Cleaner Engineering and Technology最新文献

{"title":"Quantitative analysis for ecological rivers to achieve carbon neutrality in the water network area of south China","authors":"Ning Ding ,&nbsp;Guolong Zong ,&nbsp;Lidong Ren ,&nbsp;Yanshen Song ,&nbsp;Dianyuan Ding","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.101130","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.101130","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the context of escalating global climate change, achieving carbon neutrality has become a shared objective for the international community. However, current research on carbon neutrality mechanisms in ecological river engineering projects is limited, and systematic quantification of their carbon emissions and sinks is still lacking. This study used life cycle assessment, combining carbon emission coefficients with i-Tree Eco simulations to evaluate emissions from three typical river projects, assess native trees' carbon sequestration, and estimate neutrality timelines under various planting scenarios. Results indicated that ecological concrete revetment (T1) had the highest carbon emissions at 127,740.65 kg CO₂e for the 1350-m river channel in Yizheng, China, followed by the geotextile gabion bag revetment (T2) at 75,058.62 kg CO₂e and the wooden pile fence revetment (T3) at 1640.06 kg CO₂e. Concrete accounted for 15–45 % of T1's emissions, and geotextile gabions contributed 27–67 % of T2's, confirming these construction materials as primary factors. Regarding carbon sequestration benefits, results using the i-Tree Eco model showed that <em>Triadica</em>, <em>Magnolia denudata</em>, and <em>Cinnamomum camphora</em> performed optimally, with gross carbon sequestration rates of 136.51 kg CO₂e/yr, 134.00 kg CO₂e/yr, and 91.78 kg CO₂e/yr, respectively. For planting configurations, both the double-row arrangement of <em>Triadica (</em>with spacing configurations of 3–5 m × 3 m) and the mixed planting of <em>Magnolia denudata</em> with <em>Triadica (</em>with spacing configurations of 4–5 m × 3 m) demonstrated optimal carbon sequestration performance. To achieve carbon neutrality with trees, T1 required approximately 8–10 years, T2 needed 5–6 years, and T3 required one year. These findings offer significant implications for achieving carbon neutrality objectives in hydraulic engineering systems. However, it should be noted that the conclusions are derived from conditions specific to sandy loam soil in Yizheng City and a northern subtropical climate. Their applicability to other regions necessitates further validation through localized tree species and site-specific conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article 101130"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145925756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Financial support efficiency for China's green industries: A DEA and system dynamics analysis","authors":"Wenke Wang ,&nbsp;Kang Li ,&nbsp;Yang Liu ,&nbsp;Tao Zheng ,&nbsp;Zhiyan Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2026.101144","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2026.101144","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The green and low-carbon (GL) industry, which has become a strategic industry prioritized by the Chinese government in this era of green transformation, is vital for achieving China's carbon peaking and neutrality goals. To achieve sustainable and healthy development of the GL industry, it is indispensable to improve the efficiency of financial resources and financial market's incentive mechanisms. This paper introduces a comprehensive research framework that combines DEA, Tobit regression, and a SD model to evaluate the financial support efficiency (FSE) of China's GL industry and analyzed the evolutionary trends of various financial factors on FSE. The results reveal that the efficiency of financial resource allocation in the GL industry is not yet optimal, and pure technical efficiency (PTE) is the key factor restricting firms from effectively achieving comprehensive efficiency. The overall FSE demonstrated a slight downward trend, which was predominantly related to the small decline in comprehensive technical efficiency (TE). Bank loans and corporate bond financing negatively impact the FSE of GL firms, whereas equity and internal financing exert a significant positive effect. The study proposes corresponding policy recommendations, including enriching financing channels, improving the internal management of firms, and performing appropriate government functions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article 101144"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145977439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adaptive pathways for low-carbon steel: From waste utilization to policy-driven transitions","authors":"Rozhin Ziayeepour,&nbsp;Masoumeh Bararzadeh Ledari,&nbsp;Maryam Fani,&nbsp;Roya Vahedi","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.101126","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.101126","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the decarbonization of steel production by integrating advanced technologies and regional policy mechanisms, targeting the significant carbon footprint of the sector. We apply an integrated Water-Energy-Material-Hydrogen Nexus (WEMH) framework to analyze three steel production pathways—Blast Furnace–Basic Oxygen Furnace (BF–BOF), Midrex Direct Reduced Iron (DRI)–Electric Arc Furnace (EAF), and HYLIII DRI–EAF—under the constraints of water, energy, and carbon emissions. Results show that a 60 % reduction in CO₂ emissions can be achieved with the DRI process combined with syngas and carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS), while HYLIII and retrofitted BF–BOF processes achieve emission reductions of 64 % and 74 %, respectively. Furthermore, a 50 % freshwater cap significantly reduces water withdrawals, with desalination systems supplying 29.8 10⁶ m³/yr for Midrex, 16.4 10⁶ m³/yr for HYLIII, and 1.6 10⁶ m³/yr for BF–BOF. Under a $/tCO₂ carbon tax, the Midrex capacity in coastal regions increases from 111 000 tonnes to 3.78 million tonnes annually, while gas-fired power in arid areas, such as Kerman, drops by 85 %. Waste gasification displaces 31 % of the hydrogen produced via steam reforming, and 49 % of coke use in BF–BOF is replaced with waste-derived syngas, resulting in a 65 % reduction in system-wide CO₂ emissions. These findings highlight the need for tailored, region-specific strategies to achieve low-carbon steel production while ensuring economic and environmental sustainability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article 101126"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145791204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing quality adoption for recycled plastics in Australia: Industry insights and policy gaps, an exploratory survey","authors":"Benjamin Gazeau ,&nbsp;Atiq Zaman ,&nbsp;Roberto Minnuno ,&nbsp;Faiz Uddin Ahmed Shaikh","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.101119","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.101119","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing demand for circular economy solutions in plastic waste management has emphasised the need for quality assurance and traceability in recycling systems. However, the extent to which businesses adopt and prioritise these factors remains unclear, particularly in the Australian context. This study examines how businesses in the Australian plastic recycling sector perceive and implement quality control practices. It aims to identify key barriers and enablers influencing the adoption and assess the role of these elements in promoting circularity. A national, ethically approved survey was conducted among 65 Australian businesses involved in the plastics value chain. Respondents were segmented based on company size and the presence or absence of a CE strategy. The study's analytical model was statistically validated using t-tests and effect-size analyses to ensure internal consistency. Companies with a CE strategy emphasise quality control, certification standards, and traceability more than those without. The most cited barriers to quality adoption include cost, market demand, and regulatory gaps, while traceability systems remain underutilised despite their recognised importance. Due to resource constraints, small and medium-sized enterprises report greater difficulties in adopting standardised quality practices. The study highlights a critical gap in integrating traceability and quality assurance into Australian recycling systems. By combining a validated analytical model with authenticated survey data, the study provides reliable evidence that regulatory enforcement, financial incentives, and harmonised standards are essential to improve material reliability and advance circular economy outcomes in Australia.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article 101119"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145683512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phosphorus recovery and adsorbents production from municipal sewage sludge by the integration of slow pyrolysis and chemical leaching","authors":"Marta Di Bianca ,&nbsp;Caterina Borchi ,&nbsp;Giulia Lotti ,&nbsp;Andrea Maria Rizzo ,&nbsp;Andrea Salimbeni","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.101140","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.101140","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To improve the circularity of the wastewater treatment sector, new strategies should be found to turn sewage sludge into valuable products. This study investigates the integration of slow pyrolysis and chemical leaching to simultaneously convert sewage sludge into (i) a biocoal with enhanced surface area useable as adsorbent and (ii) an inorganic P-rich compound for agricultural applications. Sewage sludge-derived char was produced in laboratory at different temperatures (400–650 °C) and then processed through chemical leaching by HNO₃, revealing that pyrolysis temperature negatively impacts char demineralization and phosphorous solubility. As a novel contribution, pyrolysis and chemical leaching integration was subsequently validated at pilot scale, obtaining a biocoal and a phosphorus-rich liquid (leachate). The surface area increased from 12 m²/g in the raw char to 145 m²/g after leaching and up to 350 m²/g after biocoal activation by CO₂ at 800 °C. Adsorption tests with methylene blue revealed a significantly higher adsorption capacity of biocoal compared to the char, while the activated biocoal performance was comparable to a commercial adsorbent, demonstrating the positive impact of char post treatment by leaching (and activation) on the material's adsorption performance. By leaching, 97 % of char's phosphorus was extracted, and the P-based salt obtained by precipitation showed a P₂O₅ content of almost 16 %, with potentialities of application as a low-contaminants P-salt for fertilizing purposes. In conclusion, the study demonstrated that the investigated process is a promising scalable pathway to maximise raw materials recovery from sewage sludge, thus improving its circular valorisation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article 101140"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145925753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of biodegradable plastics in a sustainable economy: Progress and challenges","authors":"Tina Kegl ,&nbsp;Yee Van Fan ,&nbsp;Lidija Čuček","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.101129","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.101129","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The widespread use of plastics has resulted in significant environmental challenges, including pollution, landfill accumulation, and harm to ecosystems and human health. As concerns over plastic waste intensify, biodegradable plastics have emerged as promising alternatives that can decompose under specific conditions and contribute to a circular economy. This review examines how biodegradable plastics can help address these issues, beginning with the distinction between biodegradable polymers, which are long-chain molecules, and biodegradable plastics, which are end-use materials created by blending these polymers with additives and fillers. It explores common biodegradable polymers, their origins, production processes, and key physical and chemical properties. Further, the review covers both the compounding stage, in which polymers and additives are combined, and the subsequent product development and processing steps involved in manufacturing of biodegradable plastics. A criterion is proposed to assess and rank biodegradable plastics based on their biodegradability. The review also discusses applications and the sustainability of their value chains. Key challenges to widespread adoption, such as technological limitations, economic concerns, and environmental or health risks, are highlighted. Finally, the review stresses the importance of advancing biomass cultivation, polymer development, processing techniques, and degradation methods to unlock the full potential of biodegradable plastics. Overall, it emphasizes the need for continued innovation to promote sustainable materials and improve plastic waste management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article 101129"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145737874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comprehensive design and experimental validation of a hybrid energy management system controller for a residential microgrid using power hardware in-the-loop","authors":"Mohamed Laamim ,&nbsp;Asma Sebti ,&nbsp;Abir Lahmer ,&nbsp;Abdelilah Rochd ,&nbsp;Oumaima Mahir ,&nbsp;Mouna EL Qasery ,&nbsp;Abderrahim EL Fadili","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.101125","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.101125","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The large-scale integration of renewable energy sources requires advanced control systems capable of maintaining grid stability and improving energy efficiency under dynamic operating conditions. This study presents the design and experimental validation of a Hybrid Energy Management System for residential microgrids that combines short-term forecasting, Mixed Integer Linear Programming optimization, and real-time control within a unified architecture. The proposed system is implemented and validated through Power Hardware in the Loop testing on a 300 kVA experimental platform at the Smart Grids Test Lab in Ben Guerir, Morocco, using photovoltaic, battery, grid, and load emulators. The forecasting layer generates day-ahead load prediction using multiple algorithms. The Linear Regression model achieves the best accuracy with an R2 of 0.960 and an RMSE of 0.145 kW, while the Random Forest model achieves an R2 of 0.949 and an RMSE of 0.136 kW. Stress and robustness analyses demonstrate that the EMS maintains cost variations below 2 % for forecast deviations of ±10 %. The hybrid control approach achieves an overall cost reduction exceeding 50 percent across multiple scenarios compared with the unoptimized baseline, while maintaining stable real-time performance with an average PLC execution cycle of 120 ms and a maximum response delay below 150 ms. Environmental assessment indicates a 30 to 35 percent decrease in CO₂ emissions, equivalent to approximately 12.7–44.7 kg of CO₂ saved per day, depending on solar conditions. In addition, the system ensures high user comfort by achieving more than 90 % task completion for flexible loads within preferred time windows while preserving continuous power for critical ones. These results demonstrate that the proposed framework is robust, scalable, and experimentally verified for intelligent microgrid control, bridging the gap between simulation-based energy management strategies and real-world implementation with potential applicability to both residential and industrial energy systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article 101125"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145791244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental assessment of refractories in the steel industry: A comprehensive LCA framework with an innovative data retrieval approach","authors":"Md Jubayed ,&nbsp;Kinga Malgorzata Klima ,&nbsp;Md Rubel ,&nbsp;Rinus Siebring ,&nbsp;Angélique Léonard","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.101128","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.101128","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Refractory materials are essential for sustaining high-temperature industrial processes, with the steel industry being the largest consumer. This study proposes a comprehensive life cycle assessment framework for refractories in the steel industry, addressing key methodological challenges, particularly those concerning various post-use refractory management strategies. Collecting inventory for refractory production is challenging due to confidentiality concerns and suppliers' reluctance to share information. To overcome this, an innovative method is developed to retrieve essential inventory data from the refractory's product definition. The framework is applied through a case study comparing two magnesia-carbon bricks used for steel ladle slag lining: one produced in China and the other in the Netherlands. Inventories for brick production are derived from the respective product definitions. Results reveal that the Netherlands brick performs better in climate change and acidification, while the Chinese brick shows lower impacts in other assessed categories. Electricity consumption during magnesia production and thermal energy demand for ladle heating are identified as the major environmental hotspots. Energy transition scenarios demonstrate the potential for significant improvements. Replacing national grid electricity and natural gas with renewable electricity and green hydrogen leads to more than 30 % reductions in most impact categories. Climate change impacts, for instance, decrease from 1.89 to 0.97 kg CO₂ eq for the Chinese brick and from 1.67 to 0.77 kg CO₂ eq for the Netherlands brick. Sensitivity analysis shows that magnesia production strongly influences environmental performance, while uncertainty associated with product-definition-derived data is generally minor.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article 101128"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145658877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of Tharsis mine tailings for ore reprocessing for potential critical materials recovery","authors":"Gladys A. Ochoa ,&nbsp;Pura Alfonso ,&nbsp;Percy Escalante ,&nbsp;Moacir Medeiros ,&nbsp;Carlos Hoffmann Sampaio ,&nbsp;Josep Oliva ,&nbsp;Jose Luis Cortina ,&nbsp;Ana Belén Hernández ,&nbsp;Manuel Sevilla","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.101133","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.101133","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study characterizes and evaluates the potential recovery of metals from tailings of the Tharsis mine (Huelva, Spain), with a focus on critical raw materials (CRMs) essential for the energy transition. These tailings, generated during past sulfuric acid production from pyrite concentrates, are highly homogeneous, with over 40 % of particles finer than 60 μm. Chemical analyses revealed a uniform distribution of elements such as Cu (0,35 %), Zn (1,06 %), Pb (0,10 %), Co (244 ppm), and Ag (49 ppm), while Sb showed enrichment in finer fractions. Mineralogical results identified pyrite and quartz as the dominant phases across all size ranges. Quantitative mineralogy using the Advanced Mineral Identification and Characterization System (AMICS) and Mineral Liberation Analysis (MLA) confirmed that more than 90 % pyrite is liberated under 60 μm, which suggests strong potential for recovery through gravity concentration using multi-method approaches, including multi-gravity separation (MGS), air jet concentrators, and centrifugal jigs. In addition to exploring fiscal-chemical concentration techniques, such as froth flotation, where grinding to +75–200 μm was identified as the optimal size range for pyrite and quartz liberation, improving flotation performance. The results demonstrate that CRMs can be more sustainably recovered from secondary resources such as mine tailings. In contrast to previous studies, which have mainly focused on leaching, this work emphasizes the efficiency of pre-concentration methods for CRM recovery, thereby reducing the environmental risks associated with hazardous elements. Potential applications of recovered products include batteries, cement, paints, and ceramics, thereby supporting industrial supply chains while contributing to circular economy strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article 101133"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145925782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and development of a low-cost and energy-efficient container farm for leafy greens","authors":"Thomas Xiong ,&nbsp;Guanzheng Chen ,&nbsp;Wenyi Cai ,&nbsp;Lingyan Zha ,&nbsp;Guangliu Xu ,&nbsp;Aojiang Wang ,&nbsp;Yuan Wei ,&nbsp;Xiangyue Lu ,&nbsp;Shiwei Wei ,&nbsp;Dayi Lai ,&nbsp;Jingjin Zhang ,&nbsp;Hua Bao","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.101135","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.101135","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Plant Factories with Artificial Lighting (PFALs) are crucial for year-round, climate-resilient urban agriculture, addressing food security and sustainability challenges. However, the high construction costs and energy demands limit its wide application. In this work, we design and tested a low-cost and energy efficient container farm, through mobile racks with reflective materials, an adaptive environmental control system, and an IoT framework (RS485, Modbus RTU) for automated operation, costing $ 900 m⁻² in terms of building area (at a construction cost of $ 12,500 for a 14.09 m² of building area). This container farm achieves efficient use of light, heat, and water, while providing photoperiod-synchronized environmental control to support leafy greens cultivation. The measured yield over a 50-day trial produced 95 kg of Frillice lettuce across 15.56 m² of cultivation area with an energy consumption of 43 kWh·day⁻¹ (72 % LEDs, 14 % HVAC, 14 % other) and demonstrated 11.4 L·day⁻¹ water recovery via HVAC condensate (measured during seedling phase only). Our works provide a scalable, cost-effective approach for PFAL deployment, opening up possibilities for sustainable urban food production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article 101135"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145738400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}