Cleaner Engineering and Technology最新文献

{"title":"Optimizing the recovery of rare earth elements from acid mine water: A sustainable approach using selective precipitation","authors":"Óscar Crespo ,&nbsp;Mehrez Hermassi ,&nbsp;Oriol Gibert ,&nbsp;Jordi Cama ,&nbsp;José Luis Cortina","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.101123","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.101123","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study focuses on the recovery of rare earth elements (REEs) from acid mine water (AMW) through a two-step selective process, which consists of a selective extraction with ion exchange followed by a precipitation stage using oxalic acid. Optimization of the effective REE recovery from sulphuric ion-exchange concentrates results in sustainable AMW management, providing a secondary resource for critical metals towards green transition. Experimental results indicate that (1) the use of oxalic acid facilitates the formation of REE-oxalate crystals, yielding recovery efficiencies in light rare earth elements (LREEs) much higher than for heavy rare earth elements (HREEs) at specific excess doses, and that (2) LREEs act as precursors for HREE precipitation. Moreover, REE-oxalate crystallization depends on the oxalic acid dose, pH, and precipitation time (PT). The longer the PT, the larger the crystals, which are economically advantageous. The study highlights that AMW is a potential secondary source for the REE recovery, which contributes to sustainable mining practices and provides confidence for further optimization of REE recovery processes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article 101123"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145791205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the mechanical performance of bio-based concrete: The role of aggregate type and orientation in compression cyclic loading","authors":"R. Bardouh ,&nbsp;E. Toussaint ,&nbsp;S. Amziane ,&nbsp;S. Marceau","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.101139","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.101139","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study evaluates the effect of the physical aspects of four bio-aggregates (Hemp, bamboo, rapeseed, and reed) on the mechanical properties of bio-based concrete under cyclic compression loading. The bio-based specimens are assessed with respect to two distinct orientations of bio-aggregates: Perpendicular to compaction direction, and parallel to compaction direction. The digital image correlation (DIC) method permits to monitor strain and displacement fields throughout 19 loading–unloading cycles. Beyond conventional mechanical characterization, DIC data were processed to quantify crack density, crack length, and crack opening displacement (COD) as indicators of fatigue damage evolution.</div><div>Hemp concrete exhibited the highest compressive strength and modulus, while bamboo concrete showed the weakest performance despite its higher density. In perpendicular orientation, specimens demonstrated cyclic hardening up to 4.5 % strain before entering a damage phase, whereas parallel-oriented specimens began degrading around 1.8 % strain.</div><div>The useable strength of parallel-oriented specimens denotes the particle/binder affinity rather than the actual material's strength. The deformation charts given by the digital image correlation show that specimens tested under perpendicular orientation of bio-aggregates exhibit two horizontal lines of stress concentration whereas specimens tested under parallel orientation show the propagation of a vertical concentration lines.</div><div>The failure mode of the perpendicular-oriented specimens is characterized by gradual crushing of bio-aggregates whereas the parallel-oriented specimens fail due to buckling that splits the specimen into two different parts on either side of the vertical concentration lines. Crack analysis revealed that hemp, reed, and rapeseed concretes developed limited and slowly propagating cracks (average rate 0.18–0.23 mm/cycle), with maximum crack lengths below 5 mm and narrow CODs (less than 2 mm). In contrast, bamboo concrete displayed rapid crack propagation (dL/dN around 3.66 mm/cycle), high crack density (32), and wide openings (higher than 4 mm), reflecting weak interfacial bonding.</div><div>Hence, hemp shives oriented perpendicularly provides the ideal optimized configuration of bio-based concretes assessed in this study.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article 101139"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145925752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Holistic characterisation of rice husk ash-modified asphalt: Integrating chemical, thermal, and rheological perspectives","authors":"K. Bhavinlal ,&nbsp;Veena Venudharan","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2026.101143","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2026.101143","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rice Husk Ash (RHA), an agro-industrial byproduct, has recently gained global attention as a promising asphalt modifier, owing to its potential to improve the asphalt performance while promoting waste valorisation. Although previous studies have predominantly focused on the high-temperature performance of RHA-modified asphalt (RMA), its behaviour under intermediate and low temperatures remains largely unexplored. Moreover, the interlinking of the physicochemical properties of RMA with asphalt performance is still unclear. This study aimed to investigate the physicochemical, thermal, and viscoelastic properties of RMA and evaluate its performance over a wide range of temperatures and frequencies using advanced micro-level characterisation techniques and potential rheological parameters. Thermal sensitivity and workability of RMA were analysed using the consistency indices and activation energy concepts. Cole-Cole plots, master curves, and black space diagrams were effectively utilised to evaluate the rheological behaviour and performance characteristics of RMA. Furthermore, the significance of the key findings concluded from the experimental analyses was statistically assessed using MANOVA. Overall, it was observed that RHA incorporation impacts the physicochemical, thermal, and viscoelastic properties of asphalt, leading to its potential usage in high temperatures and controlled usage in intermediate and low-temperature regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article 101143"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145925754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainability of prevulcanization of natural rubber latex: a comparative assessment of sulfur-based and radiation-based processes","authors":"Sutthinee Keawmaungkom ,&nbsp;Supatra Patrawoot ,&nbsp;Panithi Wiroonpochit ,&nbsp;Chotiros Dokkhan ,&nbsp;Suthathip Sichumphuang ,&nbsp;Kasidit Kongdit ,&nbsp;Somkit Chowchanglag ,&nbsp;Yusuf Chisti ,&nbsp;Nanthiya Hansupalak","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2026.101142","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2026.101142","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Prevulcanization of natural rubber (NR) latex is a key process in producing diverse rubber products, as it governs their mechanical performance. Conventional sulfur prevulcanization is widely used owing to its simplicity and low cost, yet it poses environmental and health concerns due to zinc-based accelerators and sulfur compounds. This study compared five prevulcanization processes (sulfur-based; UV irradiation from fluorescent lamps, UV-Flu; UV from light emitting diodes, UV-LED; electron beam, EB; X-ray irradiation) using life cycle analysis (LCA) and life cycle cost analysis (LCCA). Laboratory experiments established the life cycle inventory (LCI) for processes that were then scaled up to industrial production scenarios. Measurements confirmed that all processes produced films that met ASTM requirements (Standard D3578–19). The LCA showed that EB irradiation minimized the environmental burdens because of short irradiation times and high throughput. X-ray prevulcanization resulted in the highest impact, driven by a high energy requirement and low productivity. UV-LED outperformed UV-Flu, reflecting higher efficiency of LED lamps and their longer life compared to fluorescent lights. The LCCA revealed sulfur-based process to be the most economic (US$ 1.48 kg⁻¹), followed by UV-LED (US$ 4.38 kg⁻¹) and the EB (US$ 10.56 kg⁻¹). The X-ray process was prohibitively expensive (US$ 203.83 kg⁻¹) and environmentally the most burdensome. Overall, the UV-LED and EB processes were most sustainable, especially if these technologies were developed further to reduce energy input and the hardware costs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article 101142"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145925755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Zeolite versus other tanning systems: A life cycle and end-of-life perspective","authors":"Ivo Reetz ,&nbsp;Francina Izquierdo ,&nbsp;Grau Baquero ,&nbsp;Anna Bacardit","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.101124","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.101124","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study evaluates zeolite-based tanning systems as sustainable alternatives to conventional methods from both life cycle and end-of-life perspectives. Zeolite formulations combined with masking agents, hydrotropic substances, and vegetable tanning compounds were tested for biodegradability, compostability, and environmental impact. Results show that zeolite-tanned leathers achieved biodegradability rates above 94 % and complete compostability within 10–28 days, outperforming glutaraldehyde (54 %) and chromium tanning (6 %). Hydrolysable tannins such as tara enhanced compostability, whereas condensed tannins (mimosa) inhibited degradation. Life cycle assessment showed zeolite systems reduced global warming potential by 54 %, ecotoxicity by 76 %, and carcinogenic toxicity by 98 % compared with chrome tanning, while also eliminating heavy metal contamination in compost. These results highlight the importance of holistic evaluation of tanning chemistries, where environmental trade-offs extend beyond carbon footprint to include toxicity, land use, and circularity. Overall, zeolite-based tanning stands out as a viable pathway for large-scale, chrome-free leather production aligned with sustainable development and circular economy principles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article 101124"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145738403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Energy and economic analysis of potato production under furrow and sprinkler irrigation systems using material flow cost accounting","authors":"Majid Dekamin ,&nbsp;Amin Toranjian ,&nbsp;Mehdi Shafiei","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.101136","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.101136","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Efficient water and resource management is crucial in semi-arid agriculture, where irrigation practices strongly affect productivity, profitability, and environmental outcomes. This study applied the Material Flow Cost Accounting (MFCA) framework to compare potato production under sprinkler and furrow irrigation in Iran. MFCA has rarely been applied to potato production, and the hidden economic, energy, and environmental costs of different irrigation systems in semi-arid regions remain largely unexplored. Results showed that sprinkler irrigation required less water (9110 m³ ha⁻¹ vs. 13587 m³ ha⁻¹) and fertilizers (300 vs. 350 kg N ha⁻¹), while achieving a higher yield (40000 vs. 27500 kg ha⁻¹). Economically, sprinkler irrigation reduced production costs ($1304.2 ha^-1 vs. $1531.2 ha^-1), increased gross incomes ($8088 vs. $6196 ha⁻¹), and improved the benefit-to-cost ratio (7.7 vs. 5.05). Hidden costs were also lower ($1392 ha⁻¹ vs. $2227 ha⁻¹). Energy analysis further confirmed the efficiency of sprinkler systems, with lower input energy (102,743 vs. 131,990 MJ ha⁻¹), higher positive output energy (144000 vs. 99000 MJ ha⁻¹), and a positive net energy balance (11581 vs. −82628 MJ ha⁻¹). MFCA-adjusted Energy Ratio (1.11 vs. 0.37), energy productivity (0.39 vs. 0.21 kg MJ⁻¹), and specific energy (2.57 vs. 4.80 MJ kg⁻¹) all favored sprinkler irrigation. Although limited to farm-level processes in one region, the findings demonstrate that sprinkler irrigation provides significant environmental, economic, and energy benefits, offering a sustainable pathway for potato production in semi-arid areas. Overall, the MFCA framework effectively revealed internal inefficiencies, quantified recoverable loss costs, and provided complementary insight beyond conventional economic and energy metrics. The findings indicate that while sprinkler irrigation improves productivity and resource-use efficiency, its adoption remains sensitive to financing structures. These results underscore the need for supportive credit mechanisms and targeted subsidies to facilitate efficient irrigation transitions and maximize both economic and environmental benefits.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article 101136"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145791203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sizing a PV/battery/ORC isolated hybrid microgrid using particle swarm optimization: A case study in Brazil","authors":"Andrés Mauricio Oviedo Pinzón,&nbsp;Vladimir Rafael Melian Cobas","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.101101","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.101101","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents the optimal sizing of a microgrid that combines hybrid photovoltaic and Organic Rankine Cycle systems, along with either lead-acid or lithium-ion batteries. The optimization, employing the Particle Swarm Optimization technique, aims to minimize the levelized cost of energy consumed by Matias Cardoso town, located in northern Minas Gerais, Brazil, while maintaining a loss of power supply probability below 1 %. The paper presents technical and economic models for all microgrid components. It also details the particle swarm optimization parameter settings and analyzes the impact of population size variations optimization algorithm's performance. The base case optimal sizing points to a microgrid with a levelized cost of energy of 0.5319 R$/kWh using lithium-ion batteries. Lead-acid batteries were outperformed economically by the lithium-ion ones, due to their longer lifespan. Results also indicate that the microgrid's economic performance greatly depends on the considered discount rate.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 101101"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145325212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High recovery of anhydrous cement in dried concrete slurry waste for use as supplementary cementitious material in low-CO2 concretes","authors":"Daniel O.F. Silva ,&nbsp;Valdir M. Pereira ,&nbsp;Antônio C.V. Coelho ,&nbsp;Sérgio C. Angulo","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.101076","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.101076","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Concrete slurry waste (CSW) is a by-product generated from returned concrete and the mixer truck washing process, accounting for approximately 3–5% of total concrete production. Although various strategies for recycling CSW have been developed, large-scale recovery of its anhydrous cement fraction, such implemented in the present study, has not been previously reported. Moreover, prior studies have focused almost exclusively on the use of low-reactivity CSW as a supplementary cementitious material (SCM). In this study, a filtering and rapid drying procedure was applied to CSW upon its return to the ready-mixed concrete plant (RMCP). The influence of the recovery time and type of concrete waste on the preservation of the anhydrous cement fraction was evaluated. The recovered material was subsequently used to partially replace Portland cement in cementitious paste formulations. The samples were characterized using analytical methods, such X-ray fluorescence, HCl leaching assay, thermogravimetric analysis, isothermal calorimetry, and quantitative X-ray diffraction (QXRD). The results demonstrated that the anhydrous cement content in CSW was significant, approximately 30% by mass, due to the efficiency of the filtering and rapid drying process. Furthermore, the time exposure to water had no notable effect on the preserved anhydrous cement fraction. Three CSW samples were selected and incorporated into cement pastes, replacing 35 %–75% (by mass) of Portland cement. The resulting pastes exhibited mechanical strength values comparable to, or statistically equivalent to, those of the reference paste made with 100 % Portland cement. The recovery methodology has potential for the development of zero-waste ready-mix concrete plants, and the low emission concrete formulation proposed in this study enabled a reduction of up to 55% in specific CO₂ emissions. This approach could reduce Portland cement consumption by approximately 15% (by mass) in ready-mix operations, contributing significantly to sustainability in the concrete industry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 101076"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145159100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrothermal carbonisation of solid recovered fuel – a model material approach","authors":"Tilia Dahou,&nbsp;Lwhathanysh Urbaez Terrero,&nbsp;Lisa Gribal,&nbsp;Sylvie Valin","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.101127","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.101127","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In order to facilitate gasification of heterogeneous waste such as solid recovered fuel (SRF), a pre-treatment by hydrothermal carbonisation (HTC) is considered. This study uses a model material approach to represent SRF and study its behaviour during HTC, and in particular the hydrochar properties (yield, ash content, LHV, apparent density, carbon concentration, fixed carbon, inorganic content). HTC experiments were conducted at temperatures between 200 and 280 °C on one SRF and seven model materials (waste wood, cardboard, polyethylene, PET, polyamide, PVC and waste tyres) selected to represent the variety of materials and compositions. When comparing HTC behaviours of the resources, various profiles appear: biomass-based, reactive plastics (PET and PVC) and non-reactive plastics (PA, PE, waste tyres), which however show some physical transformations (melting, formation of powder). Results show that HTC of SRF is mainly controlled by the degradation of lignocellulosic molecules (in particular cellulose and hemicellulose), but that degradation is itself enhanced by the increase in acidity induced by the degradation of plastics (PET and PVC). The LHV and C content of SRF hydrochar are higher than those of the initial SRF (increase by 48 and 36 percentage points after HTC at 240 °C, respectively), while fixed carbon is not significantly affected in these conditions. The apparent density is improved (doubled after HTC at 240 °C) due to an increase of the apparent density of most of the model materials, including non-reactive ones. All these changes could be positive for an easier gasification of the hydrochar compared to the initial SRF. Finally, N content is unchanged (it leaves the solid in the same proportions as C), and Cl and S contents decrease, as for model materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 101127"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145623839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing properties of concrete containing stone dust and ceramic tile: a response surface methodology approach","authors":"Ayesha Ferdous Mita,&nbsp;Miftahul Jannat Labiba,&nbsp;Sayeeda Rafia Maliha,&nbsp;Mohaiminul Haque,&nbsp;Sourav Ray","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.101083","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.101083","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The construction boom of the 21st century has heightened demand for natural aggregates, leading to significant environmental degradation worldwide. On the contrary, there is a substantial generation of industrial waste and by-products like ceramic tile waste and stone dust, which are merely disposed of and stored in landfills. While both materials have the potential to be viable alternatives to natural aggregate in concrete production, their combined effects on concrete remain unexplored. This study aims to predict and optimize concrete properties incorporating stone dust (SD) and ceramic tile aggregate (CTA) as partial replacements for natural fine and coarse aggregates, respectively. Regression models were developed using response surface methodology (RSM) to assess the physical (fresh density and slump), mechanical (compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and bond strength) and durability (water absorption and carbonation depth) properties of concrete, with volumetric percentages of SD and CTA as independent variables. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) for all the desired responses indicated that the developed regression models were statistically significant in predicting the concrete properties. Based on multi-objective optimization, optimal replacement proportions of SD and CTA for enhanced concrete properties were obtained to be 30 % and 30.867 %, respectively. Hence, our findings highlight the insights of utilizing CTA and SD as viable substitutes for natural aggregate, offering a practical pathway to sustainable concrete production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 101083"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145417115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}