Human Nutrition and Metabolism最新文献

{"title":"A starch- and sucrose-reduced diet leads to a more favorable nutrient profile than low FODMAP in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. A randomized clinical trial","authors":"Noor Al-Shiblawi ,&nbsp;Kristina Cullman ,&nbsp;Bodil Roth ,&nbsp;Therese Liljebo ,&nbsp;Stine Störsrud ,&nbsp;Bodil Ohlsson","doi":"10.1016/j.hnm.2025.200337","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hnm.2025.200337","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A diet low in fermentable oligo-, di-, and monosaccharides and polyols (FODMAP) and a starch- and sucrose-reduced diet (SSRD) both alleviate symptoms in IBS. Our hypothesis was that restrictive diets may preserve good nutritional supply. The aims of the study were to compare nutritional intake between SSRD and low FODMAP, and correlations between changes in nutrient intake, weight, and symptoms. This open, non-inferiority trial included patients with IBS according to Rome IV for a 4-week dietary intervention. Patients completed a 3-day food diary, study questionnaire, Rome IV questionnaire, IBS-severity scoring system (IBS-SSS), and visual analog scale for IBS (VAS-IBS) at baseline, after 4 weeks of either SSRD or low FODMAP, and at a 6-month follow-up. Daily intake of nutrients was calculated. In total, 155 patients (84 % women), 42 (32–55) years, weight 69.2 (63.0–82.9) kg, were included; 77 randomized to SSRD and 78 to low FODMAP diet. After 4 weeks, both SSRD and low FODMAP reduced symptoms, weight, and intake of calories, carbohydrates, sucrose, and monosaccharides, while vitamin D and B12 intake were increased. SSRD uniquely reduced added sugar, disaccharides, starch, and sodium chloride intake, while increasing protein, fat, vitamins, and minerals. In contrast, low FODMAP reduced intakes in fiber and several vitamins and minerals after 4 weeks and follow-up. The reductions of galacto-oligosaccharides and fructan were most pronounced in SSRD (p &lt; 0.001). These findings highlight the SSRD's potential for broader health benefits and a more nutritionally balanced approach with higher nutrient density compared to the low FODMAP diet.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36125,"journal":{"name":"Human Nutrition and Metabolism","volume":"42 ","pages":"Article 200337"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144830166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of L-arginine, L-citrulline and micronutrient supplementation on elevated triglyceride levels and metabolic syndrome severity score","authors":"Felix Kerlikowsky,&nbsp;Andreas Hahn","doi":"10.1016/j.hnm.2025.200346","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hnm.2025.200346","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is characterized by a cluster of metabolic disturbances, including elevated triglyceride (TAG) levels, obesity, and hypertension, and is associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Dietary interventions involving L-arginine (L-Arg), L-citrulline (L-Cit) and micronutrients may support numerous physiological functions and improve health during metabolic disturbances. We hypothesized that L-Arg, L-Cit, and micronutrient supplementation decreases elevated TAG levels (≥150 mg/dL) and improves metabolic health. This proof-of-principle study was an eight-week randomized double-blind intervention involving 60 obese individuals (age: 59.9 ± 7.5 years, BMI: 33.6 ± 4.7 kg/m², TAG level: 211 ± 71.2 mg/dL). The study aimed to investigate the potential effects of L-Arg, L-Cit, and micronutrient supplementation on TAG levels and the MetS severity score based on waist circumference (WC). After eight-weeks of supplementation, the verum group showed a significant decrease in TAG levels compared to placebo (p &lt; 0.001), and significant reductions in LDL-C (p = 0.038), systolic blood pressure (BP) (p = 0.040), and body fat mass (p = 0.045). In contrast, no effects were observed on fasting glucose, WC or diastolic BP. Participants in the verum group showed a significant decrease in the MetS severity score (p = 0.041), suggesting an improvement in metabolic health, while those in the placebo group showed no changes. This proof-of-principle study indicate that L-Arg, L-Cit, and micronutrient supplementation may reduce TAG levels and potentially improve overall metabolic health in obese individuals with elevated TAG. Confirmatory studies are needed to substantiate these exploratory findings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36125,"journal":{"name":"Human Nutrition and Metabolism","volume":"42 ","pages":"Article 200346"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145157619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chocolate milk significantly reduced serum lactate levels compared to other recovery drinks: A comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","authors":"Mohammad Mehdi Abbasi ,&nbsp;Abbas Maghsoudifar ,&nbsp;Ghazaleh Eslamian","doi":"10.1016/j.hnm.2025.200343","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hnm.2025.200343","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Chocolate milk (CM) is a widely used recovery beverage among athletes due to its favorable nutritional profile and hydration properties. However, its effects on different recovery markers after exercise remain unclear. This study aimed to systematically review and meta-analyze randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing CM's impact on recovery indices.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A comprehensive search of Web of Science, PubMed, Embase, and Scopus databases was conducted up to April 2025 for RCTs administering CM to healthy adults post-exercise. Weighted mean differences (WMDs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for outcomes including body weight, serum creatine kinase (CK), lactate, myoglobin, cortisol, plasma glucose, and insulin. Subgroup, sensitivity, meta-regression, and dose-response analyses were performed to explore heterogeneity sources and moderator effects.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Sixteen RCTs (200 participants) were included in the systematic review, and 12 RCTs (140 participants) were analyzed quantitatively. CM showed no significant effect on body weight (WMD: 0.18 kg, 95 % CI: -0.10 to 0.47, P = 0.20) or serum CK (WMD: -52.40 U/L, 95 % CI: -129.27 to 24.48, P = 0.18) compared to other recovery drinks. However, CM significantly reduced serum lactate levels (WMD: -0.75 mmol/L, 95 % CI: -1.19 to -0.31, P = 0.01), particularly in endurance athletes and U.S.-based studies. Additionally, CM decreased cortisol levels in studies conducted in the USA (WMD: -642.39 pmol/L, 95 % CI: -937.21 to -347.56, P &lt; 0.001).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>CM provides similar recovery benefits compared to other drinks but significantly lowers serum lactate. Further RCTs are needed to clarify optimal dosing strategies and assess its effects on additional recovery biomarkers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36125,"journal":{"name":"Human Nutrition and Metabolism","volume":"42 ","pages":"Article 200343"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145265459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vitamin D deficiency exacerbates phthalate exposure during pregnancy: data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007–2018","authors":"Xiaoyue Zhang ,&nbsp;Shouling Luo ,&nbsp;Zhenzhen Liu ,&nbsp;Jiangnan Pei ,&nbsp;Haiyan Liu ,&nbsp;Weirong Gu","doi":"10.1016/j.hnm.2025.200325","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hnm.2025.200325","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aimed to investigate the potential association between vitamin D levels and phthalate (PAEs) metabolism in pregnant women. Data from 372 pregnant women, collected over six cycles (2007–2018) of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), were analyzed. Urinary phthalate metabolites were quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS), while serum 1,25(OH)₂D₃ levels were measured through ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). A range of statistical methods, including Spearman correlation analysis, linear regression, and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR), were employed to analyze the data. The findings revealed significant differences in educational level, family income, hypertension status, and total phthalate salt levels between pregnant women with and without vitamin D deficiency. Specifically, CNP, COP, ECP, MHH, and MHP exhibited significant negative correlations with vitamin D levels in these women. Furthermore, BKMR analysis demonstrated an overall positive correlation between urinary phthalate salts and vitamin D deficiency in the blood of pregnant women. This research offers new insights into the relationship between vitamin D and PAEs in pregnant women, potentially contributing to strategies aimed at reducing phthalate accumulation and enhancing pregnancy health guidance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36125,"journal":{"name":"Human Nutrition and Metabolism","volume":"42 ","pages":"Article 200325"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145332456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Association between diet quality evaluated using the Meiji nutritional profiling system and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in Japanese adults and older adults: A cross-sectional study from the NILS-LSA” [Hum. Nutr. Metab. 41 (2025) 200328]","authors":"Tao Yu,&nbsp;Shu Zhang,&nbsp;Ryota Wakayama,&nbsp;Tomohito Horimoto,&nbsp;Chikako Tange,&nbsp;Yukiko Nishita,&nbsp;Rei Otsuka","doi":"10.1016/j.hnm.2025.200342","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hnm.2025.200342","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36125,"journal":{"name":"Human Nutrition and Metabolism","volume":"42 ","pages":"Article 200342"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145473831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association of dietary intake of macronutrients, legumes, and fibers with serum levels of paraoxonase-1 in patients with coronary artery disease","authors":"Sorayya Kheirouri ,&nbsp;Mohammad Alizadeh ,&nbsp;Masoumeh Rafinezhad","doi":"10.1016/j.hnm.2025.200348","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hnm.2025.200348","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and aims</h3><div>Adopting preventive measures, such as a heart-healthy diet abundant in legumes and dietary fibers, is essential for managing risk factors associated with coronary artery disease (CAD). The purpose of this investigation was to elucidate the relationship between the dietary intake of macronutrients, legumes, fibers, and serum levels of paraoxonase-1 (PON1)—an enzyme known for its protective role against CAD—in patients diagnosed with CAD.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>In this cross-sectional research, 102 CAD patients and 60 healthy controls were recruited. CAD was diagnosed through angiography, and dietary intake was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire. Serum PON1 levels were measured using an ELISA method.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The dietary intakes of fats, lentils, broad beans, and fibers were significantly lower in the patients than in the healthy group. In multivariate analysis, each unit increase in dietary protein, soluble and insoluble fibers intake was associated with 4 % (p = 0.03), 82 % (p = 0.05), and 35 % (p = 0.02) reduced odds of CAD, respectively. The high dietary intake of carbohydrates was inversely associated, but fats (total, saturated, and MUFA) and lentils were positively associated with serum PON1 levels.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>These results highlight the importance of dietary choices in influencing cardiovascular health, suggesting that incorporating lentils in the diet, increasing fiber intake, using the correct proportions of different fats (saturated or unsaturated), and moderating carbohydrate consumption may be beneficial for maintaining optimal heart health.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36125,"journal":{"name":"Human Nutrition and Metabolism","volume":"42 ","pages":"Article 200348"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145362206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of liraglutide on metabolic and reproductive outcomes in infertile women with PCOS: A prospective cohort study","authors":"Rossella Cannarella ,&nbsp;Aldo E. Calogero ,&nbsp;Federica Barbagallo ,&nbsp;Cristina Petralia ,&nbsp;Antonio Aversa ,&nbsp;Rosita A. Condorelli ,&nbsp;Sandro La Vignera","doi":"10.1016/j.hnm.2025.200331","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hnm.2025.200331","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To prospectively evaluate the effects of the administration of liraglutide plus calorie deprivation, metformin plus calorie deprivation, or calorie deprivation alone on hirsutism, metabolic profile, and ovarian reserve in infertile patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).</div></div><div><h3>Patients and methods</h3><div>This is a prospective observational study conducted on 80 insulin-resistant and infertile PCOS women. Enrolled patients received liraglutide (Saxenda®) + calorie deprivation (Group 1, n = 50), metformin + calorie deprivation (Group 2, n = 15), or calorie deprivation only (Group 3, n = 15). Endpoints were assessed in all patients before and after 120 days.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>At the end of treatment, BMI was significantly reduced in all groups, while the HOMA index decreased statistically significantly only in groups 1 and 2. Hormonal evaluation showed that serum SHBG and progesterone levels increased significantly in all three groups, while AMH levels significantly decreased in groups 1 and 3. Finally, the Ferriman-Gallwey score improved significantly in all groups. Percentage of decrease vs. baseline in BMI, HOMA index, AMH, Ferriman-Gallway score, and of increase in SHBG were higher in Group 1 than in Group 2 and Group 3. The percentage of increase in progesterone in Group 1 and Group 2 was higher than in Group 3.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The results support the use of liraglutide in insulin-resistant and infertile women with PCOS. The improvement in AMH and progesterone following liraglutide administration could be clinically useful in preparation for controlled ovarian hyperstimulation if patients with PCOS need to resort to an assisted reproductive technique.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36125,"journal":{"name":"Human Nutrition and Metabolism","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 200331"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144522328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diagnostic potential of waist–triglyceride index, triglyceride–glucose index and related indices for the detection of metabolic syndrome in Nepali adults: A cross-sectional study","authors":"Daya Ram Pokharel ,&nbsp;Abhishek Maskey ,&nbsp;Ramchandra Kafle ,&nbsp;Goma Kathayat ,&nbsp;Binod Manandhar ,&nbsp;Krishna Das Manandhar","doi":"10.1016/j.hnm.2025.200324","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hnm.2025.200324","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) is a major public health concern associated with elevated risk of cardiometabolic diseases. Conventional diagnostic criteria for MetS require multiple clinical and biochemical measurements, limiting feasibility in resource-constrained settings. Novel anthropo-metabolic indices offer a simplified, surrogate approach for risk prediction and stratification. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of the triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index, waist-triglyceride index (WTI), and their derivatives TyG-waist circumference (TyG-WC), TyG-waist-to-height ratio (TyG-WHtR), and TyG-body mass index (TyG-BMI) for detecting the risk of MetS in Nepali adults.</div><div>A cross-sectional study was conducted among 1116 adults (424 females, 692 males) recruited from the premises of Manipal Teaching Hospital, Pokhara, Nepal. Baseline sociodemographic, anthropometric, and biochemical data were collected. MetS was defined using National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATP III) criteria. Indices were calculated using standard formulae and their associations with MetS were examined using Spearman's correlation, multivariable logistic regression, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses.</div><div>All indices demonstrated significant diagnostic capability for the detection of MetS (p &lt; 0.001). The TyG index showed the highest overall accuracy, with area under the curve (AUC) of 0.920 in females and 0.874 in males. At optimal sex-specific cutoffs (≥8.66 for females, ≥8.87 for males), TyG demonstrated excellent sensitivity (female: 88.40 %, male: 85.55 %) and specificity (female: 88.00 %, male: 81.20 %). WTI and TyG-WC showed strong performance in identifying hypertriglyceridemia and central obesity, respectively. Logistic regression confirmed the TyG index as the strongest independent predictor of MetS (adjusted odds ratio (AOR): females = 58.59, males = 30.94, p &lt; 0.001). Predictive accuracy was lower for hypertension and low high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Comparative AUC analysis revealed greater index variability among females than males.</div><div>The TyG, TyG-WC and WTI are found to be robust, gender-specific tools for diagnosis of MetS and its components in Nepali adults. Their simplicity, affordability and high diagnostic accuracy support their integration into large-scale MetS screening in resource-limited settings. Sex-specific cutoffs enhance the precision of risk assessments, emphasizing the need for tailored screening strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36125,"journal":{"name":"Human Nutrition and Metabolism","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 200324"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144221474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The miracle Berry: Unveiling the therapeutic attributes of sea buckthorn – A review","authors":"Rabiya Zulfiqar ,&nbsp;Kainat Fatima ,&nbsp;Iahtisham-Ul Haq ,&nbsp;Robert Mugabi ,&nbsp;Aanchal Sharma ,&nbsp;Sarvesh Rustagi ,&nbsp;Rattan Singh ,&nbsp;Gulzar Ahmad Nayik","doi":"10.1016/j.hnm.2025.200321","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hnm.2025.200321","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sea buckthorn (<em>Hippophae rhamnoides</em> L.) is a versatile plant renowned for its exceptional nutritional and therapeutic properties. Native to mountainous regions of Asia and Europe, it has been traditionally utilized for its medicinal benefits. Its promising nutritional profile highlighted by significant levels of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, along with omega-7 palmitoleic acid and vitamin C content makes it unique from other plants. Omega-7 palmitoleic acid is an extremely beneficial MUFA that can be crucial in treating different metabolic disorders. Its valuable role in glucose metabolism, skin health, liver functions, inflammatory diseases etc. has been well-reported in the literature. In addition, sea buckthorn has a range of bioactive compounds like antioxidants, polyphenols, flavonoids, sugars, organic acids, vitamins, and minerals that are cardinal for added health benefits. These compounds contribute to the therapeutic potential of sea buckthorn delivering antioxidants, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, immune boosting and cardio-protective properties. This review sums up the chemical composition, botanical features, uses and therapeutic properties of sea buckthorn to unveil its extraordinary potential and its possible inclusion in routine therapies to improve human health its possible inclusion in routine therapies to improve human health. However, further high-quality studies are needed to firmly establish the clinical efficacy of the plant.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36125,"journal":{"name":"Human Nutrition and Metabolism","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 200321"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143941678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adherence to the mediterranean diet and risk of hypoglycemia in insulin-treated type 2 diabetic patients","authors":"Caterina Formichi ,&nbsp;Sonia Caprio ,&nbsp;Stefano Auddino ,&nbsp;Felicia Rizza ,&nbsp;Barbara Paolini ,&nbsp;Laura Nigi ,&nbsp;Francesco Dotta","doi":"10.1016/j.hnm.2025.200330","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hnm.2025.200330","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and aims</h3><div>Lifestyle intervention, aimed at weight loss and increasing physical activity, is widely known as the first-line treatment in diabetes. Adherence to a medical nutritional therapy (MNT) is even more relevant in patients on insulin therapy. However, data on the relationship between diet composition and glycemic control indexes derived from continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in type 2 diabetes (T2D) are scarce and inconsistent. Our aim was to evaluate the association between adherence do Mediterranean diet (MD) and CGM metrics in a cohort of T2D patients treated with insulin.</div></div><div><h3>Methods and results</h3><div>We retrospectively collected data of 25 patients with T2D on insulin therapy, at the Diabetes Unit of University Hospital in Siena. They were prescribed a flash glucose monitoring (FGM) system and accepted to answer the MEDLIFE questionnaire, a validated tool designed to explore the adherence to MD. Adherence to MD did not seem to influence glycemic control indexes in our cohort. It is worth mentioning that the risk of hypoglycemia and time spent in hypoglycemia was found to be highly influenced by alcohol consumption, even in minimal amounts (according to national guideline recommendations).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Nutritional counselling for patients with insulin-treated T2DM should include a focus on alcohol consumption – ideally to be avoided - and related hypoglycemic risk.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36125,"journal":{"name":"Human Nutrition and Metabolism","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 200330"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144518059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}