Cleaner Engineering and Technology最新文献

{"title":"Anato-morphological and chemical characterization of bamboo (Guadua amplexifolia J. Presl) from San Jorge River Basin, Colombia","authors":"Yiniva Camargo Caicedo ,&nbsp;Jorge Augusto Montoya Arango ,&nbsp;Andrés Prieto Muriel","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.100884","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.100884","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Studying bamboo species' anato-morphological characteristics and chemical composition is crucial for identifying potential uses and comparing the species′ properties. <em>Guadua amplexifolia</em> J. Presl is a promising bamboo species that has been underrepresented in research regarding its properties. To determine its potential applications, this study focuses on the anatomical, morphological, and chemical properties of <em>Guadua amplexifolia</em> J. Presl in the San Jorge River basin. Four-and five-year-old <em>Guadua amplexifolia</em> J.Presl bamboo culms were divided into three sections, lower, middle, and upper, to facilitate the characterization of their anatomical and chemical properties. The anato-morphological characterization included measuring internode length and diameter, wall thickness, and internode density, vascular bundle density, length and distribution, fiber density, and wall thickness. Meanwhile, the chemical analysis involved proximate and elemental analysis, as well as lignocellulosic composition, to determine Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF), Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF), Alkaline Lignin Fiber (ALF), and Extractable Ether (EE). The internodes of the analyzed samples exhibited thick walls with either small or absent lacuna, and some culms were notably solid at the lower part, both of which are significant for identification purposes. The vascular bundles in the internal and transitional zones of the walls were oriented randomly. Furthermore, the analysis of the lignocellulosic composition of <em>Guadua amplexifolia</em> J. Presl revealed that water content, NDF, ADF, and ALF increase from lower to upper sections. The distribution of vascular bundles directly influences the chemical properties of the bamboo.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100884"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143141436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Generative ecodesign for mechanical products: A design workflow","authors":"Amos Wei Lun Lee ,&nbsp;Kevin Kai Wern Seah ,&nbsp;Bing Feng Ng ,&nbsp;Ee Teng Zhang ,&nbsp;Wen Feng Lu ,&nbsp;Jonathan Sze Choong Low","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.100890","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.100890","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Harnessing advancements in artificial intelligence, generative design holds great potential to support designers in their ecodesign efforts by enabling them to explore design solutions beyond the limits of their imagination and expertise. However, a systematic literature review on the application of generative design in ecodesign reveals a clear underrepresentation, highlighting a missed opportunity in the field. To bridge this gap, a seven-component generative ecodesign workflow for mechanical products was developed. This workflow combines generative design algorithms, typically used for geometry lightweighting, with life cycle thinking. It facilitates the generation, evaluation, and identification of design solutions by considering the design tri-factor: material choice, manufacturing process, and geometry. This represents the first reported product ecodesign tool to integrate generative design with ecodesign principles while simultaneously addressing all three elements of the design tri-factor. To showcase its utility, environmentally optimal design alternatives were created for a mountain bicycle's handlebar stem.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100890"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143141441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance of seawater-derived Mg(OH)2 as a sustainable coating solution for hydrogen sulfide-induced corrosion mitigation in concrete pipes","authors":"Janelle Patricia S. Moa,&nbsp;Bea Angela C. Gaw,&nbsp;John Louis O. Co,&nbsp;Kyle Anderson C. Coo,&nbsp;Kenneth Jae T. Elevado,&nbsp;Cheryl Lyne C. Roxas","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2024.100872","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2024.100872","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the Philippines, concrete pipe systems are critical for wastewater management, flood control, and irrigation, accounting for approximately 70% of all installations. These systems often operate in anaerobic environments, making them vulnerable to corrosion from hydrogen sulfide. While commonly available methods like polyurethane and epoxy tar coal pitch are effective, modern studies have revealed that such products detrimentally affect the environment. As such, this study investigates the feasibility of a sustainable concrete surface coating using seawater-derived magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)₂) as an alternative to commercially available options. Six distinct coating ratios were prepared with varying proportions of seawater (SW)-derived and commercially available (CA) Mg(OH)₂: 0% SW - 100% CA, 25% SW - 75% CA, 50% SW - 50% CA, 75% SW - 25% CA, and 100% SW - 0% CA, with four replicates for each mixture. The specimens were subjected to a 4M sulfuric acid solution for four days to assess compressive strength, weight loss, surface pH, and surface roughness. A life cycle assessment was also conducted for the different coating ratios, and response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to determine the optimal coating ratio. Results indicated that samples with pure Mg(OH)₂ coatings exhibited the highest weight losses, while increased proportions of the commercial coating resulted in progressively lower weight losses. This trend was also reflected in the average post-exposure pH, compressive strength, and surface roughness, with the best performance observed in coatings composed of pure commercially available Mg(OH)₂. Although the 100% SW - 0% CA specimens did not meet the required pH and compressive strength standards, other coating ratios could satisfy the acceptance criteria. Notably, a significant difference of 3,092,680 mPt was observed between pure commercially available and seawater-derived Mg(OH)₂ coatings when scaled on a flood control project case study. Based on the results, RSM analysis suggested an optimal coating ratio of 40% SW - 60% CA Mg(OH)₂. This study highlights the potential of seawater-derived Mg(OH)₂ as a sustainable alternative for mitigating hydrogen sulfide-induced corrosion in concrete pipe systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100872"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143097629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal and economic evaluation of replacing pulverized coal with torrefied biomass in a small industrial burner in Thailand using computational fluid dynamics","authors":"Rachapat Chaiyo,&nbsp;Jakrapop Wongwiwat,&nbsp;Yanin Sukjai","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.100898","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.100898","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In response to the global warming crisis, the use of carbon-neutral biomass as a substitute for coal has gained significant attention due to its comparable combustion properties. This approach allows for minimal modifications to existing fuel systems. However, biomass has limitations, including its fibrous structure, which complicates grinding, and high moisture content, leading to lower power density and increased soot emissions. To overcome these challenges, torrefaction, a process involving the heating of raw biomass to around 200–300 °C, has emerged as a promising solution. This method improves the fuel's quality, reducing its moisture content and enhancing grindability, though it requires heat energy and raw material compensation for mass loss. This study employs computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling using ANSYS Fluent to analyze the combustion behavior of torrefied biomass produced under varying severity conditions. The results indicate that intensifying the torrefaction process increases combustion temperatures due to the fuel's higher calorific value and reduced moisture. Additionally, improved grinding capabilities reduce particle size, further enhancing combustion. Compared to conventional biomass, torrefied biomass shows a 28% increase in heat energy, rising from 220 to 279 kW, surpassing coal's 273 kW. Carbon monoxide emissions are significantly reduced by 93%, from 1044–72 kg/MWh, while coal emissions are 20 kg/MWh. However, nitrogen oxide emissions increased by 217%, from 0.17 to 0.54 kg/MWh, though still lower than coal's 0.72 kg/MWh. A cost analysis reveals that torrefaction conditions yielding a solid yield of 0.7 offers the lowest energy cost, approximately 114 Baht/GJ, a 14% reduction compared to conventional biomass and 37% lower than coal.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100898"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143140559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficient and eco-friendly treatment of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash and municipal sludge for alkali activated material","authors":"Zengqing Sun ,&nbsp;Xiaoyu Li ,&nbsp;Min Gan ,&nbsp;Zhiyun Ji ,&nbsp;Xiaohui Fan ,&nbsp;Qingyu Tang ,&nbsp;Jinxin Xing","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2024.100867","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2024.100867","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Concern is arising for the effective treatment and utilization of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI FA) and municipal sludge (MS). A synergistic thermal treatment method that can energy efficiently and eco-friendly converting MSWI FA and MS into precursor for alkali activated materials (AAMs) synthesis has been developed in our laboratory. This paper delves into the mechanisms of synergistic thermal treatment and alkali activation. The results indicate that the synergistic processing of MSWI FA and MS can effectively reduce the temperature required for thermal treatment. During the thermal treatment process, treatment above 1200 °C leads to the significant formation of amorphous phases, which markedly aids in the strength development of AAMs. The strength of the AAMs is 42.63–48.51 MPa. Additionally, the environmental compatibility of the obtained AAMs was studied, with the toxic equivalent quantity of dioxins reduced to 0.76–1.3 ng TEQ/kg, and the leaching rates of Ni, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn, Mn, Ba and Cd significantly below the regulatory limits in China. The findings from this work provide theoretical and practical guidance for the efficient, secure, and value-added treatment of MSWI FA and MS.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100867"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143141137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Selective zinc recovery from spent alkaline batteries via multistage leaching with ammonium salts","authors":"Noelia Muñoz García ,&nbsp;Joel Gutierrez Martinez ,&nbsp;José Luis Valverde ,&nbsp;Beatriz Delgado Cano ,&nbsp;Jacques Huot ,&nbsp;Michèle Heitz ,&nbsp;Antonio Avalos Ramirez","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2024.100863","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2024.100863","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The recycling of metals from spent alkaline batteries is essential for their proper management and for promoting sustainable battery consumption. Hydrometallurgical recycling techniques, such as leaching, are becoming important in batteries recycling. In this study, Zn has been selectively recovered from the black mass (BM) of spent alkaline batteries via chelating leaching using ammonium salts as chelating agents in single and multistage leaching units. The effect of leaching agent concentration, temperature, solid/liquid (S/L) ratio, a neutral leaching pretreatment and addition of ammonium hydroxide (NH₄OH) to the leaching solution on the selective Zn extraction was studied. Results of single-stage leaching revealed a maximum Zn extraction efficiency of 69.3 ± 0.4 wt % using a 2M ammonium carbonate ((NH₄)₂CO₃) solution at 25 °C and S/L ratio of 1/10 (g of BM/mL of solution). The addition of NH₄OH 1M increased Zn extraction to 79.0 ± 1.9 wt %. These single leaching conditions were used to test three multistage leaching systems: solid-flowing in series, liquid-flowing in series and solid-liquid countercurrent. The recovery efficiency was maintained and sometimes it was improved in multistep configurations, reaching a maximum recovery efficiency of nearly 90 wt%. Additionally, cumulative zinc extraction across the multistage leaching setups was as follows: 145.6 g Zn/kg BM in the 3-unit-solid-flowing in series, 433.5 g Zn/kg BM in the 4-unit-liquid-flowing in series, and 132.46 g Zn/kg BM in two-unit countercurrent leaching. These concentrations were obtained using a raw BM containing 240.9 g Zn/kg BM. These results show that zinc can be selectively extracted from matrices containing other metals, allowing the development of efficient and cost-effective methods for recycling resources from spent batteries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100863"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143141138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Process and technology solutions for improving the energy efficiency and the sustainability of the iron ores reduction with Blast Furnaces utilizing synthesis gas","authors":"S. Andreola ,&nbsp;F. Barbetti ,&nbsp;L.E. Basini ,&nbsp;G. Iaquaniello ,&nbsp;A. Salladini","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2024.100860","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2024.100860","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work examined solutions for improving the environmental impact and the economics of the iron ore reduction processes using Blast Furnaces and Basic Oxygen Furnaces. The improvements followed from the utilization of a syngas produced with Short Contact Time-Catalytic Partial Oxidation. The case studies considered a hot metal production of 2.35 MTPY and the effects of injecting synthesis gas (55,000 Nm3/h) on the reduction of coke utilization, CO₂ and pollutants emissions. In addition, an economic analysis estimated the monetary value of Carbon Dioxide and air pollutant emissions avoidance. Cases in which syngas was produced by utilizing i) Natural Gas, ii) biogas and iii) mixtures of Natural Gas with Blast Furnace Gas and Coke Oven Gas were examined. Process schemes including electrolytic technologies were also considered. In these last cases, the Oxygen was utilized in the syngas production while the Hydrogen was added afterwards to the produced syngas. The results showed that the utilization of syngas allowed a reduction of coke consumption comprised between 13.4 and 39.4 kg/ton Hot Metal depending on the reactor's feedstock and process conditions. The economics also included sensitivity analysis for identifying the most attractive scenarios for pursuing the application of the examined solutions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100860"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143141144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Removal of heavy metals in industrial wastewater using adsorption technology: Efficiency and influencing factors","authors":"Fernando García Ávila ,&nbsp;Janneth Cabrera-Sumba ,&nbsp;Sandra Valdez-Pilataxi ,&nbsp;Jessica Villalta-Chungata ,&nbsp;Lorgio Valdiviezo-Gonzales ,&nbsp;Cecilia Alegria-Arnedo","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.100879","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.100879","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Most industries are responsible for environmental pollution because their wastewater contains heavy metals that are hazardous. These metals tend to persist indefinitely in the environment, compromising not only human health but also the well-being of ecosystems. The objective of this study was to analyze the adsorption technology for removing heavy metals in industrial wastewater, evaluating influencing factors, adsorbent materials, applied isotherms and their advantages, through a systematic review of the scientific literature of the last 10 years. To conduct this research, the Scopus digital database was consulted. The search was conducted using a systematic review methodology and the PICO framework to identify, analyze, and interpret data on adsorption technology, factors influencing adsorption, the efficiency of different materials used as adsorbents, and the advantages and disadvantages of adsorption isotherms. To filter the information, the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement were followed, which allowed the articles to be selected to answer the research questions posed in this study. Based on the results, it was found that the factors influencing the adsorption of heavy metals include pH (range of 3–9), contact time (range of 10–14,400 min), adsorbent dosage (0.011–20 g/L), temperature (25–30 °C), particle size, and agitation speed (100–800 ppm). Among the most efficient adsorbents are acacia cellulose lignin with 99.8% Cr, bentonite clay with 99% Cu, 96% Cd, and 99% Pb, modified sugarcane bagasse with 96.9% Cu, and activated carbon with 82.8% Cr at pH 3. The least efficient adsorbents are natural moss (54.5% Cr) and biochar from corn husks (20% Cr). The Freundlich isotherm model is the most used, and it can vary depending on the type of adsorbent, the correlation coefficient fit, and the type of heavy metal being treated. Finally, the advantages and limitations of some adsorbents are presented, primarily highlighting their low costs, reusability, and the sustainability they can offer in reducing environmental pollution.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100879"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143141146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extending the handprint approach for the assessment of circular solutions to study the potential positive climate impacts of workplace-as-a-service system","authors":"Mikko Ropo ,&nbsp;Kaisa Grönman ,&nbsp;Laura Lakanen ,&nbsp;Katri Behm ,&nbsp;Risto Soukka","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.100897","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.100897","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Circular economy is identified as a fundamental socio-technological systemic solution to solve the over-arching sustainability challenges resulting from human action, which entails an urgent need to implement circular economy solutions. To identify sustainable solution alternatives, a deeper understanding of impacts on the environmental sustainability of systems is needed. The goal of this study is to extend and apply the handprint approach to the assessment of potential positive environmental impacts of circular solutions. The extended handprint framework is tested in a case study to find out the potential positive climate impacts of a workplace-as-a-service system, which utilises several circularity strategies to lower the climate impact of office spaces in a system of several customers. In the simulated case study for three different customers, the workplace-as-a-service solution was found to decrease the life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of the studied system by 50% compared to a baseline of a business-as-usual office space during a time-period of 30 years. The handprint approach was found to be applicable to the assessment of positive environmental impacts in the studied case, while being compatible with existing methods and standards.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100897"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143097507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modifying milling parameters: Impact on selective separation of lithium-rich phases in a thermodynamically designed battery slag","authors":"Sima Hellmers ,&nbsp;Hao Qiu ,&nbsp;Bengi Yagmurlu ,&nbsp;Arno Kwade","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2024.100857","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2024.100857","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Slag products resulting from the pyrometallurgical recycling of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) exhibit considerable potential as a secondary source of raw materials, particularly regarding the critical element lithium. Similar to ore processing, comminution is the primary method for liberating lithium-bearing phases. This study examines the impact of milling parameters on the separation behavior of lithium-containing phases prior to hydrometallurgical treatments for recovery. The selection of grinding conditions is determined by the characteristics of the targeted particles. Consequently, a range of separation methods were investigated based on the mineralogical properties of the slag, with froth flotation proving the most promising approach. A roller mill was used for grinding. In order to determine the optimal particle size and milling settings, the milling parameters of the roller gap size, circumferential speed, and mass flow of the material fed (feeding rate of the mill) were varied across different feed particle ranges.</div><div>The results demonstrate that a recovery rate of 70% can be achieved for lithium-containing phases, notably lithium aluminate. However, the recovery rate was found to reach 82% through adjustments of the milling parameters of a roller mill implemented in the study. Thus, it can be concluded that the grinding parameters not only affect the comminution processes and their energy consumption, but also the particle morphology and flotation behavior. Therefore, an optimal mechanical pre-treatment of the slags enables an increase recovery of lithium in the recycling of LIBs and a decreasing the requirement of primary sources, both of which contribute to the circular economy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100857"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143097627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}