influence the flow. The specific applications of this work include lubrication processes, thermal energy devices, and fluid transport systems requiring precise control of flow and heat transfer.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermofluids","volume":"31 ","pages":"Article 101520"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145926541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Base pressure control through micro jets at supersonic mach numbers using experimental and machine learning approach","authors":"Abdul Aabid ,&nbsp;Sher Afghan Khan ,&nbsp;Yasir Javed","doi":"10.1016/j.ijft.2025.101533","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijft.2025.101533","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sudden expansion phenomena are prevalent in defense and automotive applications, where flow separation at the blunt base of structures such as fuselages, missiles, and rockets leads to low-pressure recirculation zones, significantly reducing base pressure and increasing drag. This study presents active control methods using microjets to regulate base pressure, employing experimental and machine learning approaches. Experiments were conducted using duct diameters of 16 mm, 18 mm, 22 mm, and 25 mm, level of expansion, the Nozzle pressure ratio ranging from 3 to 11, Mach numbers (1.25, 1.3, 1.48, 1.6, 2.0, and 3.0), and length-to-diameter ratios (10–1) were varied to evaluate their impact on flow evolution and base pressure. Active control was achieved using micro-jets of 0.5 mm radius, positioned at 90° intervals along a pitch circle with a radius of 0.65 times the nozzle exit diameter. Micro-jets significantly increased base pressure under favorable pressure-gradient conditions for the Mach numbers 1.25, 1.3, 1.48, 1.6, and 2.0. At Mach <em>M</em> = 3, the control is ineffective as the NPRs are such that the flow from the nozzle remained over-expanded. Furthermore, machine learning (ML) algorithms were utilized to predict base pressure outcomes and optimize control strategies. These algorithms demonstrated high predictive accuracy, as evidenced by low error rates, indicating their reliability in high-speed flow-control applications. The findings reveal that base pressure is strongly influenced by nozzle pressure ratio, Mach number, L/D ratio, and duct area ratio. The study presents cost-effective, energy-efficient methods to enhance base pressure, offering critical insights into the aerodynamic optimization of high-speed systems. This comprehensive approach integrates experimental techniques and ML–based predictions to achieve optimal results in flow control.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermofluids","volume":"31 ","pages":"Article 101533"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145926540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative data-driven modeling of thermal energy storage using artificial neural networks and multiple linear regression","authors":"Eman Abdelhafez ,&nbsp;Nabeel Abu Shaban ,&nbsp;Mohammad Hamdan ,&nbsp;Maher Al-Maghalseh","doi":"10.1016/j.ijft.2025.101539","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijft.2025.101539","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Efficient thermal energy storage (TES) is essential for enhancing the reliability and sustainability of solar thermal systems, particularly under fluctuating solar radiation conditions. This study investigates the predictive performance of different data-driven approaches—Multiple Linear Regression (MLR), Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), and Radial Basis Function (RBF) neural networks—for estimating stored thermal energy in a solar thermal tank. Experimental data were obtained from a controlled solar simulator setup that incorporated halogen-lamp irradiation, a flat-plate collector, and nanoparticle-enhanced water as the storage medium. Eight independent variables—including collector inlet and outlet temperatures, tank and ambient temperatures, flow rate, solar radiation, nanoparticle concentration, and specific heat capacity—were used as model inputs. Results show that the MLP model significantly outperformed both MLR and RBF, achieving the highest correlation coefficient (<em>R</em> = 0.647), and the lowest RMSE (346.35) and MBE (152.49), demonstrating superior accuracy and generalization. By contrast, MLR exhibited limited predictive power due to its linear assumptions, while RBF suffered from high testing error and poor generalization. These findings underscore the suitability of neural network models, particularly MLP, for capturing the nonlinear dynamics of TES systems, providing a robust framework for system optimization and improved energy management strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermofluids","volume":"31 ","pages":"Article 101539"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145926538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Innovative approach to counterfeit and noncompliant refrigerant detection: A cost-effective, portable solution","authors":"Praveen Cheekatamarla ,&nbsp;Vishaldeep Sharma ,&nbsp;Hongbin Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.ijft.2025.101522","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijft.2025.101522","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing prevalence of counterfeit and incompatible refrigerants presents significant risks to Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning, and Refrigeration (HVAC&amp;R) systems, including compromised equipment performance, safety hazards, and non-compliance. This article details the development of a novel, cost-effective, and portable detection device designed to accurately verify refrigerants. The device utilizes a controlled gas sampling and analysis system within a sealed chamber, ensuring precise measurements while maintaining safety through a purging mechanism. The system features a high-sensitivity sensor integrated with an onboard control module that analyzes gas composition in real-time, providing feedback within a 2-minute duration. Laboratory validation demonstrated the device’s high accuracy (&gt;95 % based on correct identification of compliant vs. non-compliant blends) in detecting unauthorized refrigerant blends. The projected cost of the product stands at ∼ $150, based on the retail pricing of individual components. Laboratory validation demonstrated the device’s high accuracy (&gt;95 % for composition identification, 100 % rejection of tested counterfeit/incorrect blends) in detecting unauthorized refrigerant blends with a response time &lt;2 min. The device correctly identified authentic R-454A/B/C blends and reliably rejected R-407F and closely related counterfeit mixtures. Key advantages include affordability, ease of use, rapid response time, and compatibility with a wide range of refrigerants. This solution supports compliance with regulatory frameworks, enhances safety in HVAC&amp;R operations, and mitigates the risks associated with counterfeit refrigerants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermofluids","volume":"31 ","pages":"Article 101522"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145798225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stability and regression analysis of MHD radiative flow with different shaped Al2O3nanoparticles in a semi-porous channel","authors":"Abdul Awal,&nbsp;Md.Maidul Islam,&nbsp;Md.Sarwar Alam,&nbsp;Sumaiya Akter","doi":"10.1016/j.ijft.2025.101514","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijft.2025.101514","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nanofluids have recently gained prominence as advanced working fluids in thermal management and fluid dynamics. Detailed assessment of their thermophysical properties particularly shape effect under thermal radiation is crucial for evaluating heat transfer efficiency of channel flow. This study presents a novel analytical and statistical approach for analyzing and optimizing the unsteady magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) two-dimensional Al₂O₃–water nanofluid flow through a semi-porous channel with expanding and contracting walls, focusing on the influence of nanoparticles’ shape on flow and thermal radiation effect. The partial differential equations governing the flow are simplified into a system of coupled, non-dimensional ordinary differential equations using similarity transformations. An analytical solution is obtained using the power series method, and then analyzed using Hermite–Padé approximation approach. The study explores the impact of several physical parameters including Reynolds number, magnetic parameter, expansion/contraction ratio, Prandtl number, Brinkman number, radiation parameter, nanoparticle volume fraction, and shape factor on the velocity and temperature profiles. Results indicate that platelet-shaped (at<span><math><mrow><mi>m</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>5.7</mn></mrow></math></span>) nanoparticles yield the highest temperature distribution, while increased nanoparticle concentration over 5 % and shape factor <span><math><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>m</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mn>5.7</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span> tend to reduce heat transfer. Stability analysis of the solution confirmed the physically viable solution branch of the heat transfer rate and the singular point of the effective physical parameter.</div><div>Additionally, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is employed to develop a statistical model for optimizing heat transfer performance, where the local Nusselt number is considered the key response variable. The adequacy and predictive capability of the regression model are verified through ANOVA, demonstrating both significance and accuracy, with an R² value of 99.95 %. This integrated approach delivers significant insights into the interaction effects of multiple parameters and supports the design of efficient nanofluid-based thermal systems. This research investigates which shaped nanoparticle provides superior thermal performance in nanofluid-based cooling systems and how the expansion/contraction parameter affect the flow and heat transfer mechanism.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermofluids","volume":"31 ","pages":"Article 101514"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145738201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}