Biosafety and Health最新文献

{"title":"Exploring enterovirus pathogenesis and cancer therapy potential through reverse genetics","authors":"Shijin Wang ,&nbsp;Qing Yu ,&nbsp;Junfeng Zhou ,&nbsp;Wanshan Yang ,&nbsp;Yonggang Wang ,&nbsp;Haoran Guo ,&nbsp;Wei Wei","doi":"10.1016/j.bsheal.2025.01.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bsheal.2025.01.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Over the past decades, oncolytic viruses have emerged as prominent therapeutic agents with significant potential for anticancer treatment. Enteroviruses (EVs) have garnered particular attention due to their specific tropism for various types of tumor cells. The rapid advancement of reverse genetics has enabled its application in the genetic modification of enteroviruses and the investigation of viral infection mechanisms. The utilization of reverse genetics has significantly enhanced our understanding of the infection mechanisms and pathogenesis of enteroviruses, while concurrently facilitating the development of translational therapies related to these viruses. In this review, we summarize the progress in the application of reverse genetics to oncolytic enteroviruses and their potential clinical applications. Specifically, we discuss the characteristics of EVs and the applications of reverse genetics in EV research. We review the utilization of reverse genetics in mechanistic investigations of EVs and in exploring the oncolytic potential of EVs. Further, we discuss the oncolytic roles of specific EVs including EV-A71, coxsackievirus B3 (CV-B3), echovirus 7 (Echo-7), CV-A21, and poliovirus. Our review highlights the advances in oncolytic therapy utilizing EVs with specific tumor tropism, which holds significant potential for immunotherapy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36178,"journal":{"name":"Biosafety and Health","volume":"7 1","pages":"Pages 74-82"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143507993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genomic characteristics of 12 HBV-I strains in the 2020 national HBV serosurvey in China","authors":"Qiudong Su,&nbsp;Liping Shen,&nbsp;Xiaoqi Guo,&nbsp;Shuang Zhang,&nbsp;Feng Qiu,&nbsp;Shengli Bi,&nbsp;Feng Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.bsheal.2025.01.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bsheal.2025.01.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is categorized into ten distinct genotypes (A − J), with over 40 subgenotypes identified to date. HBV genotype I (HBV-I), an inter-genotypic recombinant, has emerged during the evolution history of HBV. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of the genomic characteristics of HBV-I in China, employing a range of methodologies including phylogenetic analysis, nucleotide homology assessment, examination of amino acid substitutions within the PreS/S region, recombination detection, and evolutionary analysis. The 12 HBV-I strains, classified into subgenotype I1 and predominantly serotype <em>adw2</em> (with one exception being <em>ayw1</em>) were preliminarily divided into two clusters based on homology analysis. A higher substitution rate was observed in the antigenic loop of the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), and the potential immune-escape mutations were found. Molecular clock analysis estimated an average evolutionary rate for HBV-I between 1.17 exp(−4) and 1.61 exp(−4) substitutions/site/year, with the most recent common ancestor traced back to between year 1740 and 1774. The epidemiological surveillance and genomic characterization of HBV genotype I are significant for informing future strategies in the prevention and control of hepatitis B.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36178,"journal":{"name":"Biosafety and Health","volume":"7 1","pages":"Pages 17-25"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143507987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epidemiological characteristics of human adenovirus infections in China, 2020–2023","authors":"Chongyang Li ,&nbsp;Yitong Lin ,&nbsp;Naiying Mao ,&nbsp;Yixuan Gao ,&nbsp;Ying Liu ,&nbsp;Liwei Sun ,&nbsp;Hui Zhang ,&nbsp;Jin Xu ,&nbsp;Maozhong Li ,&nbsp;Feng Zhang ,&nbsp;Xiaoqing Liu ,&nbsp;Linqing Zhao ,&nbsp;Bing Zhu ,&nbsp;Ye Chen ,&nbsp;Min Mu ,&nbsp;Xiaoling Tian ,&nbsp;Hongmei Xu ,&nbsp;Chaoyang Huang ,&nbsp;Zhong Li ,&nbsp;Jing Xu ,&nbsp;Zhen Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.bsheal.2025.01.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bsheal.2025.01.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To better understand the epidemiological characteristics of human adenovirus (HAdV) infections in China during and after the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, respiratory specimens were collected from 17,562 enrolled patients with acute respiratory infections (ARIs) in 14 sentinel surveillance provinces during 2020–2023. Eight common respiratory viruses were detected using commercially available nucleic acid detection kits. HAdV-positive cases were statistically analyzed for detection rates, geographic distribution, seasonal patterns, demographic characteristics, and co-infection status. The results of this study showed that the overall HAdV detection rate was 5.09 % (894/17,562) during 2020–2023, with a gradual decrease in the annual detection rate from 6.66 % in 2020 to 3.89 % in 2022 and a rebound in 2023 (5.19 %). The overall HAdV detection rate was significantly higher in the southern region (6.15 %) than in the northern region (4.76 %) (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.001). The median age of patients with HAdV infection was 3 years, with infants aged 0–2 years accounting for the majority (41.39 %). HAdV-positive cases were detected throughout the year, with no clear seasonal pattern, and the HAdV epidemic in China during 2020–2023 may have been driven primarily by the virus infection in the southern region. Co-infections were frequent in HAdV-positive cases (overall rate: 36.01 %), primarily consisting of dual infections (79.28 %), with human rhinovirus and human respiratory syncytial virus being the most common coinfecting pathogens. In conclusion, this study suggested the significant regional and temporal variation in HAdV detection rate in China during 2020–2023, and thus ongoing surveillance should be conducted to elucidate the epidemiological dynamics of HAdV infections.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36178,"journal":{"name":"Biosafety and Health","volume":"7 1","pages":"Pages 26-32"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143507989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrative single-cell and metagenomic analysis dissects SARS-CoV-2 shedding modes in human respiratory tract","authors":"Xiangxing Jin ,&nbsp;Lili Ren ,&nbsp;Xianwen Ren ,&nbsp;Jianwei Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.bsheal.2025.01.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bsheal.2025.01.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>It is crucial to understand how severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) sheds in human respiratory tract, but this question remains elusive due to technical limitations. In this study, we integrated published human metagenomic data of SARS-CoV-2 and developed a novel algorithm named RedeCoronaVS to systematically dissect SARS-CoV-2 shedding modes with single-cell data as reference. Our study demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 particles were the dominant mode of viral shedding in the very early infection phase (≤24 h after hospitalization). Within the first week after hospitalization, SARS-CoV-2 replicas within host cells dominated viral shedding alongside viral particles. One week later, viral fragments became the dominant mode in patients with mild or moderate symptoms, while viral replicas still dominated in some patients with severe symptoms. In addition to epithelial cells, SARS-CoV-2 replicas in neutrophils, macrophages, and plasma cells also played significant roles and were associated with sampling time and disease severity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36178,"journal":{"name":"Biosafety and Health","volume":"7 1","pages":"Pages 5-16"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143507986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bibliometric analysis of flavivirus-host interactions and immune responses: Research hotspots and trends","authors":"Yuxin Xiong,&nbsp;Wenxin Fan,&nbsp;Ying Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.bsheal.2024.12.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bsheal.2024.12.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Flaviviruses are zoonotic pathogens transmitted by infected mosquitoes and ticks, posing a persistent threat to global health. These infections lead to a diverse spectrum of diseases, broadly classified into two phenotypes: systemic hemorrhagic conditions, such as dengue and yellow fever, and neurological complications, exemplified by West Nile virus (WNV) and Zika virus (ZIKV) infections. The interactions between flaviviruses and human host cells are pivotal to the viral lifecycle and the activation of host immunity. Investigating the molecular mechanisms of flavivirus-host interactions is essential for understanding viral pathogenesis, managing epidemics, optimizing therapeutic strategies, and enhancing public health security. Flaviviruses utilize various strategies to evade the host immune system, and understanding these mechanisms is critical for the development of antiviral therapeutics. This study employs bibliometric methods, leveraging CiteSpace and VOSviewer software, to analyze literature on flavivirus-host interactions and the associated immune responses. By examining developmental trends and pivotal research areas, this analysis provides insights and guidance for future studies in this field.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36178,"journal":{"name":"Biosafety and Health","volume":"7 1","pages":"Pages 38-43"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143507990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Targeting anti-virulence factor strategies of bacterial pathogens","authors":"Jiashu Li ,&nbsp;Tianyuan Jia ,&nbsp;Liang Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.bsheal.2025.01.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bsheal.2025.01.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Antibiotic-resistant bacterial pathogens pose substantial biosafety and health hazards, leading to millions of deaths each year. The evolution of bacterial virulence factors is mainly propelled by horizontal gene transfer (HGT). In addition to traditional antibiotics, antimicrobial strategies targeting biofilm-related virulence factors and quorum sensing (QS)-related virulence factors can effectively restrain drug-resistant bacteria. Future anti-virulence strategies, encompassing natural drugs, antibiotic resistance inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), and vaccines, are in the development pipeline. Consequently, by disrupting virulence factors, these drugs can eliminate the ability of bacterial pathogens to cause disease. In conclusion, this Perspective comprehensively summarizes current anti-bacterial virulence factor strategies and prospects for future cutting-edge approaches, which may address the issues of antibacterial resistance and curtail the spread of pathogens in the future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36178,"journal":{"name":"Biosafety and Health","volume":"7 1","pages":"Pages 1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143507985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards the first synthetic eukaryotic cell","authors":"Wangyue Xu ,&nbsp;Yue Teng ,&nbsp;Sijie Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.bsheal.2024.11.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bsheal.2024.11.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the rapid advance in synthetic biology and the expanding field of synthetic genomics, the realization of a redesigned yeast genome has become an achievable milestone. Multiple eukaryotic chromosomes, meticulously designed and synthesized, are now being systematically integrated to create an entirely synthetic eukaryotic cell. This comprehensive review examines the fundamental design principles and construction strategies, highlighting critical technological breakthroughs in pursuing the first synthetic eukaryotic cell. Additionally, it underscores the critical contributions of the Sc2.0 project, which has provided essential tools and engineered cellular platforms that have significantly accelerated research and industrial progress. The ethical and legal implications arising from synthetic eukaryotic life are also explored, offering insights into future research directions for synthetic eukaryotic genomes. The remarkable advances in deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis hold immense potential, promising to unlock new opportunities across medicine, industry, agriculture, and research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36178,"journal":{"name":"Biosafety and Health","volume":"6 6","pages":"Pages 376-382"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143340980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antigenicity and genetic properties of an Eurasian avian-like H1N1 swine influenza virus in Jiangsu Province, China","authors":"Fang He ,&nbsp;Huiyan Yu ,&nbsp;Liqi Liu ,&nbsp;Xiyan Li ,&nbsp;Yadong Xing ,&nbsp;Lei Yang ,&nbsp;Pengfei Yang ,&nbsp;Liguo Zhu ,&nbsp;Zi Li","doi":"10.1016/j.bsheal.2024.11.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bsheal.2024.11.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pigs are vital genetic mixing vessels for human and avian influenza viruses because their tracheal epitheliums possess both sialic acid α-2,6-Gal and α-2,3-Gal receptors. Cross-species transmission of influenza A viruses from swine to humans occurs occasionally. The first case of human infection with the Eurasian avian-like H1N1 swine influenza virus (EAH1N1 SIVs) genotype G4 was detected in Jiangsu Province, China, in February 2023, and backtracking epidemiological investigations did not reveal a clear source of the infection. The hemagglutination (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) amino acid variant sites, antiviral drug susceptibility, and antigenic variation of the isolated A/Jiangsu/27271/2023 (JS/27271/23) virus were analyzed, and we evaluated the protective effect of sera collected from occupationally exposed populations in 2024 against the virus. Compared with the vaccine strain, the nucleotide sequence similarities of JS/27271/23 HA and NA were 96.5 % and 95.2 %, respectively. JS/27271/23 was sensitive to polymerase inhibitors (favipiravir and baloxavir), and the antigenicity of its HA protein was 8-fold different from that of the vaccine strain. The percentage of occupationally exposed population with antibody titers of ≥ 40 against A/Hunan/42443/2015 (HN/42443/15) and A/Jiangsu/1/2011 (JS/1/11) were 7.25 % and 2.25 %, respectively, and the geometric mean titers (GMT) were 6.24 and 5.34, respectively. Out of 400 serum samples examined, none had antibody titers of ≥ 40 against JS/27271/23. This suggests that low serum levels of antibodies to EAH1N1 SIVs in occupationally exposed populations may not provide adequate protection because of significant differences in amino acid sites and antigenicity between this virus and the current vaccine strain of EAH1N1 SIVs. There is no evidence of human-to-human transmission of EAH1N1 SIVs. Therefore, surveillance for EAH1N1 SIVs and the development of new vaccine strains are required.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36178,"journal":{"name":"Biosafety and Health","volume":"6 6","pages":"Pages 319-326"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143341177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular epidemiological study on tick-borne pathogens in Qinghai Province, Northwestern China","authors":"Chunfeng Luo ,&nbsp;Yonghong Song ,&nbsp;Luoyuan Xia ,&nbsp;Minxuan Liu ,&nbsp;Hao Feng ,&nbsp;Licheng Xiao ,&nbsp;Ming Xu ,&nbsp;Xiangyin Cai ,&nbsp;Jianye Cui ,&nbsp;Rong Xiang ,&nbsp;Jihu Yang ,&nbsp;Wei Kan ,&nbsp;Yanli Shen ,&nbsp;Yuanlian Ma ,&nbsp;Zhanhao Zeng ,&nbsp;Baohan Liu ,&nbsp;Yulian Tao ,&nbsp;Huimin Yu ,&nbsp;Yi Sun ,&nbsp;Xiaorun Wang ,&nbsp;Jiafu Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.bsheal.2024.11.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bsheal.2024.11.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recently, there has been a continuous stream of reports on emerging tick-borne pathogens affecting humans. Qinghai Province, located in the northweastern region, is one of China’s major pastoral areas, providing a suitable environment for ticks' survival and transmitting tick-borne pathogens. Here, we collected 560 free-living and parasitic ticks from 11 locations in Qinghai Province using the flag-drag method or tweezers, identifying them as belonging to 4 species of ticks. The overall positivity rate for tick-borne pathogens was 51.61 %, comprising <em>Rickettsia</em> (34.64 %), <em>Anaplasma</em> (5.00 %), <em>Ehrlichia</em> (2.14 %), <em>Borrelia burgdorferi</em> sensu lato (BBSL) (7.50 %), <em>Babesia</em> (0.18 %), and <em>Theileria</em> (5.89 %). Sequencing revealed the presence of 7 species of <em>Rickettsia</em>, 4 species of <em>Anaplasma</em>, 2 species of <em>Ehrlichia</em>, 2 species of BBSL, 1 species of <em>Babesia,</em> and 3 species of <em>Theileria</em>. Among the ticks, 6.43 % were co-infected with 2 pathogens, while 0.36 % exhibited co-infection with 3 pathogens. Significant correlations (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05) were observed between the prevalence of tick-borne pathogens and factors including tick species, sex, developmental stages, parasitic status, and blood-feeding status. The results highlight the diverse distribution of tick-borne pathogens in Qinghai Province, posing a significant threat to both local animal husbandry and human health. It underscores the need to enhance systematic monitoring of tick-borne pathogens in the local population and livestock.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36178,"journal":{"name":"Biosafety and Health","volume":"6 6","pages":"Pages 361-368"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143340978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rapid generation and characterization of recombinant HCoV-OC43-VR1558 infectious clones expressing reporter Renilla luciferase","authors":"Fei Ye ,&nbsp;Na Wang ,&nbsp;Qiongge Guan ,&nbsp;Mengwei Wang ,&nbsp;Jiewei Sun ,&nbsp;Desheng Zhai ,&nbsp;Baoying Huang ,&nbsp;Ying Zhao ,&nbsp;Wenjie Tan","doi":"10.1016/j.bsheal.2024.11.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bsheal.2024.11.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Viral infectious clones (ICs) serve as robust platforms for studying viral biology and screening antiviral agents using reverse genetics. However, the molecular profiles and complex limitations of human coronaviruses (HCoVs) pose a challenge to ICs development. In this study, we report a novel platform to develop the ICs for HCoV-OC43-VR1558 using a one-step assembly method in yeast by transformation-associated recombination (TAR) technology. Recombinant HCoV-OC43-VR1558, named as rOC43(1558)-WT, was rapidly generated by TAR. In addition, recombinant HCoV-OC43-VR1558-expressing reporter genes, named as rOC43(1558)-ns2FusionRluc, was also generated based on TAR by inserting the ns2 region of the IC with Renilla luciferase (Rluc). We further characterized their replication through virus titration using 50 % tissue culture infective dose (TCID₅₀) and indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA), luciferase reporter assay, and western blotting (WB) assay. The genetic stability of the recombinant HCoV-OC43 was assessed through viral genome sequencing following passaging in BHK-21 cells. These reporter viruses were validated as screening tools for inhibitors <em>in vitro</em> by evaluating the antiviral activities of remdesivir and chloroquine. The phenotypes of HCoV-OC43-VR1558 and HCoV-OC43-VR759 were compared <em>in vitro</em> and <em>in vivo</em>. The TAR-based one-step assembly of IC was successfully applied, facilitating the rapid generation of recombinant HCoV-OC43 and providing a useful platform for the investigation of biological mechanisms, development of vaccines and diagnostic tests, and screening inhibitors of HCoVs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36178,"journal":{"name":"Biosafety and Health","volume":"6 6","pages":"Pages 350-360"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143340976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}