Journal of Hydrology最新文献

{"title":"Study on the propagation processes and driving mechanisms of meteorological, hydrological, and agricultural droughts on the Mongolian Plateau","authors":"Li Mei ,&nbsp;Han Aru ,&nbsp;Siqin Tong ,&nbsp;Yongfang Wang ,&nbsp;Enliang Guo ,&nbsp;Tianshu Zhang ,&nbsp;Shan Yin ,&nbsp;Yuhai Bao","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133511","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133511","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Droughts, extremely destructive natural disasters, pose a significant threat to water resource management, ecosystem balance, and socioeconomic development because of their variable spatial dynamics and complex propagation processes. In this study, temperature, precipitation, runoff, and soil moisture data from the ERA5-Land product were employed to estimate the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), Standardized Runoff Index (SRI), and Standardized Soil Moisture Index (SSMI) at different time scales, which can represent meteorological, hydrological, and agricultural droughts, respectively. The cross-wavelet transform, the maximum Pearson correlation coefficient method, and the geodetector model were used to analyze the evolutionary characteristics, propagation processes, and drivers of these drought types on the Mongolian Plateau from 1982 to 2021. The results revealed the following: (1) Meteorological, hydrological, and agricultural droughts shifted from wetting to drying trends at different time scales. (2) There were significant positive correlations between the SPEI&amp;SRI, SPEI&amp;SSMI, and SRI&amp;SSMI across various time–frequency periods, with most phase arrows pointing down to the right, thus suggesting a meteorological-hydrological-agricultural drought propagation process. (3) The response times of the SRI to the SPEI at the different time scales were 7, 5, 3, and 3 months, whereas for the SSMI, the response times were 7, 6, 6, and 5 months, respectively. The response time of agricultural drought to meteorological drought was longer than that of hydrological drought. (4) Spatially, the average response times of the SRI and SSMI to SPEI were 4.72 and 5.30 months, respectively, whereas the response time of the SRI to SSMI was 2.11 months. In hyper-arid, arid, and semi-arid regions, the drought propagation process was meteorological-hydrological-agricultural; in sub-humid and humid regions, it was meteorological-agricultural-hydrological. (5) Precipitation and temperature significantly influenced the spatiotemporal heterogeneity in the propagation from meteorological drought to hydrological and agricultural droughts, while wind speed was a crucial factor driving the propagation from hydrological to agricultural droughts. These findings provide a theoretical basis for understanding the drought propagation mechanism, establishing a drought warning system, and improving comprehensive drought resistance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":362,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology","volume":"660 ","pages":"Article 133511"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144071374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"FLO-SR: Deep learning-based urban flood super-resolution model","authors":"Hyeonjin Choi ,&nbsp;Hyuna Woo ,&nbsp;Minyoung Kim ,&nbsp;Hyungon Ryu ,&nbsp;Jun-Hak Lee ,&nbsp;Seungsoo Lee ,&nbsp;Seong Jin Noh","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133529","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133529","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Urban flooding, intensified by both climate change and urbanization, requires high-fidelity and computationally efficient modeling frameworks for effective risk assessment and mitigation. This study presents FLO-SR, a deep learning-based super-resolution (SR) model, to enhance the spatial resolution of urban flood simulations while significantly reducing computational costs. FLO-SR leverages a convolutional neural network (CNN) to convert low-resolution (LR) flood maps into high-resolution (HR) outputs. The model was validated using two distinct flood events: Hurricane Harvey in Houston, Texas (synthetic scenario using bicubic interpolation) and an urban flood event in Portland, Oregon (physics-based simulation scenario). FLO-SR was evaluated in terms of image similarity, flood depth, and inundation extent. FLO-SR achieved accuracy improvements in both cases at scale factors of 2, 4, and 8×, with average RMSE reductions of 56.2, 32.4, and 10.7 % in Houston and 24.5, 33.8, and 44.1 % in Portland. However, performance at the 8× scale was limited due to challenges in reconstructing fine-scale flood features and spatial discontinuities in LR inputs. To address this, future improvements should incorporate hydrodynamic constraints and enhance model generalization. Despite these limitations, FLO-SR combined with physics-based modeling achieved up to 63 and 45.7 % runtime reductions when reconstructing 2 m from 4 m and 4 m from 8 m simulations, respectively, highlighting its potential for real-time urban flood forecasting.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":362,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology","volume":"661 ","pages":"Article 133529"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144124403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating multifunctional performance of green roofs in rainstorm events: The role of modifiers in substrate layer","authors":"Chen Xu ,&nbsp;Yiming Fei ,&nbsp;Aozhan Liu ,&nbsp;Shujiang Miao ,&nbsp;Dafang Fu","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133526","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133526","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Green roofs (GRs) often show unsatisfactory functional performance in rainstorm events, especially rainwater management performance. Evaluating and guiding the GR component design from a multifunctional perspective may enable GRs to achieve promising outcomes in actual engineering scenarios. Moreover, whether modifiers can still play a positive role in improving the multifunctional performance of GRs in rainstorm events needs to be further clarified. In this study, four different addition ratios of biochar, polymeric ferric sulfate (PFS), and <em>Trichoderma harzianum</em> inoculum (THI) were respectively added to the substrate mixture composed of 40 % peat soil and 60 % vermiculite to install twelve modified GR modules. A control group without any modifiers was also installed at the same time. During a two-month experimental period, ten rainstorm events were conducted by simulated rainfall experiments based on the local rainfall data over the past decade. In this case, the water-holding performance, nutrient retention performance, rainwater detention performance, and pollutant interception performance of the GR modules were compared and evaluated, as well as their multifunctional performance based on an assessment model established by analytic hierarchy process (AHP). Results indicated that all the modifiers with any addition ratios could improve the multifunctional performance of GRs. Most notably, GRB-15 (biochar at the ratio of 15 %) obtained the highest multifunction index among the GR modules under the context that only its rainwater detention performance with a low weight coefficient in the assessment model was the best. Specifically, GRB-15 could still exhibit an average delayed outflow time of 77.87 min and an average rainwater reduction rate of 62.38 % in continuous rainstorm events. We proposed that more ecological service benefits that GRs can provide should be incorporated into the framework for evaluating their multifunctional performance to clarify and minimize the existing function trade-offs in GRs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":362,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology","volume":"660 ","pages":"Article 133526"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143947532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dipolar response of precipitation to lake expansion on the Tibetan Plateau","authors":"Yuanlin Qiu ,&nbsp;Jie Chen ,&nbsp;Deliang Chen ,&nbsp;R. Iestyn Woolway ,&nbsp;Haolin Luo ,&nbsp;Lihua Xiong","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133532","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133532","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Over the past half-century, lakes on the Tibetan Plateau (TP) have undergone significant expansion due to climate change. This expansion has previously unknown feedback on regional precipitation patterns. Here, using regional climate modeling experiments, we demonstrate that lake expansion induces a dipolar precipitation response across the TP, decreasing in the south and increasing in the north. Over 60 % of the southern region shows a decrease in annual precipitation, with an average reduction of −6.0 %. A <em>meso</em>-α-scale anticyclonic circulation anomaly, driven by lake-induced cooling, reduces vertical moisture advection and causes the decrease in precipitation, which accounts for 85 % of the changes. In contrast, more than 65 % of the northern region experiences an increase in precipitation, with an average rise of 7.2 %. Increased evaporation from expanded lakes drives the increased precipitation, accounting for 81 % of the changes. These findings highlight the importance of considering lake expansion feedback when evaluating water security on the TP in a warming world.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":362,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology","volume":"660 ","pages":"Article 133532"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144071324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insights for river water resource management on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau: Perspectives from stable isotopes and the ecological environment","authors":"Zhigang Wang ,&nbsp;Xiaoyan Li ,&nbsp;Xin Liu ,&nbsp;Zhiyuan Song","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133499","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133499","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Directly quantifying river evaporation loss and internal water vapor circulation on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP) poses significant challenges. However, stable isotope technology has emerged as an effective method for revealing the internal dynamics of river water. This study was the first to estimate the evaporation loss and recirculating precipitation of rivers in summer on the QTP based on the stable isotope technology. Combined with remote sensing technology, the ecological and hydrological effects of river internal circulation on vegetation growth were revealed. Our findings revealed that the average river evaporation loss ratio was 14.86 % ± 1.2 %, whereas the average river recycled precipitation ratio was 12 % ± 0.36 % in summer on the QTP. Notably, the cumulative recycled precipitation of rivers in summer reached 702.5 × 10⁸ m³, which was comparable to the water capacity of Qinghai Lake. Vegetation around the river on the QTP has demonstrated a nuanced nonlinear response to both river evaporation loss and recycled precipitation. Specifically, the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) value of 0.4 and the recycled precipitation of 10 mm emerged as critical thresholds, marking significant inflection points for vegetation growth promotion around the river. Notably, the regions with the highest river evaporation loss were concentrated in river source regions in summer, underscoring the necessity of implementing ecological stewardship in these critical zones. In light of these observations, it is imperative to consider the far-reaching ecological consequences of river evaporation loss and recycled precipitation, particularly within the river source regions on the QTP. The research and vigilant monitoring are essential to facilitate sustainable river water resource management and mitigate potential ecological disruptions in this ecologically sensitive region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":362,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology","volume":"660 ","pages":"Article 133499"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144069751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How GPM IMERG and GSMaP advance hydrological applications: A global perspective","authors":"Zhijun Huang ,&nbsp;Huan Wu ,&nbsp;Guojun Gu ,&nbsp;Koray K. Yilmaz ,&nbsp;Nergui Nanding ,&nbsp;Chaoqun Li","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133514","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133514","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As representative satellite precipitation products in the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) era, the latest versions of the Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for GPM (IMERG V07) and Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation (GSMaP V08) have attracted global attention for their advancements. However, their potential and limitations in continued advancing global hydrological modelling and monitoring remain underexplored, which is crucial for both end-users and algorithm developers. This study aims to (1) assess the overall hydrological performance of IMERG and GSMaP against global gauge observations and nine widely used precipitation products, and (2) examine the impact of different bias-adjustment algorithms on their accuracy. The results show that: (1) both post-real-time (PRT) and near-real-time (NRT) IMERG and GSMaP products outperform their predecessor, the TRMM Multi-Satellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA), with the most significant improvements in NRT products, particularly in arid and mid-to-high latitude regions; (2) performance gains from PRT gauge corrections and NRT bias adjustments varies considerably across products and regions. For instance, GSMaP relies heavily on the gauge-based correction dataset, and its performance declines in areas with sparse observation networks where the quality of correction data may degrade. Overall, the enhanced IMERG and GSMaP products are poised to improve both scientific research and operational systems, such as the Global Flood Monitoring System (GFMS), advancing global hydrological applications with greater timeliness and efficacy. This study provides valuable insights into the global performance of these products and suggests directions for improving future retrieval and bias-adjustment algorithms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":362,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology","volume":"661 ","pages":"Article 133514"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144107154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced toluene remediation in low-permeability zone by injecting rhamnolipid-coated ozone micro-nano bubble water combined with groundwater pumping","authors":"Jin Wang ,&nbsp;Yuqin Mao ,&nbsp;Yifan Chen ,&nbsp;Lili Li ,&nbsp;Shengqi Qi","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133509","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133509","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Organic contaminants in groundwater always tend to accumulate in low-permeability zone (LPZ), which are difficult to be completely remediated. Rhamnolipid-coated ozone micro-nano bubbles have very tiny diameters ranging from 1 nm to 100 μm, which have potential to permeate into LPZ to oxidize organic contaminants. However, they are easily attached on porous media, limiting the transport distance of ozone and reducing the remediation efficiency. This paper carried out two-dimensional sand tank experiments to investigate the toluene removal rate in LPZ by the injection of rhamnolipid-coated ozone micro-nano bubble water (ROMBW) combined with groundwater pumping. Results showed that the final removal rate of toluene in LPZ reached 96.2 % with the combined technology, which was higher than ROMBW injection without groundwater pumping (92.0 %). Besides, the addition of rhamnolipid also slightly increased the toluene removal rate in LPZ by 0.8 %. A numerical model was successfully developed to simulate the final toluene concentration in the sand tank with the average error of 2.17 mg/L, which proved that the improved removal rate of toluene in LPZ was mainly attributed to the permeation of more nanobubbles into LPZ. Furthermore, the model also indicated that the total injected volume of ROMBW was the most important factor that controlled the remediation efficiency, and a short screen length around LPZ as well as the close distance between well screen and LPZ improved the remediation efficiency. The findings of this study could guide the application of ozone micro-nano bubble oxidation in heterogeneous aquifer remediation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":362,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology","volume":"660 ","pages":"Article 133509"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143947263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A new tool for correcting the spatial and temporal pattern of global precipitation products across mountainous terrain: precipitation and hydrological analysis","authors":"Shima Azimi ,&nbsp;Christian Massari ,&nbsp;Gaia Roati ,&nbsp;Silvia Barbetta ,&nbsp;Riccardo Rigon","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133530","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133530","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study primarily aims to integrate global precipitation data into hydrological models at the catchment scale, a common practice in hydrological research. Specifically, the study investigates how biased spatial and temporal patterns in precipitation data affect model performance and uncertainty. The European Meteorological Observations (EMO) and Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station data (CHIRPS) global datasets are utilized as inputs for the GEOframe-NewAGE hydrological model to simulate the hydrological processes of the mountainous Aosta Valley catchment in northwestern Italy. The uncertainty of the hydrological model forced with global precipitation data is assessed using a proposed method called Empirical Conditional Probability (EcoProb). The results show that, although traditional performance metrics suggest similar outcomes for the model forced with EMO and CHIRPS, the proposed uncertainty analysis reveals higher uncertainty when CHIRPS is used as the precipitation input. To leverage all useful information in the global precipitation data, the spatial correlation of CHIRPS is combined with a subset of rain gauges using the EcoProb method to modify the EMO precipitation data. This approach enabled the integration of the advantages of EMO and CHIRPS, which offer higher temporal and spatial correlation with ground observation, respectively, into a unified precipitation product. The combined dataset, referred to as the EcoProbSet product in this study, outperformed both the CHIRPS and EMO products, reducing the uncertainty introduced into hydrological models compared to the original global datasets.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":362,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology","volume":"660 ","pages":"Article 133530"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144089878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sensitivity of multi-frequency and multi-polarization SAR to soil moisture at different depths in agricultural regions","authors":"Xin Zhou ,&nbsp;Jinfei Wang ,&nbsp;Bo Shan ,&nbsp;Yongjun He ,&nbsp;Minfeng Xing","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133513","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133513","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Soil moisture is critical for various agricultural applications such as crop monitoring and irrigation management. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), especially at L-band and C-band frequencies, has been widely utilized for soil moisture estimation across different polarizations. However, the ambiguity in the depth of soil moisture retrieval remains a challenge due to the complex interactions between SAR signals and ground targets. In this study, the sensitivity of multi-frequency and multi-polarization SAR to soil moisture retrieval at various depths was quantitatively analysed. First, using the Dobson semi-empirical dielectric mixing model, the penetration depth of C-band SAR was found to be limited to the top surface soil (0–5 cm), while L-band SAR could penetrate from 3 cm to more than 20 cm depending on soil properties. Next, the accuracy of soil moisture retrieved at five depths (0–5 cm, 5 cm, 20 cm, 50 cm, and 100 cm) was evaluated using in-situ soil moisture data. Using Random Forest (RF) regression and polarimetric features, the volume scattering of C-band SAR was demonstrated as the dominant scattering mechanism, leading to reduced accuracy across all depths. In contrast, L-band SAR achieved the highest accuracy at the 5 cm depth, constrained by the limited intervals of moisture measurements. Furthermore, the analysis of incidence angle and vegetation coverage revealed that lower incidence angles (15–45 degrees) and lower vegetation conditions improved the accuracy for C-band SAR. L-band SAR, however, exhibited less sensitivity to vegetation coverage when retrieving soil moisture from shallower depths. These findings provide valuable insights for selecting SAR data suitable for soil moisture retrieval in agricultural regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":362,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology","volume":"660 ","pages":"Article 133513"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144069737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamics of suspended sediment sources in the Kuoqionggangri glacier Basin, Tibetan Plateau, under diverse hydrometeorological conditions","authors":"Chao Liu ,&nbsp;Fan Zhang ,&nbsp;Chen Zeng ,&nbsp;Yang Zhao ,&nbsp;Wei Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133510","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133510","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The dynamics of suspended sediment sources (SSS) in glacial basins are critical for understanding land surface processes in the context of global change, and present challenges in the fields of cryospheric hydrology and sediment transport research. This study employed SSS fingerprinting techniques to quantify and analyze variations in SSS influenced by glacier melt, snowmelt, and rainfall in the Kuoqionggangri Glacier Basin, located in the southern Tibetan Plateau. Furthermore, the study proposes a methodological strategy for validating SSS estimation results through hydrological modeling. The findings indicate substantial variation in sediment contributions from different sources, which correlate with the dynamics of runoff components. The glacier zone, which constitutes 14.8 % of the area, contributed 52.8 % of sediments, highlighting its high erosion intensity. The extremely high-altitude bare land (&gt;5400 m), high-altitude bare land (4800 ∼ 5400 m), and meadow zones, comprising 51.7 %, 18.8 %, and 14.7 % of the area, respectively, contributed 19.7 %, 21.0 %, and 6.5 % of the sediments on average. During glacier melt events, the glacier serves as the predominant SSS (70.8 %) of the sediment, with glacier melt dominating the runoff at 85.8 %. During snowmelt events, the glacier and extremely high-altitude bare land zones were the main SSS areas, contributing 53.5 % and 22.5 % of the sediment, respectively. With snowmelt comprising the greatest proportion of runoff at 70.7 %, it is suggested that snowmelt-induced erosion predominantly occurs in bare land with altitudes above 5400 m. During rainfall events, the glacier, extremely high-altitude bare land and high-altitude bare land zones were the primary SSS areas, contributing 34.2 %, 23.8 %, and 36.4 % of the sediment, respectively. With rainfall accounting for the largest share of runoff at 64.9 %, it is indicated that rainfall-induced erosion mainly occurs in bare land with altitudes above 4800 m. This study provides initial insights into the dynamic characteristics of SSS in a glacier basin under different hydrometeorological conditions. The findings can assist management authorities in the effective implementation of soil and water conservation measures in alpine regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":362,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology","volume":"660 ","pages":"Article 133510"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144069849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}