Plant Stress最新文献

{"title":"Plant root exudates: Advances in belowground signaling networks, resilience, and ecosystem functioning for sustainable agriculture","authors":"Ajay M. Sorty ,&nbsp;Enoch N. Kudjordjie ,&nbsp;Kamlesh K. Meena ,&nbsp;Mogens Nicolaisen ,&nbsp;Peter Stougaard","doi":"10.1016/j.stress.2025.100907","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.stress.2025.100907","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Root exudates (REs), the secretory carbonaceous metabolites from plant roots play a crucial role in belowground ecosystem dynamics in response to biogeochemical shifts. An intricate pool of primary and secondary metabolites including organic acids, amino acids, peptides, carbohydrates, phenolics, and hormones make REs key influencers of belowground chemical ecology. Their profiles are vulnerable to abiotic and biotic stress, thus potentially hindering beneficial interactions due to stress-induced dysbiosis.</div><div>As sensitive molecular markers of plant influence on belowground ecosystem functions, REs have significant implications for agro-industrial productivity. Typically, REs mediate critical biotic and abiotic processes, shaping interactions with multiple life forms including soil microbes, insects, and neighboring plants. Understanding these multi-kingdom crosstalks can enhance cropping practices and strengthen resilient agricultural systems under changing climate. This review updates the current knowledge on REs, covering their chemical and ecological roles, and systems-level functions across environmental contexts. Further, strategic applications of RE-based interactions in agroecology and soil health, potential benefits and challenges are also discussed. The emerging science of REs offers new possibilities for chemical ecology-driven innovations in sustainable agriculture and ecosystem management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34736,"journal":{"name":"Plant Stress","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100907"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144221053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Source-sink foliar boron (10B) mobility modulated by carbohydrate synthesis and confers antioxidative defense in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) under water deficit conditions","authors":"Md. Shah Newaz Chowdhury ,&nbsp;Britta Pitann ,&nbsp;Md. Sazzad Hossain ,&nbsp;Karl H. Mühling","doi":"10.1016/j.stress.2025.100903","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.stress.2025.100903","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Drought is a global abiotic stressor which affects boron (B) availability due to reduced mobility. This is particularly affecting B-demanding crops such as sugar beet. However, linking B translocation dynamics and drought-mitigating factors is largely unknown. Therefore, we hypothesize that foliar B application facilitates B long-distance transport, triggering, e.g., osmoregulation and the antioxidant defense system. Plants were grown under sufficient (2.5 mg kg⁻¹) and deficient (0.25 mg kg⁻¹) conditions of ¹¹B-boric acid for 28 days after sowing, then 24 days of ample and limited water, with or without foliar ¹⁰B-boric acid of 300 mg L⁻¹. In this study, it was observed that foliar-applied ¹⁰B translocates from source to sink tissue and increases mobility at sufficient ¹¹B supply under water-deficit conditions. Conversely, B-induced accumulation of sucrose and osmolality (<em>ψ</em>s) indicates lower foliar ¹⁰B transport failure from source to sink tissue. Further, higher levels of H₂O₂ and MDA under B deficiency and limited water supply cause a reduction of dry matter. However, foliar-applied ¹⁰B at sufficient ¹¹B resulted in the upregulation of the antioxidant defense systems, as reflected by enzyme activities, e.g., CAT, and AsA-GSH cycle enzymes. In contrast, it leads to a decrease in SOD activity, indicating the cellular redox balance. Our findings highlight and provide unprecedented insights into understanding the dynamics of B translocation from source to sink using B tracers (¹⁰B and ¹¹B), where B status delineates the distribution and mobility of foliar B. This suggests protection against ROS and coordination of carbohydrate metabolism while mitigating antioxidative stress.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34736,"journal":{"name":"Plant Stress","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100903"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144170664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cytokinin elevation caused by high light intensity contributes substantially to the increase of thermotolerance of rice plants","authors":"Sylva Prerostova ,&nbsp;Jana Jarošová ,&nbsp;Petre Dobrev ,&nbsp;Alena Gaudinova ,&nbsp;Vojtech Knirsch ,&nbsp;Eva Kobzova ,&nbsp;Kinga Benczúr ,&nbsp;Gabriella Szalai ,&nbsp;Ondrej Novak ,&nbsp;Radomira Vankova","doi":"10.1016/j.stress.2025.100904","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.stress.2025.100904","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Light is a crucial factor affecting plant development. Rice (<em>Oryza sativa</em>) responses to high light (HL, 1300 μmol <em>m</em>⁻² s⁻¹, 27 °C) were characterized. HL significantly elevated root-born cytokinin, <em>trans</em>-zeatin in leaves due to transpiration stream. Despite only minor changes in abscisic acid (ABA) and jasmonic acid (JA) levels, HL decreased expression of ABA biosynthetic gene <em>NCED5</em>, while promoted JA signalling pathway by down-regulated expression of repressor <em>JAZ9</em>. The maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (F_v/F_m) decreased, suggesting protection of photosystem II. HL stimulated sugar production, especially glucose and mannose. As modulation of cytokinin levels (applying exogenous cytokinin or inhibitors of their degradation) promoted rice thermotolerance, HL treatment causing cytokinin increase was tested on its potential positive effect on response to elevated temperature.</div><div>The effects of heat stress (HS, 40 °C for 6 h) <em>per se</em> and in combination with HL were evaluated in leaves, crowns and roots. HS was applied to whole plants (HS-WP), or targeted to leaves (HS-L) or roots (HS-R). HS treatments down-regulated <em>trans</em>-zeatin levels. Simultaneous application of HL and HS to leaves (HL+HS-WP, HL+HS-L) reduced this impact. HL combined with HS affecting leaves also stimulated JA and auxin indole-3-acetic acid. Milder expression of HS-marker genes <em>HSP90.2, HSP90.3, HSP26.2</em> and <em>HSFA2d</em>, and genes coding antioxidant enzymes (especially Fe-superoxide dismutase) indicated that HL increased rice thermotolerance. HL minimized strong negative effect of HS on sugars in roots. The data showed positive impacts of mid-term HL treatment on thermotolerance of rice, revealing a novel strategy for stimulation of plant defence.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34736,"journal":{"name":"Plant Stress","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100904"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144170661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association analysis identified superior haplotypes for improved salt stress tolerance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)","authors":"Santosh Gudi ,&nbsp;Harsimardeep S Gill ,&nbsp;Serena Collins ,&nbsp;Jatinder Singh ,&nbsp;Devinder Sandhu ,&nbsp;Sunish K Sehgal ,&nbsp;Upinder Gill ,&nbsp;Rajeev Gupta","doi":"10.1016/j.stress.2025.100900","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.stress.2025.100900","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding genetic and molecular mechanisms regulating salt stress tolerance is crucial to develop salt resilient wheat cultivars. Here, we evaluated a genetically, phenotypically, and geographically diverse panel of 228 hexaploid spring wheat accessions, at US Salinity Laboratory, Riverside, CA, using greenhouse lysimeter system with two irrigation treatments: control (electrical conductivity of irrigation water as deci-Siemens per meter., (EC_iw = 1.46 dSm^-1) and saline (EC_iw = 14 dSm^-1). Salt stress had pronounced negative impact on several seedling traits, reducing shoot height (17.5 %), root length (15.5 %), tiller number (43.8 %), shoot weight (44.6 %), and root weight (35.8 %). However, salt stress increased root length-by-shoot height (3.75 %) and root weight-by-shoot weight (28.02 %) ratios, highlighting greater adverse effects on shoots compared to roots. Based on phenotypic variations, contrasting lines with hypersensitive or highly tolerant response to salt stress were identified. Notably, salt-tolerant lines were mainly landraces originating from seashores, ocean banks, or coastal marshes, whereas salt-sensitive lines were either landraces collected from freshwater-irrigated regions or modern breeding lines. Multi-locus genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and linkage disequilibrium (LD)-based grouping identified 25 high-confidence quantitative trait loci (QTLs). Candidate gene mining from flanking QTL regions and expression analysis revealed eight putative genes associated with salt stress tolerance. Haplotype analysis identified superior haplotypes of genes encoding sodium symporter (<em>TraesCS1B02G413800</em>) and peptide transporter (<em>TraesCS5A02G004400</em>). Superior haplotypes are mainly present in landraces but often lost in modern cultivars due to artificial selection pressure during breeding. In summary, this study identified salt tolerant genotypes and associated genomic regions, providing invaluable resources for breeding programs aimed at developing salt-resilient wheat varieties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34736,"journal":{"name":"Plant Stress","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100900"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144170660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Validated KASP Markers for drought tolerance in cotton enable efficient trait selection and preliminary mechanism analysis","authors":"Wenju Gao ,&nbsp;Hu Zhang ,&nbsp;Qin Chen ,&nbsp;Ning Wang ,&nbsp;Jianbin Shi ,&nbsp;Yibin Zhang ,&nbsp;Qinghua Xu ,&nbsp;Jieyin Zhao ,&nbsp;Quanjia Chen ,&nbsp;Gentu Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.stress.2025.100898","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.stress.2025.100898","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Drought stress poses a significant threat to global agriculture, making drought tolerance a key target in cotton breeding. In this study, 22 Kompetitive Allele-Specific PCR (KASP) markers were developed based on drought-related QTL intervals in upland cotton. A total of 502 core germplasm accessions were genotyped and evaluated for drought tolerance under controlled conditions. Phenotype–genotype association analysis identified 10 markers significantly associated with drought performance, among which markers 22079 and 22089 exhibited high selection accuracy (&gt;85 %). Haplotype analysis further revealed that Hap8 showed 100 % accuracy in identifying drought-tolerant accessions. Key agronomic traits, including plant height (PH), effective fruit branch number (EFBN), effective boll number (EBN), single boll weight (SBW), and transpiration rate (Tr), were significantly correlated with drought tolerance and linked to the identified markers. Candidate gene prediction highlighted several drought-responsive genes, such as a Bacillus-like protease and a 14–3–3 protein. Functional exploration of the 14–3–3 gene through RNA sequencing, yeast two-hybrid screening, and Arabidopsis phenotyping supported its potential role in drought resistance. These validated KASP markers and gene candidates provide effective tools for marker-assisted selection (MAS) and lay a foundation for further investigation into the molecular mechanisms of drought tolerance in cotton.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34736,"journal":{"name":"Plant Stress","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100898"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144115873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microplastics, invasive species and fungal stressors modulate antioxidative mechanisms, rhizosphere enzymes and microbial dynamics in alfalfa","authors":"Muhammad Anas ,&nbsp;Muhammad Riaz ,&nbsp;Meng-Ting Yan ,&nbsp;Yi-Fan Liu ,&nbsp;Ying Li ,&nbsp;Shan- Shan Qi ,&nbsp;Zhi-Cong Dai ,&nbsp;Dao-Lin Du","doi":"10.1016/j.stress.2025.100901","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.stress.2025.100901","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microplastics, invasive species, and fungal pathogens increasingly threaten the sustainability of artificial grasslands. Their combined impact on alfalfa-based grassland remains poorly understood. This study assessed the individual and interactive impacts of microplastics, <em>Solidago canadensis</em>, and <em>Rhizoctonia solani</em> on growth, antioxidative mechanism, soil enzyme dynamics, and rhizospheric microbial communities. This experiment comprised of 4 alfalfa seedlings/pot, with/without amendments of 1 % (w/w) microplastic/pot, application of <em>R. solani</em> and single seedling/pot of <em>S. canadensis</em>, both individually or in combination. <em>Solidago canadensis</em> significantly reduced plant height, leaf area and biomass by 57 %, 48 %, and 72 % respectively. Root biomass was more vulnerable than shoot biomass, decreasing by 81 %, 76 %, and 78 % due to microplastics, <em>S. canadensis</em> invasion, and <em>R. solani</em>, respectively. While catalase activity was higher in leaves, and that of peroxidase was greater in roots. However, activities of β-N-acetylglucosaminidase and β-Glucosidase increased by 80 % and 70 % respectively, under <em>S. canadensis</em> invasion, indicating intensified microbial processes. Sequencing of 16S rRNA yielded 1,280,487 reads, clustered into 17,500 amplicon sequence variants with 122 common unique features, and maximum 3,670 unique features were observed under microplastics. The relative abundance of top bacterial genera (<em>Limnobacter, Sphingomonas, Lysobacter</em>, and <em>Saccharimonadales</em>) was observed, and Chao1 and ACE indices were 683.37 and 682.33 for microplastics, respectively. PCoA explained 44.61 % of total variation across PC1 and PC2, clearly separating treatments. Network correlation showed significant microbial associations shaped by stressors. These results demonstrate that microplastics, invasion, and pathogenic fungi significantly reduce alfalfa performance, alter rhizospheric enzymatic profiles, and reshape microbial community structures. Their interactions may threaten functionality and resilience of grassland ecosystems, underscoring the need for integrated strategies to mitigate multiple soil-based stressors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34736,"journal":{"name":"Plant Stress","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100901"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144270278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of salt tolerance in peas using machine learning and multi-sensor data","authors":"Zehao Liu ,&nbsp;Qiyan Jiang ,&nbsp;Yishan Ji ,&nbsp;Rong Liu ,&nbsp;Hongquan Liu ,&nbsp;Xiuxiu Ya ,&nbsp;Zhenxing Liu ,&nbsp;Zhirui Wang ,&nbsp;Xiuliang Jin ,&nbsp;Tao Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.stress.2025.100902","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.stress.2025.100902","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Salt-alkali region spans vast areas and holds significant potential for agricultural development. Screening for salt-tolerant crop varieties is a critical strategy to enhance and utilize such region. Among edible legume crops, the peas are notable for their short growing period and moderate salt tolerance, making them a promising candidate for cultivation in salt-alkali conditions. Accurate and efficient screening of salt-tolerant pea varieties is essential for improving these regions. However, traditional screening methods are often time-consuming, labor-intensive, and prone to human error. Recent advancements in Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and sensor technologies have enabled high-throughput screening of salt-tolerant crops, offering a more efficient alternative. In this study, UAVs equipped with red-green-blue (RGB) and multispectral (MS) sensors were deployed to capture images of peas grown in both normal and salt-treated plots. Structural traits (pH and canopy coverage [CC]), texture features, and spectral data were extracted from these images. Using this information, aboveground biomass (AGB) and Soil Plant Analyses Development (SPAD) values were estimated under both growth conditions using four machine learning algorithms: CatBoost, Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LightGBM), support vector machines (SVM), and random forest regression (RF). To asses salt tolerance, pea salt tolerance score (PSTS) was developed based on four indicators—plant height (PH), CC, AGB, and SPAD values. The score was then compared with ground-based measurements to validate its accuracy. The results show that: 1) multi-source data fusion significantly improved the accuracy of AGB and SPAD estimation; 2) the CatBoost algorithm achieved the highest performance for AGB estimation (R² = 0.70, RMSE = 1.59 t/hm², NRMSE = 13.94 %), while the LightGBM algorithm performed best for SPAD estimation (R² = 0.60, RMSE = 2.33, NRMSE = 14.53 %); and 3) The PSTS established based on the optimal estimation data exhibits a strong consistency with the ground-measured data. In conclusion, integrating multi-sensor data and with advanced machine learning techniques provides a feasible and reliable approach for screening salt-tolerant pea varieties, paving the way for better utilization of salt-alkali region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34736,"journal":{"name":"Plant Stress","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100902"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144221054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multifaceted functions of strigolactones in annual and perennial plants: developmental regulation, phytohormone crosstalk and abiotic stresses","authors":"Yicen Guan ,&nbsp;Lianzheng Li ,&nbsp;Dan Wang ,&nbsp;Jiaxuan Zhou ,&nbsp;Weina Qi ,&nbsp;Yu Cheng ,&nbsp;Yongsen Jiang ,&nbsp;Qingzhang Du ,&nbsp;Deqiang Zhang ,&nbsp;Mingyang Quan","doi":"10.1016/j.stress.2025.100895","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.stress.2025.100895","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Strigolactones (SLs) are a class of carotenoid-derived terpenoid lactones. Recent studies have revealed the mechanisms by which endogenous SLs control numerous aspects of plant architecture formation and growth, including shoot branching, root architecture development, and the responses to various environmental stresses such as drought, cold, and low-phosphorus and low-nitrogen levels. As a relatively newly discovered type of plant hormone, SLs are gaining attention for their exceptional development value and application potential in the fields of agricultural science and forestry biology. In this review, we initially summarize the discovery history and structural characteristics of SLs. Then, we introduce the physiological regulatory patterns and molecular regulatory mechanisms of SLs in plant growth and development regulation, abiotic stress adaptation, and the interactions of SLs with other hormones. Finally, we discuss recent advances in SL research in forest trees and outline future research frontiers and emerging techniques involving SLs. Thus, this review provides theoretical guidance and technical support for the physiological and molecular basis of SL use in regulating plant growth and development and offers new perspectives for investigating the genetic regulatory networks of important traits for improved plant breeding via molecular design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34736,"journal":{"name":"Plant Stress","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100895"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144138984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of exogenous gibberellic acid on reproductive organ development in maize inbred lines with differences in light sensitivity under weak light conditions","authors":"Zhixian Zhong,&nbsp;Jianjun Fu,&nbsp;Jisen Li,&nbsp;Wanli Du,&nbsp;Min Zhu,&nbsp;Wei Xue,&nbsp;Xuemei Zhong,&nbsp;Jianzhou Qu","doi":"10.1016/j.stress.2025.100897","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.stress.2025.100897","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In order to clarify the regulatory effects of externally applying gibberellic acid (GA₃) on different light-sensitive inbred maize lines under weak light conditions, we used two light-sensitive maize inbred lines as experimental materials, SN98A (light-sensitive inbred line) and SN98B (light-insensitive inbred line), and compared the reproductive organ development process after treatment with different concentrations of GA₃ (20, 40, and 60 mg L^–1) under 38 % shading conditions. We analyzed the regulatory mechanisms associated with the effects of exogenous GA₃ on maize ear development under weak light. The results showed that under weak light, the light-tolerant SN98B maintained complete reproductive success (barren stalk rates &lt; 10 %) in both control and GA₃-treated groups, demonstrating inherent stress tolerance. For the light-sensitive inbred line SN98A, the external application of GA₃ significantly increased the endogenous GA₃ content in SN98A. In addition, applying GA₃ improved the stem segment vascular bundle and garland structure in SN98A under weak light, as well as promoting the development of male and female panicles, and increasing the length of the main panicle, number of branches, number of florets, amount of pollen, and the number of filaments in the female panicle, and enhancing the pollen and filament vitality. Applying GA₃ improved the pollination efficiency and reduced the barren rate in SN98A, where 60 mg L^–1 GA₃ had the greatest effect.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34736,"journal":{"name":"Plant Stress","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100897"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144170662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase genes in soybean: genomic insights and expression analysis under abiotic stress tolerance","authors":"Hafiz Muhammad Rizwan ,&nbsp;Jiayi He ,&nbsp;Muhammad Bilal Arshad ,&nbsp;Mingfu Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.stress.2025.100896","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.stress.2025.100896","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) is a critical enzyme in the phenylpropanoid pathway, playing essential roles in plant development and responses to environmental stresses. Despite its importance, an inclusive characterization of the <em>PAL</em> gene family in soybean (<em>Glycine</em> max) has yet to be fully explored. This study identified nine <em>PAL</em> genes within the soybean genome, which were randomly distributed across six chromosomes including Gm02, Gm03, Gm10, Gm13, Gm19 and Gm20. All genes comprised of Lyase_aromatic domain with different physicochemical properties. Phylogenetic analysis grouped <em>PAL</em> proteins into three main clades, with closeness to dicots species such as <em>Arabidopsis thaliana, Citrullus lanatus</em> and <em>Vitis vinifera. GmPAL</em> Gene structure analysis revealed 10 conserved motifs and 2 exons across all genes. <em>Cis</em>-regulatory element analysis highlighted key elements associated with plant growth and development (13 %), hormone signaling (36 %), light responsiveness (37 %), and stress responsiveness (14 %). Synteny analyses revealed 11 segmentally duplicated <em>GmPAL</em> genes, which underwent purifying selection. Furthermore, <em>GmPAL</em> collinearity analyses demonstrated significant homology with dicot species, suggesting a shared evolutionary origin and potential functional conservation. Protein-protein interaction and 3D modeling confirmed GmPAL proteins involvement in phenylpropanoid regulation. Furthermore, 89 gma-miRNAs from 32 different families were predicted that targeted all genes. TF analysis revealed significant associations in stress regulation. GO and KEGG analysis linked <em>GmPAL</em> genes to biological processes and the phenylpropanoid pathway. FPKM-based expression profiling revealed tissue-specific and stress-responsive expression patterns for <em>GmPAL</em> genes, under various conditions. Furthermore, qRT-PCR confirmed diverse expression of all <em>GmPAL</em> genes in soybean leaves under abiotic stresses under cold, heat, drought, salinity, metal ion toxicity, and hormone treatments. Notably, <em>GmPAL3/4/5</em> and <em>GmPAL7</em> were significantly upregulated under all stresses, while CdCl₂ uniquely upregulated all <em>GmPAL</em> gene expressions, highlighting their potential for soybean stress resilience studies. This comprehensive study provides valuable insights into the structure, evolution, and functional regulation of <em>GmPAL</em> genes, offering a foundation for future research and their potential application in improving soybean resilience to environmental stresses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34736,"journal":{"name":"Plant Stress","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100896"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144134772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}