Journal of Hydrology最新文献

{"title":"Coupling semi-empirical and machine learning model in high-resolution remote sensing soil moisture retrieval","authors":"Zhenghao Li ,&nbsp;Qianqian Yang ,&nbsp;Jie Li ,&nbsp;Qiangqiang Yuan ,&nbsp;Huanfeng Shen ,&nbsp;Liangpei Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.134255","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.134255","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As a critical parameter of the Earth surface system, surface soil moisture (SSM) plays a pivotal role in investigating the water cycle and land-air interaction. Synthetic aperture radar (SAR)-based active microwave remote sensing offers an effective method for acquiring high-spatial-resolution SSM data. In high-resolution SSM retrieval studies, retrieval based on physical or semi-empirical physical models follows physical mechanisms, and machine learning models-based retrieval has strong learning and nonlinear modeling capabilities for multi-source datasets. Nowadays, the retrieval study of coupling physical mechanisms and machine learning has attracted much attention. To address the challenges and opportunities in high-spatial-resolution SSM retrieval studies based on SAR, we summarized multiple fusion models in this study, which were classified into three categories: complementary fusion model, predictive fusion model, and constrained fusion model, according to the relative importance of machine learning models and physical mechanisms in coupling. Several specific retrieval models for high-resolution SSM retrieval were designed based on the categories, and various comparative assessments of these models were carried out across multiple study areas. Evaluations revealed that the differentiable retrieval model, which falls under the constrained fusion model category, exhibited robust retrieval performance and spatiotemporal generalization capacity, with the highest R² values of 0.853 and the lowest ubRMSE values of 0.041 m³·m⁻³ within the study areas. It also demonstrated excellent retrieval performance under the forest cover type. The design and comparative evaluation of various fusion models in high-resolution SSM retrieval provide valuable references for related studies and offer insights for developing a series of new application modes of fusion models in the future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":362,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology","volume":"663 ","pages":"Article 134255"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145096474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fusion of satellite and gauge precipitation observations through coupling spatio-temporal properties with tree-based machine learning","authors":"Fengxue Ruan ,&nbsp;Fengrui Chen ,&nbsp;Qiao Liu ,&nbsp;Zhaobo Song","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.134240","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.134240","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Merging satellite and gauge observations is a promising solution for obtaining accurate precipitation data. Although machine learning based merging methods have shown excellent potential, their insufficient consideration of the spatial–temporal properties of precipitation greatly limits the performance of merging models. To address this problem, a novel merging approach is proposed here that couples Spatio-Temporal Properties and the Tree-based Machine Learning model (STPTML), aiming to improve the accuracy of precipitation estimation. This method focuses on two important spatio-temporal properties of precipitation: spatial correlation and temporal heterogeneity. Leveraging the intrinsic characteristics of tree-based machine learning models, an adaptive spatio-temporal encoding strategy is designed to transform these spatio-temporal properties into features that can be fully utilized by the tree model to achieve their organic coupling. The features guide the tree model to explore the spatio-temporal distribution patterns of precipitation, thereby promoting the high-level integration of satellite and gauge observations. Taking Hai River Basin as an example, the effectiveness of STPTML was verified using four typical tree models: random forest, LightGBM, XGBboost, and Catboost. The results show that: (1) STPTML greatly improved the accuracy of original satellite precipitation products compared to the state-of-the-art merging methods. (2) The proposed adaptive spatio-temporal encoding strategy exhibited broad effectiveness for tree-based models (3) The merged results greatly enhanced the reliability of satellite precipitation products in estimating rainfall erosivity. Overall, STPTML is an effective approach for the accurate estimation of precipitation, which furnish a reliable data foundation for research in the fields of meteorology and environmental science.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":362,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology","volume":"663 ","pages":"Article 134240"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145059799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An analytical model for chloride transport in coastal sediments under long-term sedimentation","authors":"Jiadi Zou ,&nbsp;Xiuyu Liang ,&nbsp;Xingxing Kuang ,&nbsp;Enze Ma ,&nbsp;Kewei Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.134237","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.134237","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Freshwater scarcity in coastal areas can be alleviated by exploiting groundwater in seabed sediments. Understanding the long-term distribution and transport of chloride in these sediments is essential for effective resource assessment. In this study, we develop an analytical model that captures the evolution of vertical chloride profiles in seafloor sediments under long-term sedimentation. The model simplifies the system by treating sediment burial as a moving boundary and allowing time-varying chloride concentrations at the seawater-sediment interface, while neglecting short-term hydrodynamic processes to focus on millennial-scale diffusion driven by long-term sedimentation. A semi-analytical solution is derived and validated against numerical simulations using COMSOL Multiphysics. Application to borehole data from the Pearl River Delta and offshore Hong Kong shows that the model captures key features of observed chloride profiles, with diffusion and sedimentation identified as dominant controls. While the model adopts simplified assumptions, it offers a computationally efficient framework that complements more detailed numerical approaches.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":362,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology","volume":"663 ","pages":"Article 134237"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145096107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insight into the pollution potential of different ecological types of lakes from the perspective of dissolved organic matter characteristics: Field and experimental evidence","authors":"Yang Deng ,&nbsp;Longmian Wang ,&nbsp;Yueming Zhu ,&nbsp;Xiang Zhu ,&nbsp;Qingqing Pang ,&nbsp;Yuying Ma ,&nbsp;Fuquan Peng ,&nbsp;Lei Xie ,&nbsp;Xiaoguang Xu ,&nbsp;Qiu Jin ,&nbsp;Guoxiang Wang ,&nbsp;Fei Yang ,&nbsp;Jianying Chao","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.134249","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.134249","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The changes in dissolved organic matter (DOM) in freshwater lakes are crucial for understanding water quality dynamics and the carbon cycle, yet the mechanisms driving these changes remain unclear. In this study, six freshwater lakes were categorized into two ecological types: algae-dominated and hydrophyte-dominated. The characteristics of their DOM were found to be significantly different. Algae-dominated lakes exhibited a higher distribution ratio of C4 (tyrosine-like) fluorescence component. Notably, the emission fluxes of methane (CH₄) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) were significantly correlated with tyrosine-like substances the in algae-dominated lakes. Simultaneously, microcosms simulating algae and hydrophyte decomposition were cultured to represent these distinct ecological types. The characteristics of the DOM components aligned with the field survey results, and Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) indicated that the algae-dominated microcosms contained higher protein content and greater variation. The relative abundance of <em>Bacteroidetes</em> was consistently higher in algae-dominated microcosms. Furthermore, this study identified that the high concentration of proteins produced by algae decomposition played a key role in promoting water quality deterioration. These findings illuminate the differences in DOM characteristics during hydrophyte and algae decomposition across various lake types, providing valuable insights for effective lake management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":362,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology","volume":"663 ","pages":"Article 134249"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145096108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Satellite-based monitoring and hazard assessment of multiple flooding types in the Haihe river Basin induced by the July 2023 extreme rainstorm","authors":"Ziteng Xu ,&nbsp;Wentao Yang ,&nbsp;Xiya Zhang ,&nbsp;Changjun Gu ,&nbsp;Lingling Shen ,&nbsp;Haibo Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.134243","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.134243","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the context of global climate change, extreme rainstorms are increasingly frequent. In complex terrain, a single rainstorm often triggers different types of flooding, including flash floods, river floods, and waterlogging, posing threats to socioeconomic and human safety. Most studies treat these floods uniformly, relying on a single data source and method, inadequately capturing their heterogeneity and causes. Focusing on the July 2023 extreme rainstorm and flood in the Haihe River Basin, this study developed a framework to monitor different types of flooding using multi-source satellite data and to analyse their driving factors and hazards. In the plains, we used Sentinel-1 and GF-3 SAR data to extract inundated areas of river floods and waterlogging. In the mountain areas, flash flood-affected areas were identified by combining Sentinel-2 NDVI changes with terrain and hydrological analyses. Random forest models compared driving factors among flood types and assessed flood hazards. Results show flash floods in mountain areas concentrate in low-lying river valleys, with slope contributing 24.33%. In the plains, river floods expanded progressively, while waterlogging displayed significant differences in response between urban and rural areas, with distance to rivers (27.88%) and maximum daily rainfall (13.84%) identified as dominant factors. From these findings, we generated a flood hazard distribution map that accurately identifies areas with high flood hazard. By classifying flood types and analysing driving factors, this study reveals the heterogeneity of flooding induced by a single extreme rainstorm. Furthermore, it offers scientific insights and a novel framework for managing floods under extreme rainfall.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":362,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology","volume":"663 ","pages":"Article 134243"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145059801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A three-dimensional coupling evaluation model for carbon source-sink in riparian zones","authors":"Na Li,&nbsp;Juan Peng,&nbsp;Feng Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.134254","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.134254","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Riparian zones, with high carbon sequestration capacity, play a critical role in watershed carbon cycles. Current riparian carbon sink assessments primarily focus on drawdown zones or only consider riparian ecological process, neglecting hydrological process. The objective of this study is to develop a three-dimensional coupling evaluation model for riparian carbon source-sink integrating ecological and hydrological processes, which include vertical, lateral, and longitudinal dimensions. (i) Vertical carbon source-sink: carbon release via respiration and carbon sequestration via photosynthesis. (ii) Lateral carbon source-sink: carbon loss via slope runoff erosion and carbon interception through soil conservation. (iii) Longitudinal carbon source-sink: carbon depletion by riverbank scouring of runoff and carbon sequestration by fluvial sediment deposition. Applied to the Fuhe River, the results show that: (i) The riparian zone of Fuhe River is a net carbon sink (593.0 t·a^-1), with an economic value of 25,410.1 CNY. Vertical carbon process is a net carbon sink (5,657.0 t·a^-1), while the lateral and longitudinal processes act as net carbon source (2,607.0 and 2,457.0 t·a^-1, respectively). (ii) By riparian zone sections, the water-level fluctuation zone acts as a net carbon source (3,680.3 t·a^-1), while the riverbank zone functions as a net carbon sink (4,273.3 t·a^-1). (iii) Spatially, the upstream and midstream are net carbon sinks (513.04 and 234.35 t·a^-1, respectively), while the downstream is a net carbon source (154.41 t·a^-1). (iv) Enhancing vegetation coverage to boost photosynthetic capacity is key to increase carbon sink, and strengthening soil conservation measures to cut organic carbon loss from soil erosion is crucial for reducing carbon source.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":362,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology","volume":"663 ","pages":"Article 134254"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145059794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Innovative groundwater disaster prevention and control systems for ultrawide working face mining in deeply buried confined aquifers","authors":"Fangying Dong ,&nbsp;Huiyong Yin ,&nbsp;Shaojie Chen ,&nbsp;Daolei Xie ,&nbsp;Wanfang Zhou ,&nbsp;Chenghao Han ,&nbsp;Jiuchuan Wei ,&nbsp;Fanhua Wang ,&nbsp;Tao Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.134244","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.134244","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Coal mining in confined aquifers is generally threatened by water inrush disasters originating from the floor. As mining depth increases, the complexity of hydrogeological conditions, coupled with limited exploration accuracy, and ineffective prevention measures pose significant challenges to accurately managing mine water disasters. Especially, ultrawide working face mining in confined aquifers, the prevention methods of floor water disaster have not been systematically studied. Based on the mining of the working face (width more than 400 m) above the Ordovician limestone confined aquifer, this paper carried out joint exploration of hydrogeological conditions, numerical simulation of ultrawide working face mining, evaluation of water inrush potential of mining floor and dynamic monitoring of water coupling in working face. The results show that the hydrogeological and structural geological conditions of the working face and its surroundings are accurately identified by the multi-method joint exploration. The stress evolution rule of ultrawide working face before and after roof cutting is revealed. The failure depth, maximum shear stress, maximum principal stress, vertical stress and pore water pressure of the floor after roof cutting are reduced by 28.6 %, 30.9 %, 12.1 %, 15.5 % and 14.3 %, and the stress concentration factor is also reduced by 19.5 %. The prediction model of mining floor failure depth and the evaluation model of floor water inrush potential are constructed, with the accuracy of 94.0 % and 88.2 %, respectively. This study put forward a water prevention scheme of pre-mining treatment and dynamic monitoring in mining, establishes a dynamic multilevel geological guarantee system for ultrawide working face mining in confined aquifers, integrating “joint exploration, precise prevention and control, and water resources.” Finally, the system was successfully applied to the 21,609 working face of Binhu Coal Mine, liberating 359,000 tons of coal resources. Compared to traditional method, the failure depth of mining floor is reduced by 44.3 %, significantly decreasing the possibility of floor water inrush. The research results provide a typical demonstration for the secure, efficient and environmentally friendly coal mining operations in confined aquifers, enrich the theory of mining under pressure and the methods of water prevention.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":362,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology","volume":"663 ","pages":"Article 134244"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145109446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Typhoon-induced depth-dependent nitrogen release from reservoir sediments: Insights from high-resolution ROV monitoring","authors":"Lingchao Kong ,&nbsp;Yi Wang ,&nbsp;Peng Xiao ,&nbsp;Yu Tao ,&nbsp;Chunmiao Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.134242","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.134242","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Typhoon-induced extreme rainfall events have become more frequent recently due to climate change. However, their specific effects on endogenous nitrogen release at the sediment–water interface, particularly in deep-water environments, remain poorly understood. Using a custom remotely operated vehicle (ROV), we conducted high-frequency underwater sampling and real-time monitoring of depth-dependent sediment nitrogen (TN, NH₄-N, NO₃-N) release from July to October 2023 in Gankeng Reservoir (Shenzhen, China), spanning a once-in-a-century typhoon rainstorm. In deep sediments (7–9 m), TN and NH₄-N concentrations in pore water increased sharply, 2.2 to 4.8 times above pre-typhoon levels, while NO₃-N in shallow sediments (3–5 m) decreased significantly. Although hydrochemical parameters returned to pre-storm levels within 43 days, TN and NH₄-N in deep pore water remained ∼20 % higher than before the event. Analyses of nitrogen speciation, enzyme activity, and correlations indicate that enhanced NH₄-N release was driven by typhoon-induced shifts in hydrochemistry and microbial activity. PCA and hierarchical clustering further highlight distinct nitrogen release patterns between shallow and deep sediments. These findings demonstrate that typhoon rainstorms can substantially accelerate TN and NH₄-N emissions from sediments, offering critical insights for proactive water quality management to mitigate endogenous eutrophication risks in reservoirs under a changing climate.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":362,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology","volume":"663 ","pages":"Article 134242"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145096157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Accumulating climate change influences on extreme coastal, fluvial, and compound flooding in the upper transition zone","authors":"Kazi Samsunnahar Mita ,&nbsp;Philip Orton ,&nbsp;Franco Montalto ,&nbsp;Tsega Anbessie","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.134247","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.134247","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing frequency and magnitude of flooding driven by climate change requires a thorough understanding of future flood hazards to inform comprehensive mitigation strategies. Traditional analyses often study coastal and fluvial flooding in isolation, not enabling understanding of compound flooding, nor the accumulation of climate change influences (CCIs) that affect multiple flood drivers. In this study we introduce a simplified hazard and climate change assessment framework and apply it to study flooding for Eastwick, a neighborhood in southwest Philadelphia at the inland limit of estuarine-riverine systems, termed here the upper transition zone (UTZ). Utilizing a validated coupled watershed model and two-dimensional flood model, we assess the impacts of individual and combined changes in flood drivers (changes to mean sea level, precipitation, and storm surge). Climate change effects on flood hazard are quantified through flood modeling for 100-year coastal, fluvial and compound events with present-day, mid- and late century time horizons. Our results demonstrate how the present-day distinctiveness of flood characteristics across the three flood events declines as sea level rise becomes prominent later in the century throughout the UTZ. Our results also demonstrate future increases in flood extent and depth can be significantly underestimated if combined CCIs are not considered. Moreover, CCIs accumulate in depth and area in the floodplain where Eastwick lies, instead of traveling further up the adjacent steep tributaries. This study presents a simple, conservative framework to study extreme flood hazards with multiple drivers and demonstrates how multiple CCIs can combine to worsen future flooding.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":362,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology","volume":"663 ","pages":"Article 134247"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145109448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cold region hydrologic changes to a wet climatic regime in the Northern Great Plain","authors":"Sharhad Wainty ,&nbsp;Taufique H. Mahmood ,&nbsp;Christopher Spence ,&nbsp;Diane F. Van Hoy","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.134246","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.134246","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The nature of a novel wet period beginning in the early 1990s controlled the hydrology of the northern portions of the North American Great Plains over last three decades. Such wetting with intermittent mild dry conditions influenced snow processes, streamflow generation, evapotranspiration, watershed storage and contributing areas although the hydrology of this wet period is extensively studied, aspects of the hydrology, particularly the nature of the streamflow – contributing area hysteresis relationship is little known. The temperature fluctuated during the 1990–2004 period such that there were three climate states: wetting-cooling (1990–96, CS1), wetting-warming (1997–1999, CS2) and drying-cooling (2000–2004, CS3). Here, we deploy a physically-based hydrologic model (the Cold Region Hydrologic Model, CRHM) to discern the predominant hydrological processes during each state in the Mauvais Coulee Basin (MCB) in North Dakota. Results indicate each state is characterized by distinct combinations of the lateral flux/precipitation (<em>Q/P</em>) and vertical flux/precipitation (<em>V/P</em>) ratios. The <em>Q/P</em> was insensitive during CS1 while it was very sensitive during CS2. In contrast, <em>V/P</em> was highly sensitive during CS1 and fluctuated minimally during CS2. The influence of <em>V/P</em> on watershed water balance was greatest during CS3. Water storage (antecedent fall soil moisture and snow water equivalent) and <em>ET</em> of the antecedent year control the contributing area and watershed storage states that influence the magnitude of <em>Q</em> generation. These dynamics are reflected in the distinct hysteresis between storage and streamflow in each of the three climate states.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":362,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology","volume":"663 ","pages":"Article 134246"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145059795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}