Plant Stress最新文献

{"title":"Validated KASP Markers for drought tolerance in cotton enable efficient trait selection and preliminary mechanism analysis","authors":"Wenju Gao ,&nbsp;Hu Zhang ,&nbsp;Qin Chen ,&nbsp;Ning Wang ,&nbsp;Jianbin Shi ,&nbsp;Yibin Zhang ,&nbsp;Qinghua Xu ,&nbsp;Jieyin Zhao ,&nbsp;Quanjia Chen ,&nbsp;Gentu Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.stress.2025.100898","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.stress.2025.100898","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Drought stress poses a significant threat to global agriculture, making drought tolerance a key target in cotton breeding. In this study, 22 Kompetitive Allele-Specific PCR (KASP) markers were developed based on drought-related QTL intervals in upland cotton. A total of 502 core germplasm accessions were genotyped and evaluated for drought tolerance under controlled conditions. Phenotype–genotype association analysis identified 10 markers significantly associated with drought performance, among which markers 22079 and 22089 exhibited high selection accuracy (&gt;85 %). Haplotype analysis further revealed that Hap8 showed 100 % accuracy in identifying drought-tolerant accessions. Key agronomic traits, including plant height (PH), effective fruit branch number (EFBN), effective boll number (EBN), single boll weight (SBW), and transpiration rate (Tr), were significantly correlated with drought tolerance and linked to the identified markers. Candidate gene prediction highlighted several drought-responsive genes, such as a Bacillus-like protease and a 14–3–3 protein. Functional exploration of the 14–3–3 gene through RNA sequencing, yeast two-hybrid screening, and Arabidopsis phenotyping supported its potential role in drought resistance. These validated KASP markers and gene candidates provide effective tools for marker-assisted selection (MAS) and lay a foundation for further investigation into the molecular mechanisms of drought tolerance in cotton.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34736,"journal":{"name":"Plant Stress","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100898"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144115873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microplastics, invasive species and fungal stressors modulate antioxidative mechanisms, rhizosphere enzymes and microbial dynamics in alfalfa","authors":"Muhammad Anas ,&nbsp;Muhammad Riaz ,&nbsp;Meng-Ting Yan ,&nbsp;Yi-Fan Liu ,&nbsp;Ying Li ,&nbsp;Shan- Shan Qi ,&nbsp;Zhi-Cong Dai ,&nbsp;Dao-Lin Du","doi":"10.1016/j.stress.2025.100901","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.stress.2025.100901","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microplastics, invasive species, and fungal pathogens increasingly threaten the sustainability of artificial grasslands. Their combined impact on alfalfa-based grassland remains poorly understood. This study assessed the individual and interactive impacts of microplastics, <em>Solidago canadensis</em>, and <em>Rhizoctonia solani</em> on growth, antioxidative mechanism, soil enzyme dynamics, and rhizospheric microbial communities. This experiment comprised of 4 alfalfa seedlings/pot, with/without amendments of 1 % (w/w) microplastic/pot, application of <em>R. solani</em> and single seedling/pot of <em>S. canadensis</em>, both individually or in combination. <em>Solidago canadensis</em> significantly reduced plant height, leaf area and biomass by 57 %, 48 %, and 72 % respectively. Root biomass was more vulnerable than shoot biomass, decreasing by 81 %, 76 %, and 78 % due to microplastics, <em>S. canadensis</em> invasion, and <em>R. solani</em>, respectively. While catalase activity was higher in leaves, and that of peroxidase was greater in roots. However, activities of β-N-acetylglucosaminidase and β-Glucosidase increased by 80 % and 70 % respectively, under <em>S. canadensis</em> invasion, indicating intensified microbial processes. Sequencing of 16S rRNA yielded 1,280,487 reads, clustered into 17,500 amplicon sequence variants with 122 common unique features, and maximum 3,670 unique features were observed under microplastics. The relative abundance of top bacterial genera (<em>Limnobacter, Sphingomonas, Lysobacter</em>, and <em>Saccharimonadales</em>) was observed, and Chao1 and ACE indices were 683.37 and 682.33 for microplastics, respectively. PCoA explained 44.61 % of total variation across PC1 and PC2, clearly separating treatments. Network correlation showed significant microbial associations shaped by stressors. These results demonstrate that microplastics, invasion, and pathogenic fungi significantly reduce alfalfa performance, alter rhizospheric enzymatic profiles, and reshape microbial community structures. Their interactions may threaten functionality and resilience of grassland ecosystems, underscoring the need for integrated strategies to mitigate multiple soil-based stressors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34736,"journal":{"name":"Plant Stress","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100901"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144270278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of salt tolerance in peas using machine learning and multi-sensor data","authors":"Zehao Liu ,&nbsp;Qiyan Jiang ,&nbsp;Yishan Ji ,&nbsp;Rong Liu ,&nbsp;Hongquan Liu ,&nbsp;Xiuxiu Ya ,&nbsp;Zhenxing Liu ,&nbsp;Zhirui Wang ,&nbsp;Xiuliang Jin ,&nbsp;Tao Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.stress.2025.100902","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.stress.2025.100902","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Salt-alkali region spans vast areas and holds significant potential for agricultural development. Screening for salt-tolerant crop varieties is a critical strategy to enhance and utilize such region. Among edible legume crops, the peas are notable for their short growing period and moderate salt tolerance, making them a promising candidate for cultivation in salt-alkali conditions. Accurate and efficient screening of salt-tolerant pea varieties is essential for improving these regions. However, traditional screening methods are often time-consuming, labor-intensive, and prone to human error. Recent advancements in Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and sensor technologies have enabled high-throughput screening of salt-tolerant crops, offering a more efficient alternative. In this study, UAVs equipped with red-green-blue (RGB) and multispectral (MS) sensors were deployed to capture images of peas grown in both normal and salt-treated plots. Structural traits (pH and canopy coverage [CC]), texture features, and spectral data were extracted from these images. Using this information, aboveground biomass (AGB) and Soil Plant Analyses Development (SPAD) values were estimated under both growth conditions using four machine learning algorithms: CatBoost, Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LightGBM), support vector machines (SVM), and random forest regression (RF). To asses salt tolerance, pea salt tolerance score (PSTS) was developed based on four indicators—plant height (PH), CC, AGB, and SPAD values. The score was then compared with ground-based measurements to validate its accuracy. The results show that: 1) multi-source data fusion significantly improved the accuracy of AGB and SPAD estimation; 2) the CatBoost algorithm achieved the highest performance for AGB estimation (R² = 0.70, RMSE = 1.59 t/hm², NRMSE = 13.94 %), while the LightGBM algorithm performed best for SPAD estimation (R² = 0.60, RMSE = 2.33, NRMSE = 14.53 %); and 3) The PSTS established based on the optimal estimation data exhibits a strong consistency with the ground-measured data. In conclusion, integrating multi-sensor data and with advanced machine learning techniques provides a feasible and reliable approach for screening salt-tolerant pea varieties, paving the way for better utilization of salt-alkali region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34736,"journal":{"name":"Plant Stress","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100902"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144221054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multifaceted functions of strigolactones in annual and perennial plants: developmental regulation, phytohormone crosstalk and abiotic stresses","authors":"Yicen Guan ,&nbsp;Lianzheng Li ,&nbsp;Dan Wang ,&nbsp;Jiaxuan Zhou ,&nbsp;Weina Qi ,&nbsp;Yu Cheng ,&nbsp;Yongsen Jiang ,&nbsp;Qingzhang Du ,&nbsp;Deqiang Zhang ,&nbsp;Mingyang Quan","doi":"10.1016/j.stress.2025.100895","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.stress.2025.100895","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Strigolactones (SLs) are a class of carotenoid-derived terpenoid lactones. Recent studies have revealed the mechanisms by which endogenous SLs control numerous aspects of plant architecture formation and growth, including shoot branching, root architecture development, and the responses to various environmental stresses such as drought, cold, and low-phosphorus and low-nitrogen levels. As a relatively newly discovered type of plant hormone, SLs are gaining attention for their exceptional development value and application potential in the fields of agricultural science and forestry biology. In this review, we initially summarize the discovery history and structural characteristics of SLs. Then, we introduce the physiological regulatory patterns and molecular regulatory mechanisms of SLs in plant growth and development regulation, abiotic stress adaptation, and the interactions of SLs with other hormones. Finally, we discuss recent advances in SL research in forest trees and outline future research frontiers and emerging techniques involving SLs. Thus, this review provides theoretical guidance and technical support for the physiological and molecular basis of SL use in regulating plant growth and development and offers new perspectives for investigating the genetic regulatory networks of important traits for improved plant breeding via molecular design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34736,"journal":{"name":"Plant Stress","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100895"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144138984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of exogenous gibberellic acid on reproductive organ development in maize inbred lines with differences in light sensitivity under weak light conditions","authors":"Zhixian Zhong,&nbsp;Jianjun Fu,&nbsp;Jisen Li,&nbsp;Wanli Du,&nbsp;Min Zhu,&nbsp;Wei Xue,&nbsp;Xuemei Zhong,&nbsp;Jianzhou Qu","doi":"10.1016/j.stress.2025.100897","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.stress.2025.100897","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In order to clarify the regulatory effects of externally applying gibberellic acid (GA₃) on different light-sensitive inbred maize lines under weak light conditions, we used two light-sensitive maize inbred lines as experimental materials, SN98A (light-sensitive inbred line) and SN98B (light-insensitive inbred line), and compared the reproductive organ development process after treatment with different concentrations of GA₃ (20, 40, and 60 mg L^–1) under 38 % shading conditions. We analyzed the regulatory mechanisms associated with the effects of exogenous GA₃ on maize ear development under weak light. The results showed that under weak light, the light-tolerant SN98B maintained complete reproductive success (barren stalk rates &lt; 10 %) in both control and GA₃-treated groups, demonstrating inherent stress tolerance. For the light-sensitive inbred line SN98A, the external application of GA₃ significantly increased the endogenous GA₃ content in SN98A. In addition, applying GA₃ improved the stem segment vascular bundle and garland structure in SN98A under weak light, as well as promoting the development of male and female panicles, and increasing the length of the main panicle, number of branches, number of florets, amount of pollen, and the number of filaments in the female panicle, and enhancing the pollen and filament vitality. Applying GA₃ improved the pollination efficiency and reduced the barren rate in SN98A, where 60 mg L^–1 GA₃ had the greatest effect.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34736,"journal":{"name":"Plant Stress","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100897"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144170662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase genes in soybean: genomic insights and expression analysis under abiotic stress tolerance","authors":"Hafiz Muhammad Rizwan ,&nbsp;Jiayi He ,&nbsp;Muhammad Bilal Arshad ,&nbsp;Mingfu Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.stress.2025.100896","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.stress.2025.100896","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) is a critical enzyme in the phenylpropanoid pathway, playing essential roles in plant development and responses to environmental stresses. Despite its importance, an inclusive characterization of the <em>PAL</em> gene family in soybean (<em>Glycine</em> max) has yet to be fully explored. This study identified nine <em>PAL</em> genes within the soybean genome, which were randomly distributed across six chromosomes including Gm02, Gm03, Gm10, Gm13, Gm19 and Gm20. All genes comprised of Lyase_aromatic domain with different physicochemical properties. Phylogenetic analysis grouped <em>PAL</em> proteins into three main clades, with closeness to dicots species such as <em>Arabidopsis thaliana, Citrullus lanatus</em> and <em>Vitis vinifera. GmPAL</em> Gene structure analysis revealed 10 conserved motifs and 2 exons across all genes. <em>Cis</em>-regulatory element analysis highlighted key elements associated with plant growth and development (13 %), hormone signaling (36 %), light responsiveness (37 %), and stress responsiveness (14 %). Synteny analyses revealed 11 segmentally duplicated <em>GmPAL</em> genes, which underwent purifying selection. Furthermore, <em>GmPAL</em> collinearity analyses demonstrated significant homology with dicot species, suggesting a shared evolutionary origin and potential functional conservation. Protein-protein interaction and 3D modeling confirmed GmPAL proteins involvement in phenylpropanoid regulation. Furthermore, 89 gma-miRNAs from 32 different families were predicted that targeted all genes. TF analysis revealed significant associations in stress regulation. GO and KEGG analysis linked <em>GmPAL</em> genes to biological processes and the phenylpropanoid pathway. FPKM-based expression profiling revealed tissue-specific and stress-responsive expression patterns for <em>GmPAL</em> genes, under various conditions. Furthermore, qRT-PCR confirmed diverse expression of all <em>GmPAL</em> genes in soybean leaves under abiotic stresses under cold, heat, drought, salinity, metal ion toxicity, and hormone treatments. Notably, <em>GmPAL3/4/5</em> and <em>GmPAL7</em> were significantly upregulated under all stresses, while CdCl₂ uniquely upregulated all <em>GmPAL</em> gene expressions, highlighting their potential for soybean stress resilience studies. This comprehensive study provides valuable insights into the structure, evolution, and functional regulation of <em>GmPAL</em> genes, offering a foundation for future research and their potential application in improving soybean resilience to environmental stresses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34736,"journal":{"name":"Plant Stress","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100896"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144134772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cadmium toxicity in plants and its remediation management: A review","authors":"Gulshan Mushtaq ,&nbsp;Smita Agrawal ,&nbsp;Asha Kushwah ,&nbsp;Amit Kumar ,&nbsp;Rafiq Lone","doi":"10.1016/j.stress.2025.100894","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.stress.2025.100894","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cadmium is a non - essential heavy metal that is universal in the environment. Man-made activities like disposition of urban waste, smelting, mining, metal processing and utilisation of phosphate-based fertilizers increase the Cd levels within the environment that are detrimental to human health. The pollution of soil and water by Cd is extensively reviewed and has attracted enormous researchers due to its deleterious effects in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystem. The growth and development of plant is severely impaired by Cd toxicity. The toxicity of Cd causes a number of changes ranging from germination to reduction in yield. The physiological processes of a plant like photosynthesis, respiration, water relations, enzyme activities and mineral uptake are all negatively affected by the Cd toxicity which ultimately result in reduced plant biomass and therefore the yield of plant as well. The plants show various metabolic alterations due to Cd toxicity directly by impact on enzyme activity or by the accumulation of various metabolites or either as ability for the generation of Reactive Oxygen Species, resulting in oxidative stress or burst .The capability of plants to survive with the Cd toxicity by tolerance and avoidance mechanism through accumulation or stabilize compounds of Cd either by the action of phytochelatins and metallothiones and by vacoular sequestration or compartmentalisation has gained attention for the amendment of Cd contaminated soils. To protect the environment from the Cd toxicity, various remediation strategies are employed either by physiochemical methods, and organic amendments.Currently various molecular approaches like recognization of QTL’s, CRISPR Cas, and operational genomics are implemented to strengthen the tolerance of Cd toxicity in plants could be absolutely friendly.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34736,"journal":{"name":"Plant Stress","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100894"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144123408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The nuclear transcription factor ZmCCT positively regulates salt and low nitrogen stress response in Maize","authors":"Yanbing Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhihuan Zhou ,&nbsp;Senlin Xiao ,&nbsp;Yipu Li ,&nbsp;Suxiao Hao ,&nbsp;Fan Que ,&nbsp;Zhongjia Liu ,&nbsp;Liyu Shi ,&nbsp;Yingying Shi ,&nbsp;Zhaoheng Zhang ,&nbsp;Yang Xu ,&nbsp;Tonghui Li ,&nbsp;Yaxing Shi ,&nbsp;Chun Yin ,&nbsp;Wei Song ,&nbsp;Ronghuan Wang ,&nbsp;Weixiang Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.stress.2025.100893","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.stress.2025.100893","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, and low nitrogen negatively affect maize growth and development, leading to significant yield reductions. In previous studies, we successfully cloned the maize transcription factor gene <em>ZmCCT</em> and demonstrated its role in flowering regulation through the photocycle pathway. Additionally, we found that transposable element (TE) insertions in the <em>ZmCCT</em> promoter region reduce maize resistance to stem rot. However, although <em>ZmCCT</em> was cloned years ago, its key molecular mechanisms in response to biotic and abiotic stresses remain unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that <em>ZmCCT</em> plays important roles in salt and low-nitrogen stress tolerance in maize, using the Y331/Y331-ΔTE inbred line and 83B28<em>^H1^/H1/</em>83B28<em>^H5^/H5</em> haplotypes. Through DAB staining and H₂O₂ content analysis, we confirmed that Y331-ΔTE and 83B28<em>^H5/H5</em> exhibited less membrane system damage and greater stress tolerance following high-salt and low-nitrogen treatments. Under high salt and low nitrogen stress conditions, the Y331-ΔTE and 83B28<em>^H5^/H5</em> inbred lines demonstrated superior phenotypic performance compared to the Y331 and 83B28<em>^H1^/H1</em> lines. Furthermore, transgenic <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em> overexpressing <em>ZmCCT</em> showed enhanced tolerance to salt and low nitrogen stress compared with wild-type plants. In addition, RNA-Seq analysis indicated that <em>ZmCCT</em> can directly activate these salt inducible genes of <em>ZmNADP, ZmPP2C, ZmbHLH55, ZmPIP1–1, ZmPIP2–4</em> and some low nitrogen involved genes of <em>ZmWRKY47, ZmMYB44, ZmMYB36, ZmPIN10</em> and <em>ZmbHLH83</em> when respond to high salt and low nitrogen tolerance. Taken together, our results have provided that <em>ZmCCT</em> functions as important roles in high salt and low nitrogen stress tolerance and further highlight that <em>ZmCCT</em> has multiple abiotic stress roles. These results indicate that <em>ZmCCT</em> may be a potential candidate to enhance plant salt and low nitrogen stresses in mazie molecular design breeding.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34736,"journal":{"name":"Plant Stress","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100893"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144115874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oil-in-water nano-emulsions boost rice innate immune response against Pyricularia oryzae via the induction of salicylic acid-mediated pathway and the enhancement of antioxidant machinery","authors":"Zeinab A. Kalboush ,&nbsp;Yasser S.A. Mazrou ,&nbsp;Amr A. Hassan ,&nbsp;Osama Abd El Badeea ,&nbsp;Yasser Nehela","doi":"10.1016/j.stress.2025.100889","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.stress.2025.100889","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rice blast, caused by <em>Pyricularia oryzae,</em> is a challenging disease worldwide. The management of this serious disease mainly depends on chemical fungicides, which negatively affect human health, non-target organisms, and the environment. Therefore, searching for eco-friendly alternatives has become a necessity. Herein, we prepared and characterized three essential oil-based nano-emulsions (EO-NEs) from clove (CO-NE), lemongrass (LO-NE), and pelargonium (PO-NE). The prepared NEs were stabilized and maintained their nano-sized droplet during the emulsification and for more than a week of storage at room temperature. Moreover, Prepared NEs showed acceptable stability when centrifuged at 3500 rpm for 30 min. Our <em>in vitro</em> findings showed that EO-NEs significantly suppressed the spore germination, caused several morphological abnormalities in germ tubes, and inhibited the mycelial growth of <em>P. oryzae</em> in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, the newly prepared EO-NEs' performance and their bulk emulsions were tested under greenhouse and open-field conditions. EO-NEs suppressed the development of rice blast disease and significantly decreased the leaf and panicle blast severity under both conditions. EO-NEs enhanced the defense responses of rice plants against <em>P. oryzae</em> via the induction of a complex multilayered defense system. The reduced disease severity was associated with activating both enzymatic (peroxidase [POX] and ascorbate peroxidase [APX]) and non-enzymatic (phenolics and flavonoid levels) antioxidant defense machinery. Furthermore, it was also correlated with the induction of the salicylic acid (SA)‐mediated defense pathway (SA content, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase [PAL] activity, and expression of two WRKY transcription factors). Interestingly, EO-NEs slightly enhanced the chlorophyll content and improved the grain yield of <em>P. oryzae</em>-infected rice plants, suggesting no phytotoxicity on treated plants. The findings of this study not only outline the potential application of oil-in-water NEs as sustainable, easy-to-use alternatives against <em>P. oryzae</em> but also decipher the physiological and biochemical mechanisms behind their protective role.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34736,"journal":{"name":"Plant Stress","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100889"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144115875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Brassinosteroid priming mitigates negative physiological responses of Garcina humilis to flooding and salinity","authors":"Federico W. Sanchez ,&nbsp;Jonathan H. Crane ,&nbsp;Haimanote K. Bayabil ,&nbsp;Ali Sarkhosh ,&nbsp;Muhammad A. Shahid ,&nbsp;Bruce Schaffer","doi":"10.1016/j.stress.2025.100892","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.stress.2025.100892","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>It was previously determined that <em>G. humilis</em>, a woody perennial species native to the Amazon and grown commercially as a tropical fruit tree, is tolerant of either flooding or high soil salinity and simultaneous exposure to flooding and high soil salinity, as evidenced by no visible signs of stress and continued vegetative growth. However, exposure to either stressor or to both stressors simultaneously, significantly reduced net CO₂ assimilation (<em>A</em>) and stomatal conductance (<em>gs</em>), which can negatively impact plant growth and yield. This study tested the effects of 24-epibrassinolide (EB) priming on reducing the negative physiological responses of <em>G. humilis</em> to flooding and high soil salinity. <em>G. humilis</em> trees that were either flooded or non-flooded were each subjected to either low or high soil salinity levels and either primed with a solution of 1.0 mg <span>l</span>^-1 EB or not primed prior to flooding and salinity treatments. Prior to the imposition of treatments and periodically during the treatment period, <em>A, gs</em>, internal CO₂ content in the leaf (<em>Ci</em>), the leaf chlorophyll index (LCI), and the variable to maximum chlorophyll fluorescence ratio (Fv/Fm) were determined. At the end of the treatment period, nutrient element concentrations in the leaves and roots, as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS), antioxidants, and lipid peroxidation in the leaves were measured. Epibrassinolide priming decreased the negative impacts of salinity or flooding and simultaneous exposure to both stressors on <em>G. humilis</em>, apparently by reinforcing antioxidant responses which decreased ROS and lipid peroxidation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34736,"journal":{"name":"Plant Stress","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100892"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144070918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}