Journal of Hydrology最新文献

{"title":"Influence of anthropogenic water dissipation on urban heat island – a case study of Beijing","authors":"Zhuoran Luo ,&nbsp;Xianzhi Wang ,&nbsp;Jiahong Liu ,&nbsp;Shanghong Zhang ,&nbsp;Li Zhang ,&nbsp;Weiwei Shao ,&nbsp;Yinxin Ge","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2026.135227","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2026.135227","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the process of rapid urbanization, anthropogenic water use activities (such as indoor building water use, road sprinkling, and vegetation irrigation, etc.) have become an important part of urban water cycle, and the water vapor dissipation generated by evaporation and transpiration has a significant impact on urban energy balance and local climate. However, the current mainstream urban climate models generally lack a detailed description of urban anthropogenic water dissipation process, which limits their ability to simulate urban heat island effect and hydrological process. This study constructed a calculation model for urban anthropogenic water dissipation, incorporated moisture fluxes from anthropogenic water consumption activities into the UCM and coupled it with the WRF model for simulation. Taking typical periods of summer and winter in Beijing as examples, the influence of anthropogenic water dissipation on the UHI was simulated and analyzed. The results show that anthropogenic water dissipation significantly increases the latent heat flux (LH) and specific humidity in urban areas. In summer, the LH in urban areas increases by about 30 W/m², and the 2 m average temperature decreases by about 0.7 ℃, thus effectively reducing the intensity of the UHI. Although the anthropogenic water dissipation decreases in winter, it still has a positive effect on maintaining a relatively high specific humidity. The specific humidity in urban regions increases by about 0.12 g/kg. The simulation results are verified by observational data with high accuracy, emphasizing the necessity of incorporating anthropogenic water dissipation processes in urban climate model.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":362,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology","volume":"671 ","pages":"Article 135227"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147334595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Downscaling GRACE(−FO) with mass-conserving XGBoost approach reveals high-resolution patterns and drivers of hydrometeorological-induced mass changes in High Mountain Asia","authors":"Haotian Wu ,&nbsp;Jiangjun Ran ,&nbsp;Natthachet Tangdamrongsub","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2026.135235","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2026.135235","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High Mountain Asia (HMA), the largest extra-polar repository of glaciers, critically regulates water resources for nearly two billion people and regional climate systems. Understanding climate impacts and regional water security requires quantifying regional mass changes at fine spatial scales, but the coarse resolution of GRACE(−FO) satellite data impedes this quantification. To address these limitations, this study proposes an XGBoost downscaling method integrated with mass-conservation correction. After obtaining preliminary downscaling results with low uncertainty and RMSE using the XGBoost model, the weighted forward modeling approach is further applied to enforce mass-conservation correction, thereby enhancing physical consistency. This correction reduces the RMSE of the regional mean time series from 0.85 cm to 0.08 cm, demonstrating that mass conservation effectively improves the downscaled solution. The downscaled solution was validated against the public ASTER-derived global digital elevation model, yielding a mean absolute trend error of only 0.53 Gt/yr, and outperforms existing Mascon solutions. Analysis identifies a pronounced atmospheric oscillation over the Caspian–Black Sea region, which induces interannual variations in moisture transport along the northern branch of the westerlies. This modulation of moisture pathways leads to oscillatory precipitation variability across Central Asia, ultimately giving rise to a distinct 6–7 year interannual mass oscillation in the Tien Shan–Pamir region. The strong correlation (greater than 0.7) between this mass variability and detrended cumulative precipitation highlights the dominant role of large-scale atmospheric circulation in shaping fine-scale hydrometeorological-induced mass changes across HMA.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":362,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology","volume":"671 ","pages":"Article 135235"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147359946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A two-stage approach to evaluate parameter equifinality in build-up/wash-off stormwater quality models","authors":"Zhaokai Dong ,&nbsp;Sabrina Jivani ,&nbsp;Pradeep Goel ,&nbsp;Clare E. Robinson","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2026.135234","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2026.135234","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Build-up/wash-off models are widely used in urban stormwater quality modeling to estimate pollutant loads. However, their empirical structure often introduces equifinality, the presence of multiple parameter sets yielding similar predictions, raising concerns about the robustness and physical interpretability of model outputs. In addition to structural limitations, three key modeling considerations – land use representation, pollutant type, and the temporal scale of parameter calibration – can influence equifinality. This study introduces a novel two-stage calibration-evaluation framework that integrates seasonal parameter pooling and sequential conditional/joint likelihood reweighting to examine equifinality while accounting for these factors. The framework is implemented using the Generalized Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation (GLUE) approach and applied to simulate total suspended solids (TSS), total phosphorus (TP), and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) loads in a mixed urban land-use catchment in London, ON, Canada. Simulation results indicate that deterministic calibration often yields parameters with limited transferability between events due to parameter equifinality. Land uses with high impervious cover were found to have relatively low equifinality, and seasonal calibration improved parameter generalizability for SRP and TP, but was less effective for TSS. The new proposed framework provides a flexible, performance-driven alternative to deterministic approaches in build-up/wash-off modeling. It enables explicit evaluation of parameter generalizability and predictive reliability under equifinality, supporting robust scenario-based stormwater quality modeling and informed decision-making.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":362,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology","volume":"671 ","pages":"Article 135234"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147360416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling cumulative hydrologic effects of multiple floodplain restoration projects in a 4th-order river channel network","authors":"Lucas M. Goodman ,&nbsp;Durelle T. Scott ,&nbsp;Erich T. Hester","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2026.135242","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2026.135242","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>River floodplains provide ecosystems services, including attenuation of flood risks downstream, yet rivers have been disconnected from their floodplains by human actions. River floodplain restoration approaches aim to restore such services. While applications of river restoration aim to reverse widespread degradation in large watersheds, few studies have focused on cumulative effects at the watershed or channel network scale. We used HEC-RAS to evaluate how the extent and location of floodplain restoration influence flood propagation in a generic 4th-order channel network using average parameters from the Chesapeake Bay watershed. We found that flood attenuation and floodplain exchange generally increased with the length of restored channel, but the benefits of individual projects were influenced by project location and amount of restoration already in place. To guide planning, we introduce planning curves relating project placement and extent to watershed outcomes (analogous to traditional design curves that relate project design parameters to site scale outcomes). Our results show coordinated efforts on a watershed scale can pay dividends where leeway for more substantial manipulation exists in lower-order channels that provide benefits both locally and in more constrained river corridors downstream in the network. While restoration provides flood attenuation in most of our simulations, it can unintentionally exacerbate flooding in some cases due to peak flow synchronization. This highlights the importance of future simulations that vary channel network structure, but also managing expectations in practice and the necessity for channel network models to inform permitting and planning.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":362,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology","volume":"671 ","pages":"Article 135242"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147387991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Applicability of the Richards equation in infiltration simulation: A comparative study with the two-phase flow model","authors":"Hongcheng Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhi Li ,&nbsp;Chaomeng Dai ,&nbsp;Jiajie Zou ,&nbsp;Swee Pin Yeap ,&nbsp;Kah Hon Leong ,&nbsp;Jixiang Li ,&nbsp;Jiajun Hu ,&nbsp;Mintian Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2026.135194","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2026.135194","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Simulating water infiltration in the vadose zone is crucial for water resource management and environmental remediation, which is typically accomplished by numerically solving the Richards equation (RE). While existing research has acknowledged the limitations of the RE – notably its assumption of infinite air-phase mobility – a systematic assessment of its applicability across diverse hydrogeological conditions remains incomplete. This study evaluates the RE model’s performance in simulating infiltration by benchmarking it against a two-phase (TP) flow model under various boundary conditions, soil-water retention characteristics, and soil moisture states. The findings reveal that the RE model exhibits reliability degradation under saturated or ponding boundary conditions, as well as in scenarios involving high initial soil moisture, fine-textured soils (characterized by low van Genuchten - Mualem parameters <span><math><mi>n</mi></math></span>, <span><math><mi>α</mi></math></span>, and reduced absolute permeability <span><math><mi>k</mi></math></span>). Mechanistically, these scenarios restrict the air escape pathways by either reducing their effective conductance or by topologically sealing the exit routes. This restriction leads to elevated pore-air pressures that impede water infiltration, which the RE model fails to capture, thereby overestimating infiltration. In terms of practical applicability, the RE model likely remains robust wherever high-permeability channels form a percolating network connected to the surface within the region of interest. Conversely, for scenarios involving potential extensive confining layers, three conservative quantitative guidelines are proposed to assess the RE model’s suitability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":362,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology","volume":"671 ","pages":"Article 135194"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147279110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global shifts in rainfall drought relationship: weakening association in tropics","authors":"Gauranshi Raj Singh ,&nbsp;C.T. Dhanya ,&nbsp;Aniket Chakravorty","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2026.135240","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2026.135240","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Climate change–driven warming has amplified the widespread impacts of droughts, causing severe socio-economic stress and resource insecurity, thereby highlighting the need for accurate quantification of drought intensity for timely and effective mitigation. Drought has been traditionally associated with rainfall deficit (below-normal precipitation), yet emerging evidence suggests that changes in distribution of precipitation spells (precipitation variability) may intensify drought risk. In this study, we examine global meteorological drought dynamics during 1951–2016 to assess whether the precipitation–drought linkage has changed. Further an attribution analysis to identify the dominant climatic drivers has also been conducted. Our results reveal that between 1951 and 2016, global drought frequency has increased up to six times, primarily due to changing climatic variables like rainfall deficit, evaporative losses, and rainfall variability. Predominant post the 1980 s, this trend is concentrated in the Tropical and Subtropical regions. Further, the traditional link between drought events and rainfall deficit has weakened, wherein drought likelihood during surplus rainfall years rose by 60 %. While total precipitation remained relatively stable, drought-prone hotspots experienced a 40 % increase in meteorological droughts, attributed to enhanced variability in precipitation distribution. This variability has led to significant drought events, with drought index values falling below −1. This impact is profound, in the Tropical zone, affecting diverse climates from monsoon regions to arid deserts. This pattern highlights how precipitation variability—more than mean rainfall deficit alone— drives tropical drought dynamics, reshaping our understanding of hydroclimate behavior and risk in Earth-system contexts.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Plain language summary&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;From 1951 to 2016, the number of drought episodes worldwide have increased up to six times. This increase was predominant after the 1980 s specially in the tropical and subtropical regions. Interestingly, we find that a nearabout 60 % increase is witnessed in drought events occurring during wetter-than-normal years. Thus, droughts are no longer explained only by reduced total rainfall. This shift signals that rainfall patterns are undergoing uneven distribution over time and space, specially over drought hotspots where drought frequency increased by 40 % with minimal change in rainfall magnitudes. These findings show that rainfall variability, rather than mean rainfall decline alone, is increasingly driving drought risk in the tropics. This can prove to be a vital contribution in modifying drought early-warning systems and water planning measures to better manage future drought impacts.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Key points:&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;1. Global drought frequency exhibits a sixfold increase since 1951, with hints of intensification over the Tropical zone.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;2. The probability of occurr","PeriodicalId":362,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology","volume":"671 ","pages":"Article 135240"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147359934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A two-level attribution method for water resource changes based on water budget balance and distributed simulation","authors":"Qingsong Wu ,&nbsp;Hao Wei ,&nbsp;Xing Yuan ,&nbsp;Lu Lu ,&nbsp;Shengqi Jian ,&nbsp;Jiawei Li","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2026.135238","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2026.135238","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Attribution of water resource changes is crucial for revealing the evolutionary laws of water resource systems and improving the efficiency of water resource management. This study conducts systematic research through theoretical interpretation, methodological development and case application. First, the water balance principle and water budget balance theory are integrated to clarify an attribution framework centered on the water cycle process. Second, a water budget balance equation and a distributed human-water relationship model covering the entire “input-transformation-consumption-output” chain are constructed. Third, a two-level attribution system is established by coupling the balance equation, distributed model, control variable method and contribution rate quantification: the first level quantifies the driving contributions of climate change and human activities to changes in natural runoff; the second level analyzes the driving effects of precipitation, incoming surface runoff, natural evapotranspiration, human water consumption, external transferred water and water storage on actual runoff changes. Finally, the method is applied to the Qin River Basin in China across multi-temporal (multi-year average, annual, monthly) and spatial (entire basin, basin divisions) scales. Results show that the method integrates multi-source information to clarify the driving mechanisms of water resource changes, with strong effectiveness and applicability across scales; basin runoff changes during 2001–2022 were dominated by climatic factors, while human activities promoted natural runoff increase but reduced actual runoff; the basin’s natural runoff decreased by 0.982 × 10⁸ m³ when comparing the periods 2001–2010 and 2011–2020, with the contribution rates of climate change and human activities being −118.0% and 18.0%, respectively; the combined effects of reduced precipitation, decreased natural evapotranspiration, increased human water consumption, increased external transferred water, and increased water storage led to a 0.508 × 10⁸ m³ decrease in actual runoff, with the corresponding contribution rates of −47.3%, 276.4%, −173.5%, −1.1%, and −154.5%. The primary novelty lies in a hierarchical framework that distinguishes between natural and actual runoff drivers, providing finer attribution resolution compared with conventional methods.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":362,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology","volume":"671 ","pages":"Article 135238"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147360412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A multi-tracer approach to constraining water sources of culturally and ecologically significant natural springs: Combining environmental isotopes and environmental DNA","authors":"Monica Esmond ,&nbsp;Dioni Cendón ,&nbsp;Harald Hofmann ,&nbsp;Mark de Bruyn ,&nbsp;Matthew Currell","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2026.135245","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2026.135245","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Natural springs are vital ecotones which connect surface and groundwaters, play critical ecological roles and sustain important cultural values worldwide. Increasing pressures on hydrological systems from anthropogenic-induced changes threaten springs and their connected waterways. Methods to characterise spring groundwater sources and the dynamics controlling discharge are critical to inform evidence-based management. This study presents an eco-hydrogeological approach synthesising geochemical tracer data (hydrochemistry, stable and radio-isotopes) with environmental DNA (eDNA) from springs and spring-fed surface waters, to develop a conceptual model of groundwater flow paths and water sources for Great Artesian Basin springs in Carnarvon Gorge, northern Australia. Analysis of δ²H, δ¹⁸O, ³H, ¹⁴C and ³⁶Cl identified vertical inter-aquifer flow as a major control on local groundwater dynamics. ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr helped to constrain dominant water sources for springs and confirmed multiple recharge zones within and surrounding the gorge. eDNA was in certain areas more sensitive than the isotopic tracers to differences in recharge area and flow paths, e.g., distinguishing between groundwater from the same aquifer(s) emerging at different springs hydraulically separated by gorge topography. ³H showed a statistically significant relationship with eDNA beta diversity and non-linear modelling supported the hypothesised elevation-driven vertical hydraulic gradient controlling groundwater flow to springs. This is among the first studies to demonstrate the value of integrating ecological with isotopic tracers in the context of developing more robust and nuanced conceptual models of complex aquifer-spring-surface water dynamics. We highlight the need for multi-tracer approaches to inform the protection of springs, connected waters, and associated ecological and cultural values.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":362,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology","volume":"671 ","pages":"Article 135245"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147388364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Urban wash-off of tire wear particles","authors":"Hannah Hapich ,&nbsp;Tim H.M. van Emmerik ,&nbsp;Kryss Waldschläger ,&nbsp;Benjamin Maurer ,&nbsp;Zhaoqing Yang ,&nbsp;Andrew B. Gray","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2026.135237","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2026.135237","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tire wear particles (TWPs) are an important class of microplastics due to their toxicity and abundance. Because most TWPs are generated on impervious road surfaces, urban wash-off is the critical first phase of waterborne transport from their zone of production to stormwater drainage. However, little is known about the driving factors behind their mobilization. In this study, we use a rainfall simulator to investigate how surface roughness, rainfall intensity, and surface slope affect wash-off behaviors of TWPs. We also analyze how the size and shape of mobilized TWPs change over the course of simulated storm events. We found that low surface roughness, high rainfall intensity (most significant factor), and low slope result in the most rapid conveyance of TWP load. On average, large particles (&gt;1000 µm) travelled faster than small particles (&lt;125 µm). Particle shape explained a very small amount of variance in TWP wash-off velocity but was found to be more important under higher surface roughness conditions. In addition to wash-off velocity, we found similar conditions controlled the percent mobilization of TWPs. Low surface roughness and high rainfall intensity resulting in higher TWP wash-off rates is consistent with mineral sediment wash-off behavior. Conversely, low surface slope and large particle size leading to faster conveyance is directly opposed to mineral sediment wash-off. Our findings suggest drag-dominated flow, and that sufficient runoff depth is the most important parameter governing TWP wash-off. These findings are important first steps to understanding wash-off behaviors of TWPs and informing future modeling efforts and mitigation strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":362,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology","volume":"671 ","pages":"Article 135237"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147387993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Response and adaptation of global terrestrial vegetation production to extreme precipitation","authors":"Tianyue Sun ,&nbsp;Yuan Zhang ,&nbsp;Xiaoming Feng ,&nbsp;Bojie Fu ,&nbsp;Donggang Guo ,&nbsp;Weipeng Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2026.135212","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2026.135212","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Extreme precipitation events (EPEs) are expected to become increasingly frequent and severe in the future. As a critical meteorological factor, extreme precipitation (EPre) strongly regulates ecosystem carbon sequestration, highlighting the need to understand its effects on global terrestrial ecosystems. However, quantitative assessments of how ecosystem carbon sequestration adapts to EPre at the global scale and over the long term are still lacking. To address this issue, we define EPEs using threshold-based methods and extreme climate indices. Using observational data from 29 FLUXNET stations, we employ partial correlation analysis and Random Forest model to systematically quantify the response, adaptation, and recovery of gross primary productivity (GPP) to EPEs. The results demonstrate that: (1) A total of 499 EPEs persisting for more than five days comprised 95% of all identified EPEs. The duration of these EPEs ranged from 5 to 28 days in evergreen needleleaf forest, mixed forest, and deciduous broadleaf forest ecosystems, while woody savannas ecosystems exhibited significantly longer durations. (2) EPre significantly reduced ecosystem carbon sequestration. In most ecosystems (excluding evergreen broadleaf forests and woody savannas), the mean partial correlation coefficient between EPre and GPP was less than −0.66 (p &lt; 0.05). Furthermore, EPre accounted for more than 41% of the observed decline in GPP. (3) Most ecosystems (deciduous broadleaf forests, evergreen broadleaf forests, evergreen needleleaf forests, mixed forests and woody savannas) typically recovered their carbon sequestration capacity within 12 days. The duration of EPEs and vapor pressure deficit during the recovery period were identified as the primary drivers influencing the recovery of GPP. Our findings refine the understanding of diverse ecosystem responses to extreme precipitation and offer a framework for enhancing the simulation of such events in dynamic vegetation models.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":362,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology","volume":"671 ","pages":"Article 135212"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147334594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}