Andean OntologiesPub Date : 2019-07-16DOI: 10.5744/florida/9780813056371.003.0002
{"title":"Huaca Salango","authors":"","doi":"10.5744/florida/9780813056371.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813056371.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"Pre-Columbian sacred sites are complex phenomena that present a distinct challenge to rationalism. Accordingly, huaca and other Quechua concepts concerning the sacred not only provide alternative keys to the interpretation of Andean sites of Inca date, but may also be usefully applied to earlier sites that lie beyond the Andes proper. From 600 BC to 600 AD, architecture, human burials and artefact offerings all contributed to the making of a ceremonial complex associated with a natural landform and its spirit owner at Salango, on the central coast of Ecuador. Salango thus allows study both of the different means by which an ancient non-Andean huaca was constructed, and of its various functions. It also shows how the structure, substance and symbolism of individual huacas can provide direct evidence for localized ontologies that need to be understood on their own terms.","PeriodicalId":356569,"journal":{"name":"Andean Ontologies","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124773979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Andean OntologiesPub Date : 2019-07-16DOI: 10.5744/florida/9780813056371.003.0012
{"title":"Final Commentaries","authors":"","doi":"10.5744/florida/9780813056371.003.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813056371.003.0012","url":null,"abstract":"This concluding chapter reflects on the previous chapters, noting that the “ontological turn” calls for new ways of thinking about archaeological material. It notes in particular three themes that run through the various contributions: (1) using indigenous, post-conquest concepts to interrogate pre-Columbian materials; (2) rethinking the status of the human body; and (3) applying relational, or mereological, thinking to illuminate the Andean archaeological record.","PeriodicalId":356569,"journal":{"name":"Andean Ontologies","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127015685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Andean OntologiesPub Date : 2019-07-16DOI: 10.5744/florida/9780813056371.003.0011
{"title":"Rock Art, Historical Ontologies, and the Genealogy of Landscape","authors":"","doi":"10.5744/florida/9780813056371.003.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813056371.003.0011","url":null,"abstract":"Prehispanic ontologies can be conceptualized as historically situated meshworks that unfold particular engagements among humans, other-than-humans, places and substances. The affective and animacy capacities of the participant of these fields of relations are connected to their historical position within them. Through comparing the visual, technical, and spatial attributes of rock art production during 3,500 years in Valle El Encanto (Chile), we describe how the manufacture of rock paintings and petroglyphs unfolded different fields of relations. Based on the above, this chapter discusses how these particular meshworks were related to specific historical landscapes and two different ontologies: one related to hunter-gatherer groups and another to Andean-agrarian communities. The transformation identified in Valle El Encanto allows us to discuss the historical replacement of ontologies, as well as how social practices and the affective and animacy capacities of other-than-humans, places and substances changed their relative position within the fields of relation throughout history.","PeriodicalId":356569,"journal":{"name":"Andean Ontologies","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134101906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Andean OntologiesPub Date : 2019-07-16DOI: 10.5744/florida/9780813056371.003.0010
{"title":"A Past as a Place","authors":"","doi":"10.5744/florida/9780813056371.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813056371.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"The existence of a situational concept indissolubly spatial and temporal in the Bolivian altiplano, better defined by the aymara term pacha, in the south-central Andes is well sustained by ethno-historic and ethnographic accounts. However, the implications of this concept for archaeological research have not been considered enough. Is especially suggestive that, the past being necessarily a place, humans may have conceived various ways to physically interact with their pasts through ceremonialism. This chapter considers the implication of this idea within a framework of archaeology of time, applying a fractal model of the pacha concept in its various nested scales. In order to illustrate the material forms that the idea of relating with the entities of a “place of the past” can adopt, this chapter discusses three case-studies along a historic sequence. The chapter finishes with some thoughts about the specific material conducts that can be adopted, even within the same ontological framework.","PeriodicalId":356569,"journal":{"name":"Andean Ontologies","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127653101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Andean OntologiesPub Date : 2019-07-16DOI: 10.5744/florida/9780813056371.003.0005
L. Muro, Luis Jaime Castillo, Elsa Tomasto-Cagigao
{"title":"Moche Corporeal Ontologies","authors":"L. Muro, Luis Jaime Castillo, Elsa Tomasto-Cagigao","doi":"10.5744/florida/9780813056371.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813056371.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"The body is an analytical category that has been very little problematized, and even less theorized, in archaeology. This limitation is particularly notorious in Andean archaeology. This chapter resonates with the current discussion of the ontological turn in the discipline and discusses how this paradigm offers new theoretical tools for an alternative understanding of the human body, its boundaries, and the various ways in which it manifests in the natural and social world. By using Viveiros de Castro´s Amerindian Perspectivism, this chapter re-evaluates the archaeological data from the Late Moche (AD 650–850) cemetery of San José de Moro, in northern Peru, and, thus, characterizes a Moche corporeal ontology, under which the body is conceptualized as an ever-changing entity with relational characteristics and transubstantiation properties. This conceptualization echoes the Andean notion of sami or vital essence, which transfigures, transmutes, and exerts significant influences on the social and natural world of Andean people.","PeriodicalId":356569,"journal":{"name":"Andean Ontologies","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132577453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Andean OntologiesPub Date : 2019-07-16DOI: 10.5744/florida/9780813056371.003.0004
{"title":"Indigenous Anatomies","authors":"","doi":"10.5744/florida/9780813056371.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813056371.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"As bioarchaeologists who deal directly with the human body, we often neglect emic understandings of the body that are important to interpreting the worldview of indigenous populations. In this paper, Andean notions of the body are presented using indigenous terminology in an effort to highlight dramatic differences in body concept interpretation. Furthermore, three bioarchaeological Andean case studies will be presented to illustrate perceptions of the age and wellness in different archaeological contexts. It is suggested that highly contextualized and multidisciplinary research questions need to be developed in an effort to interpret emic social and cultural dimensions of the living and dead body and mortuary practices.","PeriodicalId":356569,"journal":{"name":"Andean Ontologies","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123560458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Andean OntologiesPub Date : 2019-07-16DOI: 10.5744/florida/9780813056371.003.0003
Nicco La Mattina
{"title":"Analogism at Chavín de Huántar","authors":"Nicco La Mattina","doi":"10.5744/florida/9780813056371.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813056371.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"Approaches to understanding the core beliefs and worldviews of ancient peoples are not superficially facilitated by the archaeological record. Sometimes, pre-Columbian people are described by analogy to presumably similar contemporary people; that is, a theoretical framework applicable to certain modern peoples is applied a priori in the investigation of a site. This chapter argues that at Chavín de Huántar, interpretations centred around animism and shamanism employ these concepts a priori as ways of understanding the material record. Many of the references to shamanism make specific analogies to Amazonian practices and import these ideas to Chavín de Huántar. Furthermore, the chapter authors argue that, if the iconographic and material record at Chavín de Huánta are carefully evaluated, interpretations centred around animism and shamanism will not follow. The authors demonstrate that the analogist ontology formulated by Descola finds a firmer grounding in the iconographic and material record when these are considered together.","PeriodicalId":356569,"journal":{"name":"Andean Ontologies","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127987052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Andean OntologiesPub Date : 2019-07-16DOI: 10.5744/florida/9780813056371.001.0001
{"title":"Andean Ontologies","authors":"","doi":"10.5744/florida/9780813056371.001.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813056371.001.0001","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Andean Ontologies is a fascinating interdisciplinary investigation of how ancient Andean people understood their world and the nature of being. Exploring pre-Hispanic ideas of time, space, and the human body, these essays highlight a range of beliefs across the region’s different cultures, emphasizing the relational aspects of identity in Andean worldviews. Studies included here show that Andeans physically interacted with their pasts through recurring ceremonies in their ritual calendar and that Andean bodies were believed to be changeable entities with the ability to interact with nonhuman and spiritual worlds. A survey of rock art describes Andeans’ changing relationships with places and things over time. Archaeological and ethnographic evidence reveals head hair was believed to be a conduit for the flow of spiritual power, and bioarchaeological remains offer evidence of Andean perceptions of age and wellness. Andean Ontologies breaks new ground by bringing together an array of renowned specialists including anthropologists, bioarchaeologists, historians, linguists, ethnohistorians, and art historians to evaluate ancient Amerindian ideologies through different interpretive lenses. Many are local researchers from South American countries such as Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, and Argentina, and this volume makes their work available to North American readers for the first time. Their essays are highly contextualized according to the territories and time periods studied. Instead of taking an external, outside-in approach, they prioritize internal and localized views that incorporate insights from today’s indigenous societies. This cutting-edge collection demonstrates the value of a multifaceted, holistic, inside-out approach to studying the pre-Columbian world.","PeriodicalId":356569,"journal":{"name":"Andean Ontologies","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130849145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Andean OntologiesPub Date : 2019-07-16DOI: 10.5744/florida/9780813056371.003.0006
Giles Spence-Morrow
{"title":"Moche Mereology","authors":"Giles Spence-Morrow","doi":"10.5744/florida/9780813056371.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813056371.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"Archaeological research can only proceed by arranging parts to form a whole, and conversely to deconstruct wholes through an analysis of their parts, following a philosophy known as mereology. Similar to archaeological inference, the Moche equated human bodies and built spaces as partible actors that combined to form an integrated whole. This worldview was likely based on an ontology that has been described as “synecdochal” by Andeanists. In other words, deep-seated dispositions on the interchangeablility and partibility of various beings point to a mereological logic specific to the Moche. The ritual recreations of the monument thus resulted in an “archaeological record” readily amenable to interpretation. However, we argue that ontology alone fails to explain rituals of architectural renovation and human sacrifice documented at Huaca Colorada (AD 650–850); the application of other etic categories, including ideology, epistemology, and philosophy are required to more fully interpret such complex practices.","PeriodicalId":356569,"journal":{"name":"Andean Ontologies","volume":" 86","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120826424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Andean OntologiesPub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.5744/florida/9780813056371.003.0009
Bruce Mannheim
{"title":"Ontological Foundations for Inka Archaeology","authors":"Bruce Mannheim","doi":"10.5744/florida/9780813056371.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813056371.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding distinctively Inka (and southern Quechua) ways of interacting with the world requires integrated social, cultural, linguistic, cognitive, and material evidence. These include properties of the world (“what there is”), causal relationships among them (for example, that places have social agency); and spatial orientation. Each of these follow general principles-- embodied in language, cognition, social relations, and material culture—that are interconnectioned, some mutually compatible, and others incompatible, which warrant certain social and material outcomes and not others. These in turn can be tested archaeologically.","PeriodicalId":356569,"journal":{"name":"Andean Ontologies","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124333496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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