Yipei Yang, Jing Ye, Xiaowei Li, Yinhe Han, Huawei Li, Yu Hu
{"title":"Implementation of Parametric Hardware Trojan in FPGA","authors":"Yipei Yang, Jing Ye, Xiaowei Li, Yinhe Han, Huawei Li, Yu Hu","doi":"10.1109/ITC-Asia.2019.00020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITC-Asia.2019.00020","url":null,"abstract":"The reconfigurability of FPGA makes it flexible for different applications. However, an FPGA may be delivered, designed, and deployed by different persons during its lifecycle, so anyone who can access the FPGA may bring in security issues. This paper proposes an implementation method of a parametric hardware Trojan in the FPGA. This hardware Trojan does not add any extra circuits, so many existing detection methods based on analyzing the design files are invalid.","PeriodicalId":348469,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE International Test Conference in Asia (ITC-Asia)","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129662829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yuto Sasaki, K. Machida, Riho Aoki, Shogo Katayama, Takayuki Nakatani, Jianlong Wang, Keno Sato, Takashi Ishida, Toshiyuki Okamoto, Tamotsu Ichikawa, A. Kuwana, K. Hatayama, Haruo Kobayashi
{"title":"Accurate and Fast Testing Technique of Operational Amplifier DC Offset Voltage in µV-Order by DC-AC Conversion","authors":"Yuto Sasaki, K. Machida, Riho Aoki, Shogo Katayama, Takayuki Nakatani, Jianlong Wang, Keno Sato, Takashi Ishida, Toshiyuki Okamoto, Tamotsu Ichikawa, A. Kuwana, K. Hatayama, Haruo Kobayashi","doi":"10.1109/ITC-Asia.2019.00014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITC-Asia.2019.00014","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes an accurate and fast testing technique for small DC offset voltage of a high precision operational amplifier. Chopper techniques for DC-AC conversion and FFT spectrum analysis are combined and then accurate DC voltage measurement on the order of µV can be achieved. We have also investigated thermo-electromotive force effects and their countermeasures. Their simulations and experiments with prototype measurement systems have been carried out, and the measurement linearity up to as low as 0.2 µV of the DC measurement voltage was confirmed. We have also investigated its extension to multi-channel realization for short testing time.","PeriodicalId":348469,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE International Test Conference in Asia (ITC-Asia)","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130082301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zhan Gao, Min-Chun Hu, J. Swenton, Santosh Malagi, J. Huisken, K. Goossens, E. Marinissen
{"title":"Optimization of Cell-Aware ATPG Results by Manipulating Library Cells' Defect Detection Matrices","authors":"Zhan Gao, Min-Chun Hu, J. Swenton, Santosh Malagi, J. Huisken, K. Goossens, E. Marinissen","doi":"10.1109/ITC-Asia.2019.00029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITC-Asia.2019.00029","url":null,"abstract":"Cell-aware test (CAT) explicitly targets defects inside library cells and therefore significantly reduces the number of test escapes compared to conventional automatic test pattern generation (ATPG) approaches that cover cell-internal defects only serendipitously. CAT consists of two steps, viz. (1) library characterization and (2) cell-aware ATPG. Defect detection matrices (DDMs) are used as the interface between both CAT steps; they record which cell-internal defects are detected by which cell-level test patterns. This paper proposes two algorithms that manipulate DDMs to optimize cell-aware ATPG results with respect to fault coverage, test pattern count, and compute time. Algorithm 1 identifies don't-care bits in cell patterns, such that the ATPG tool can exploit these during cell-to-chip expansion to increase fault coverage and reduce test-pattern count. Algorithm 2 selects, at cell level, a subset of preferential patterns that jointly provides maximal fault coverage at a minimized stimulus care-bit sum. To keep the ATPG compute time under control, we run cell-aware ATPG with the preferential patterns first, and a second ATPG run with the remaining patterns only if necessary. Selecting the preferential patterns maps onto a well-known N Phard problem, for which we derive an innovative heuristic that outperforms solutions in the literature. Experimental results on twelve circuits show average reductions of 43% of non-covered faults and 10% in chip-pattern count.","PeriodicalId":348469,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE International Test Conference in Asia (ITC-Asia)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130247336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Time-Related Hardware Trojan Attacks on Processor Cores","authors":"Man-Hsuan Kuo, Chun-Ming Hu, Kuen-Jong Lee","doi":"10.1109/ITC-Asia.2019.00021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITC-Asia.2019.00021","url":null,"abstract":"Real-time clock circuits are widely used in modern electronic systems to provide time information to the systems at the beginning of the system power-on. In this paper, we present two types of Hardware Trojan designs that employ the time information as the trigger conditions. One is a real-time based Trojan, which will attack a system at some specific realworld time. The other is a relative-time based Trojan, which will be triggered when a specific time period passes after the system is powered on. In either case when a Trojan is triggered its payload may corrupt the system or leakage internal information to the outside world. Experimental results show that the extra power consumption, area overhead and delay time are all quite small and thus the detection of the Trojans is difficult by using traditional side-channel detection methods.","PeriodicalId":348469,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE International Test Conference in Asia (ITC-Asia)","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127369167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Hybrid Embedded Multichannel Test Compression Architecture for Low-Pin Count Test Environments in Safety-Critical Systems","authors":"S. Huhn, Daniel Tille, R. Drechsler","doi":"10.1109/ITC-Asia.2019.00033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITC-Asia.2019.00033","url":null,"abstract":"This work presents a novel hybrid compression architecture that seamlessly combines the advantages of an embedded test compression technique with a lightweight codewordbased compression scheme. Embedded test compression has proven to be beneficial and is widely used in industrial circuit designs. However, particularly, in test applications within lowpin-count environments, a certain number of test patterns is incompressible and will, therefore, be rejected. This leads to a test coverage decrease which, in turn, jeopardizes the zero defect policy of safety-critical applications like automotive microcontrollers. Therefore, the rejected test patterns are typically transferred in an uncompressed way bypassing the embedded compression, which is extremely costly. The proposed hybrid architecture mitigates the adverse impact of rejected test patterns on the compression ratio as well as on the test application time of state-of-theart techniques. The experimental evaluation of industrial-sized designs clearly shows that a significant compression ratio up to 67.4% and a test application time reduction up to 72.9% can be achieved when utilizing the existing multi-channel interfaces.","PeriodicalId":348469,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE International Test Conference in Asia (ITC-Asia)","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131707467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An Empirical Approach to RTL Scan Path Design Focusing on Structural Interpretation in Logic Synthesis","authors":"T. Iwagaki, Sho Yuasa, H. Ichihara, Tomoo Inoue","doi":"10.1109/ITC-Asia.2019.00023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITC-Asia.2019.00023","url":null,"abstract":"Register-transfer level (RTL) scan design aims at optimizing the scan logic as well as the original logic during logic synthesis by modifying a given RTL description to make every register scannable. The modified RTL description, however, is not uniquely determined for realizing the scan functionality, and therefore, one should carefully modify the description because different descriptions with the same functionality can yield different gate level (GL) circuits in terms of area/delay in practice. In this paper, RTL descriptions are presented for constructing intended scan paths that make use of existing RTL modules such as multiplexers (MUXs) and operational units to reduce the area overhead incurred by scan insertion. Such descriptions have been derived from preliminary experiments that extensively analyze the correspondence between a scan description, its structural interpretation in logic synthesis and the synthesized GL circuit. This paper also presents an algorithm for determining scan paths that maximally exploit effective RTL structures where existing MUXs can be utilized for scan path construction with low area overhead. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm together with structure-aware scan descriptions is effective in reducing area overhead.","PeriodicalId":348469,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE International Test Conference in Asia (ITC-Asia)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123093865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Race and Glitch Handling: A Test Perspective","authors":"Kun-Han Tsai","doi":"10.1109/ITC-Asia.2019.00028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITC-Asia.2019.00028","url":null,"abstract":"The paper summarizes practical logic structures creating race and/or glitch conditions which can cause incorrect test patterns. First, the design rule check (DRC) is proposed to identify such structures. Next, a novel methodology is proposed to handle such problematic structures during test generation to ensure the correctness of the test patterns with minimum test coverage loss. The proposed solution can seamlessly integrated into the automatic low coverage analysis to evaluate the test coverage impact and determine the root cause of major test coverage loss.","PeriodicalId":348469,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE International Test Conference in Asia (ITC-Asia)","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122241597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Miyase, Yudai Kawano, Shyue-Kung Lu, X. Wen, S. Kajihara
{"title":"A Static Method for Analyzing Hotspot Distribution on the LSI","authors":"K. Miyase, Yudai Kawano, Shyue-Kung Lu, X. Wen, S. Kajihara","doi":"10.1109/ITC-Asia.2019.00026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITC-Asia.2019.00026","url":null,"abstract":"Performance degradation caused by high IR-drop in normal functional mode of LSI can be avoided by improving the power supply network in the layout design phase. However, while IR-drop increases much more in test mode than in normal functional mode, excessive IR-drop in test mode is not appropriately considered in the layout design phase. Excessive IR-drop in test mode causes over-testing, which wrongly determines a fault free LSI in normal functional mode to be faulty. In this work, we propose a method for analyzing high IR-drop areas (hotspot distribution), which is necessary to effectively and efficiently reduce excessive IR-drop.","PeriodicalId":348469,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE International Test Conference in Asia (ITC-Asia)","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132646150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Online Testing of Clock Delay Faults in a Clock Network","authors":"Wei-Xiang Chu, Shi-Yu Huang","doi":"10.1109/ITC-Asia.2019.00041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITC-Asia.2019.00041","url":null,"abstract":"Traditionally, it has been a difficult task to characterize the quality of a Clock Delay Fault (CDF). Here, a CDF is referred to a delay fault occurring in the clock network that causes an abnormal delay when a clock signal travels through it and thereby causing large-than-expected clock skews at the clock ports of some flip-flops. In a recent work [12], a modified flush test procedure taking short pulses as the test stimuli at selected clock cycles has been proven effective in characterizing a CDF. In this work, we extend this technique to support online Built-In Self-Test (BIST). We investigate two fault detection strategies, namely, valid-range criterion, and valid-span criterion, and we compare their fault detection abilities in terms of the minimum detectable CDF. With the proposed BIST scheme, the health condition of the clock network in a device operating in the field can be inspected on a regular basis so as to take precautions before the clock network breaks down due to deteriorating fault effects.","PeriodicalId":348469,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE International Test Conference in Asia (ITC-Asia)","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130503551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Selection Method of Ring Oscillators for An On-Chip Digital Temperature And Voltage Sensor","authors":"Yousuke Miyake, Yasuo Sato, S. Kajihara","doi":"10.1109/ITC-Asia.2019.00016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITC-Asia.2019.00016","url":null,"abstract":"An on-chip digital sensor using three types of ring oscillators (ROs: Ring Oscillators) has been proposed to measure temperature and voltage of a VLSI. Each RO has inherent frequency characteristics with respect to temperature and voltage, which differ from those of the other two ROs. Measurement accuracy of the sensor depends on the combination of the ROs. This paper proposes a RO-selection method for the sensor with high accuracy. The proposed method takes particular note of temperature or voltage sensitivity as well as linearity of the RO characteristics. Evaluation experiments with SPICE simulation in 65 nm CMOS technology show that the temperature and voltage accuracies of the sensor are 2.744 °C and 3.825 mV, respectively, and the selected combination was a nearly optimal from a menu of many different ROs.","PeriodicalId":348469,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE International Test Conference in Asia (ITC-Asia)","volume":"184 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124654233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}