Biosafety and Health最新文献

{"title":"Attribution of super-spreaders to the COVID-19 outbreak","authors":"Rui Wang,&nbsp;Jianping Huang,&nbsp;Xinbo Lian,&nbsp;Yingjie Zhao,&nbsp;Shujuan Hu,&nbsp;Beidou Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.bsheal.2025.09.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bsheal.2025.09.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The explosive growth during the early stages and the sustained transmission in the later phases of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may be closely linked to superspreading events (SSEs), yet in-depth research into their specific mechanisms and quantitative effects remains limited. This study, based on data from 4,519 COVID-19 cases across eight regions in China, reconstructed transmission chains and quantified key parameters such as the basic reproduction number (<em>R</em>₀) and dispersion parameter (<em>k</em>), revealing a high degree of heterogeneity in COVID-19 transmission. The results showed that the majority of COVID-19 cases were mild, with female cases in some regions being significantly older than males. Epidemic curves were highly similar in geographically proximal areas, with the longest transmission chain reaching nine generations. The transmission parameters revealed a serial interval of 1.27–4.71 days, <em>R</em>₀ ranging from 0.87 to 2.65, and <em>k</em> values between 0.50–2.04, demonstrating that super-spreaders serve as critical drivers of epidemic spread. We found that 1.35 % of cases identified as super-spreaders directly responsible for 40.09 % of secondary cases. Occupationally, students and catering staff were identified as high-risk groups for super-spreading. Geographically, household or community transmission served as the main driver of SSEs in six regions, while school-based transmission dominated in one region. These findings provide crucial scientific evidence for advancing our understanding of COVID-19 transmission dynamics and informing precision prevention strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36178,"journal":{"name":"Biosafety and Health","volume":"7 6","pages":"Pages 395-402"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145808526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An explainable artificial intelligence framework reveals mutations associated with drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis","authors":"Hui Cen ,&nbsp;Peng Zhang ,&nbsp;Yunchao Ling ,&nbsp;Guoping Zhao ,&nbsp;Guoqing Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.bsheal.2025.11.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bsheal.2025.11.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding the mechanisms of drug resistance in <em>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</em> (MTB) is essential for the rapid detection of resistance and for guiding effective treatment, ultimately contributing to reducing the global burden of tuberculosis (TB). Under anti-TB drugs pressure, MTB continues to accumulate resistance loci. The current repertoire of known resistance-associated mutations requires further refinement, necessitating efficient methods for the timely identification of potential resistance sites. Here, we introduce xAI-MTBDR, an explainable artificial intelligence framework designed to identify potential resistance-associated mutations and predict drug resistance in MTB. It outperforms state-of-the-art methods in predicting drug resistance for all first-line drugs, and scoring each mutation’s contribution to resistance. By leveraging public whole-genome sequencing data from nearly 40,000 MTB isolates, the framework identified 788 candidate resistance-related mutations and revealed 27 potential resistance markers, several of which are positioned closer to their respective drugs in protein structures than known resistance mutations, suggesting a potentially more direct role in mediating resistance. Furthermore, these scores enabled the framework to efficiently subgroup isolates with different resistance mechanisms and reflect varying levels of resistance. The framework serves as a valuable tool for accurate detection of drug-resistant MTB and offers new insights into its underlying mechanisms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36178,"journal":{"name":"Biosafety and Health","volume":"7 6","pages":"Pages 384-394"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145808525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chikungunya virus: Current situation and future challenges","authors":"Teng Zhao ,&nbsp;Teng Chen ,&nbsp;Jie Zhang ,&nbsp;Chunxiao Li ,&nbsp;Chengfeng Qin","doi":"10.1016/j.bsheal.2025.10.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bsheal.2025.10.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), a mosquito-borne <em>alphavirus</em> first identified in Tanzania in 1952, has expanded to more than 100 countries posing increasing global health risks. The 2025 epidemic in Réunion Island and local transmission in Foshan City, Guangdong Province, China, illustrated the growing risk of global dissemination. For primary vectors <em>Aedes aegypti</em> and <em>Aedes albopictus</em>, their behavioral traits (such as daytime biting, skip oviposition, and multiple-host feeding) substantially increased transmission potential and complicate control. Two vaccines, IXCHIQ® (live-attenuated) and VIMKUNYA^TM (virus-like particle), have been licensed in Europe and the United States, and multiple candidates including inactivated, subunit, viral-vectored, and messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) vaccines are under development. This review summarized current knowledge on CHIKV virology, epidemiology, evolution, vaccines, and vector control, to provide insights for effective management of this re-emerging arboviral threat.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36178,"journal":{"name":"Biosafety and Health","volume":"7 6","pages":"Pages 348-356"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145808521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with chronic hepatitis B during interferon antiviral therapy","authors":"Shiyu Wang ,&nbsp;Ziyu Zhang ,&nbsp;Xinxin Li ,&nbsp;Wen Deng ,&nbsp;Yaqin Zhang ,&nbsp;Weihua Cao ,&nbsp;Xin Wei ,&nbsp;Zixuan Gao ,&nbsp;Linmei Yao ,&nbsp;Shuojie Wang ,&nbsp;Yao Xie ,&nbsp;Minghui Li","doi":"10.1016/j.bsheal.2025.10.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bsheal.2025.10.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To investigate the clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) during interferon antiviral therapy and to explore the correlation between interferon use and COVID-19 infection and clinical indicators in these patients. A retrospective study was conducted on 477 Patient with CHB who visited the Second Hepatology Department of Ditan Hospital from December 2022 to February 2023. Patients were divided into an interferon group and a nucleoside analogue group based on whether they received interferon treatment. COVID-19 infection and fever duration were the primary indicators, while blood routine and liver function were the secondary indicators. Differences in COVID-19 infection rate, fever duration, and related laboratory tests between the two groups were compared. There were 184 patients in the interferon group and 293 patients in the nucleoside analogue group. The COVID-19 infection rate was 73.91 % (136/184) in the interferon group and 92.15 % (270/293) in the nucleoside analogue group, with a statistically significant difference (<em>χ</em>² = 29.67, <em>P</em> &lt; 0.001). After COVID-19 infection, the fever duration was shorter in the interferon group than in the nucleoside analogue group, with a statistically significant difference (<em>χ</em>² = 130.15, <em>P</em> &lt; 0.001). Logistic regression analysis showed that interferon use was an independent influencing factor for COVID-19 (odds ratio = 0.25, 95 % confidence interval: 0.14–0.43, <em>P</em> &lt; 0.001). Compared with the nucleoside analogue group, the levels of white blood cells, neutrophils, lymphocytes, platelets, and aminotransferases were significantly different in the interferon group (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05). There were no differences between the two groups in creatinine and cardiac enzymes (<em>P</em> &gt; 0.05). Interferon therapy can reduce the COVID-19 infection rate in patient with CHB and shorten the fever duration to a certain extent.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36178,"journal":{"name":"Biosafety and Health","volume":"7 6","pages":"Pages 377-383"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145808523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"TempSnap-Trace: A temporal snapshot-based framework for haplotype network tracing","authors":"Jiajun Liu ,&nbsp;Decheng Li ,&nbsp;Yixue Li ,&nbsp;Tao Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.bsheal.2025.11.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bsheal.2025.11.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To address the challenge of tracking large-scale viral evolutionary history, this study introduces TempSnap-Trace, a novel computational framework designed for this purpose. The methodology processes genomic data to generate variant-featured haplotype strings. Subsequently, the minimum-cost arborescence network (McAN) algorithm is employed to infer phylogenetic relationships, from which weighted temporal snapshot networks are constructed. Core evolutionary nodes are then identified using community detection approach. This method integrates mutation sites, network topology, and directional information to reconstruct backbone evolutionary pathways based on inter-community similarity over time. Compared to community detection methods based on unweighted graphs, this approach increased modularity by 17.4 % and reduced code length by 30.1 %. This approach was validated on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) data, where it successfully identified the French B.1 lineage as a key transmission hub and accurately traced the backbone evolutionary paths of major variants, including Beta (B.1.351) and Zeta (P.2). Its utility was further demonstrated by delineating the evolutionary trajectory of the Mpox IIb B.1 variant. Furthermore, through extensive parallelization and algorithmic optimizations, the framework exhibits exceptional computational efficiency and scalability: in benchmark tests against the viral genome evolutionary analysis system (VENAS) workflow, our end-to-end pipeline demonstrated a 27-fold speedup (55.1 s <em>vs.</em> 1,492.6 s) and successfully processed a massive dataset in 23.6 h that caused VENAS to fail due to memory limitations. These findings validate the utility of TempSnap-Trace for large-scale viral surveillance, highlighting its distinct advantages in cross-border transmission warning and variant origin tracing. The code of TempSnap-Trace is available at <span><span>https://github.com/Jiajun0413/TempSnap-Trace</span><svg><path></path></svg></span>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36178,"journal":{"name":"Biosafety and Health","volume":"7 6","pages":"Pages 403-414"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145808519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application progress and biosafety challenges of gene editing and synthetic biotechnology in diagnosis, treatment and prevention of infectious diseases","authors":"Zixuan Gao ,&nbsp;Yuanjiao Gao ,&nbsp;Shuojie Wang ,&nbsp;Xinxin Li ,&nbsp;Weihua Cao ,&nbsp;Wen Deng ,&nbsp;Linmei Yao ,&nbsp;Xin Wei ,&nbsp;Ziyu Zhang ,&nbsp;Shiyu Wang ,&nbsp;Yaqin Zhang ,&nbsp;Minghui Li ,&nbsp;Yao Xie","doi":"10.1016/j.bsheal.2025.09.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bsheal.2025.09.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Global infectious disease prevention faces escalating challenges due to the continual emergence of novel pathogens and rapid viral mutations. Synthetic biology has revolutionized this field by enabling precise diagnostics, innovative vaccine platforms, and targeted therapeutics, yet it simultaneously raises concerns regarding dual-use potential, biosafety, and ethical governance. This systematic review (2015–2025, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus) focuses on CRISPR-based diagnostics, synthetic vaccines, and engineered probiotics. CRISPR/Cas systems such as DETECTR (Cas12a) and SHERLOCK (Cas13a) demonstrate high sensitivity and rapid pathogen detection (e.g., SARS-CoV-2, Ebola), but their misuse could enhance pathogen virulence or enable bioweapon development. mRNA and viral vector vaccines offer flexible and rapid responses to emerging infections but encounter limitations in molecular stability, delivery system toxicity, and ecological safety. Engineered probiotics, designed as “living therapeutics,” can detect pathogens and modulate immune responses, yet pose potential risks of horizontal gene transfer and host-specific variability. Overall, while synthetic biology provides transformative tools for infectious disease control, it necessitates robust global regulatory frameworks, standardized biosafety practices, and ethical oversight to ensure responsible and sustainable application.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36178,"journal":{"name":"Biosafety and Health","volume":"7 5","pages":"Pages 312-322"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145374319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating viral inactivation in the liquid waste stream from a viral total nucleic acid extraction kit for safe disposal","authors":"Charles Gan ,&nbsp;Melissa Pitton ,&nbsp;Lea Caduff ,&nbsp;Timothy R. Julian","doi":"10.1016/j.bsheal.2025.09.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bsheal.2025.09.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Safe laboratory processing requires mitigating risks from the release of pathogens into the environment through generated waste streams. This study evaluated the inactivation kinetics of bacteriophage MS2 as a surrogate for infectious viruses in liquid waste produced from total nucleic acid extractions of wastewater. The goal was to determine a waste handling protocol that ensures sufficient viral infectivity loss (i.e., inactivation) for safe disposal. Liquid waste was generated using a viral total nucleic acid extraction kit (Wizard® Enviro Total Nucleic Acid Kit, Promega, The United States of America) containing guanidinium chloride, isopropanol, ethanol, and other residual reagents. MS2 phage was artificially added into liquid waste, and inactivation was monitored over 24 h using double agar layer plaque assays. A one-phase exponential decay model was applied to estimate the time required for safe disposal, showing MS2 inactivation followed an exponential decay pattern, achieving a predicted 6-log₁₀ reduction at an average of 2.41 h (145 min), with a 95 % confidence interval of 1.34 h (80 min) to 4.05 h (243 min). However, only the 24-hour holding time was observed to significantly exceed the 6-log₁₀ reduction threshold, supporting its recommendation as a conservative and practical holding time after which the waste can be safely disposed of as chemical solvent waste without additional decontamination measures such as autoclaving, as viral infectivity is reduced by at least 6-log₁₀.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36178,"journal":{"name":"Biosafety and Health","volume":"7 5","pages":"Pages 275-280"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145374318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metagenomics research on the gut microbiota of the Marmota himalayana of the Sanjiangyuan National Nature Reserve in Qinghai Province, China","authors":"Ying Ma ,&nbsp;Ziyan Li ,&nbsp;Pengbo Liu ,&nbsp;Youwen Wei ,&nbsp;Ke Jiang ,&nbsp;Yujuan Yue ,&nbsp;Aiping Zhang ,&nbsp;Wenlong Wang ,&nbsp;Lingwen Li ,&nbsp;Penghui Zhang ,&nbsp;Xingyue Gu ,&nbsp;Qiyong Liu ,&nbsp;Liang Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.bsheal.2025.09.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bsheal.2025.09.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the improvement of transportation and the rise of tourism on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, the scope of human activities has continuously expanded, increasing opportunities for contact with wildlife, also exacerbating the outbreak rate of zoonotic emerging infectious diseases. Currently, research on the gut microbiota of wildlife, especially <em>Marmota himalayana</em> (<em>M. himalayana</em>), which are reservoir hosts for plague, is scarce. In this study, we investigated the composition, function, and regional variations of the gut microbiota in <em>M. himalayana</em> based on the metagenomic sequencing of 45 fecal samples from the Sanjiangyuan National Nature Reserve in Qinghai Province. The results indicated that at the phylum level, the dominant bacterial phyla in the gut microbiota of the <em>M. himalayana</em> were <em>Firmicutes</em>, <em>Bacteroidota</em>, and <em>Proteobacteria</em>, collectively accounting for 74.16 % of the community. At the genus level, the top three most abundant genera were <em>Alistipes</em> (11.86 % ± 1.56 %), <em>Bacteroides</em> (6.68 % ± 0.95 %), and <em>Clostridium</em> (4.92 % ± 1.04 %). Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) database annotation results showed that the most enriched functional categories of the marmot gut microbiota were metabolism, genetic information processing (GIP), and environmental information processing (EIP). These active functions played a crucial role in food digestion, nutrient absorption, metabolic balance maintenance, and pathogen defense, aiding the marmot in better adapting to the extreme environment of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. The study provided critical insights into host-microbe interactions, highlighting the role of microbiota in the survival and conservation of endangered species in unique habitats.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36178,"journal":{"name":"Biosafety and Health","volume":"7 5","pages":"Pages 281-294"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145374320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global trends, age-period-cohort analysis, and future projections of diarrhea burden: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","authors":"Mengjiao Xie ,&nbsp;Yang Song ,&nbsp;Jing Tao ,&nbsp;Mengnan Jiang ,&nbsp;Yang Liu ,&nbsp;Io Hong Cheong ,&nbsp;Zisis Kozlakidis ,&nbsp;Zhaorui Chang ,&nbsp;Qiang Wei","doi":"10.1016/j.bsheal.2025.09.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bsheal.2025.09.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Diarrhea is currently a prominent global public health issue. This study evaluated recent trends in the global burden of diarrhea and projected future changes over the next decade. Using the diarrhea data from the global burden of disease (GBD) 2021, this study assessed the temporal trends using Joinpoint regression and explored the impact of different factors using age-period-cohort modeling. Decomposition analysis identified drivers of disease burden changes, and the Bayesian age-period-cohort (BAPC) model predicted future trends. Additionally, health inequalities were measured by the inequality slope index and the concentration index. Results show a downward trend in the global burden of diarrhea since 1990. Age-period-cohort analysis suggests that the risk of incidence decreases with age until the age of 20, but increases with age after the age of 60. Risk of death from diarrhea was highest in children aged 0–4 and also increasesd after the age of 60. Decomposition identified population growth as the primary driver of burden changes, and BAPC projections indicated that the burden of diarrhea will continue declining. However, significant inequalities persist, with lower sociodemographic index (SDI) countries bearing a disproportionately high burden, although these gaps have decreased over time. The conclusion highlights that children under 5 and adults over 60 face the highest risks of diarrhea incidence and death. More attention should be paid to these populations, and effective public health policies should be implemented.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36178,"journal":{"name":"Biosafety and Health","volume":"7 5","pages":"Pages 295-305"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145374325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interactions between zoonotic pathogens and infectious disease spread: Why understanding mechanisms and modelling matters more than ever","authors":"Naizhe Li ,&nbsp;Sunxiao Ruan ,&nbsp;Huaiyu Tian","doi":"10.1016/j.bsheal.2025.07.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bsheal.2025.07.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Interactions among zoonotic pathogens play a critical role in shaping disease transmission, severity, and public health responses. However, the mechanisms and population-level consequences of these interactions remain underexplored in current modelling frameworks. This review aims to synthesize emerging evidence and address key scientific challenges in understanding how pathogen interactions influence transmission dynamics and mathematical modelling, with a focus on zoonotic and other cocirculating pathogens. In this review, we synthesize current evidence on synergistic, antagonistic, and neutral interactions between zoonotic and other cocirculating pathogens. We explore the underlying mechanisms of these interactions, such as transmission enhancement, immune modulation, and resource competition, at both the individual and population levels. We further review mathematical models to illustrate how these interaction features, such as transmission pathways, coinfection histories, cross-immunity, and superspreading potential, could be incorporated into epidemiological frameworks to increase our understanding of the community transmission of infections. Particular attention is given to the challenges of parameter estimation, incomplete surveillance data, and the difficulty of modelling interactions across scales and pathogen types. Understanding and modelling these interactions is essential for predicting outbreak trajectories, designing effective vaccination strategies, and improving early-warning systems. We conclude by calling for enhanced integration of empirical data and mechanistic modelling, especially in the context of emerging zoonoses and postpandemic preparedness. This review provides a structured perspective to support future interdisciplinary efforts aimed at managing cocirculating pathogens and mitigating their public health impact.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36178,"journal":{"name":"Biosafety and Health","volume":"7 5","pages":"Pages 267-274"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145374324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}