Cleaner Engineering and Technology最新文献

{"title":"Development of environmentally sustainable geopolymer-based soil solidifiers using waste siding and glass powders","authors":"Shinya Inazumi ,&nbsp;Ryo Hashimoto ,&nbsp;Yoji Hontani ,&nbsp;Atsuya Yoshimoto ,&nbsp;Ken-ichi Shishido ,&nbsp;Kuo Chieh Chao","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.100976","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.100976","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study develops an environmentally sustainable soil solidifier by utilizing Siding Cut Powder (SCP), an industrial by-product, activated with Earth Silica (ES), an innovative alkaline stimulant derived from recycled waste glass. Laboratory tests were conducted on various formulations of SCP and ES, with and without additives such as Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂). The results demonstrated that SCP activated with ES significantly enhanced the compressive strength of the soil, exceeding the 160 kN/m² threshold required for construction-grade soil. The addition of OPC and Ca(OH)₂ further improved performance, while thermal treatment of SCP at 110 °C and 200 °C reduced the required amount of solidifier without compromising strength.</div><div>Environmental assessments initially identified concerns regarding arsenic (As) leaching in SCP formulations, partially attributed to the recycled glass content in ES. However, the incorporation of Ca(OH)₂ effectively mitigated As leaching by forming stable calcium arsenate compounds, ensuring compliance with environmental standards. SEM-EDS analysis revealed the formation of silicate and aluminosilicate compounds, with calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) contributing to improved mechanical stability and durability. These findings indicate that SCP and ES provide a viable, low-carbon alternative to OPC-based solidifiers, supporting sustainable construction practices. The implications of this study include potential reductions in construction waste and carbon emissions, as well as new opportunities for recycling industrial by-products in geotechnical applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100976"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143869426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mineralisation as a carbon sink for DAC: A case-study for solar thermal process integration","authors":"Dia Milani ,&nbsp;Haftom Weldekidan ,&nbsp;Wilson Gardner ,&nbsp;Phillip Fawell ,&nbsp;Robbie McDonald ,&nbsp;Paul Feron ,&nbsp;Michael Rae ,&nbsp;Geoff Drewer ,&nbsp;Graeme Puxty ,&nbsp;Nouman Mirza ,&nbsp;Phil Green","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.100974","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.100974","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rising demand for critical minerals entails more greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and increased generation of tailings and other mining wastes. This study proposes a novel process integrating concentrated solar power (CSP), accelerated mineral carbonation (AMC), and direct air capture (DAC) technologies to reduce such wastes and emissions. A closed-loop Rankine cycle generating 10 MW_e electric power for a hypothetical Australian nickel mine site case-study is simulated in Aspen Plus. High temperature steam is first used in the AMC heat exchanger (AMC-HX) to provide the enthalpy for AMC before expanding in the turbine to produce the design electricity. The turbine's low-enthalpy exit steam is then used in the DAC heat exchanger (DAC-HX) as a final heat sink before condensation and pumping back to the boiler. The boiler's thermal duty is supplied by a solar central receiver system (CRS) complemented by a 10-h thermal energy storage system.</div><div>For the nominal CRS design and energy balance, a net of 5.78 MJ heat per kg of carbonated product is calculated, 10 MW_e electricity for mining beneficiation is maintained, while 10.7 MJ per kg of CO₂ produced in DAC is also provisioned. An annual production of 175.7 kt of carbonates is predicted, permanently locking away 92.2 kt of atmospheric CO₂, and reducing diesel consumption by almost 90 %. Such a design integration can bring all power-related CO₂ emissions of this case-study to zero, with a further CO₂ avoidance of 68.55 kt annually to offset non-power related emissions. In addition to verifying the technical and economic feasibility of such a design, a full life cycle assessment relative to business-as-usual is imperative to help in achieving the 2050 net-zero emissions target in the mining sector.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100974"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143869427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a deep learning predictive model for estimating higher heating value in municipal solid waste management","authors":"Nasreen Banu Mohamed Ishaque,&nbsp;S. Metilda Florence","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.100966","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.100966","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The management of municipal solid waste (MSW) has become a pressing issue in urban areas due to population growth and increasing waste generation. Waste-to-energy (WTE) conversion through thermo-chemical processes offers a promising solution, where the Higher Heating Value (HHV) of MSW plays a crucial role in process optimization. Traditional calorimetric methods for HHV determination are labor-intensive, costly, and environmentally harmful, prompting the need for automated, efficient predictive models. In this work, a novel deep learning-based framework called DLHHV-MSW is presented it estimates the HHV of MSW from its elemental composition, such as the amount of ash, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and water. The framework utilizes a Deep Belief Network (DBN) optimized with Oppositional Cat Swarm Optimization (OCSO) to improve predictive accuracy. Experimental results demonstrate that DLHHV-MSW achieves superior performance, with a correlation coefficient (CC) of 0.996 and a mean squared error (MSE) of 2.342, outperforming traditional methods. This automated approach offers a scalable, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly solution for enhancing WTE operations and advancing sustainable MSW management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100966"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143878817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Greenhouse cooling systems: A systematic review of research trends, challenges, and recommendations for improving sustainability","authors":"Fatima Ezzahra Allali ,&nbsp;Hicham Fatnassi ,&nbsp;Hassan Demrati ,&nbsp;Reda Errais ,&nbsp;Ahmed Wifaya ,&nbsp;Ahmed Aharoune","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.100973","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.100973","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sustainable Greenhouse Cooling Systems (SGCS) incorporate environmentally friendly technologies to maintain optimal plant growth conditions while reducing energy consumption and environmental impact. These technologies include natural ventilation, shading techniques, and evaporative cooling. By decreasing reliance on fossil fuels and enhancing resource efficiency, SGCS contribute to improved sustainability of greenhouse production. Despite numerous review studies on greenhouse cooling systems, there is a notable lack of comprehensive, actionable recommendations for incorporating renewable energy sources, improving energy efficiency, and minimizing water usage within SGCS. Additionally, there is a gap in assessing the holistic sustainability of these systems across environmental, energy, and water conservation dimensions. This review examines the intersection of SGCS research with the Food-Energy-Water (FEW) nexus by addressing key gaps through a systematic literature review of SGCS from 1973 to 2024, providing an in-depth overview of research trends, highlighting challenges and opportunities, and offering practical recommendations to enhance sustainability. A bibliometric analysis was performed using co-authorship, bibliographic coupling, citation, and co-occurrence metrics to objectively assess the literature. This analysis covered 473 documents to address key research questions, track publication trends, and identify evolving themes in SGCS. Results reveal a consistent upward trajectory in SGCS research, with a significant surge in publications post-2006, driven by increased global awareness of climate change and sustainable agriculture practices. Key research themes include the development of passive and active cooling technologies, innovations in material science for thermal management, integration of renewable energy systems, and the use of alternative water sources. Emerging trends also highlight the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT) for real-time climate control and optimization in greenhouses. This study offers a systematic roadmap for future research in SGCS, emphasizing key concepts and trends. It serves as a valuable resource for understanding the evolution of SGCS research and guiding future studies in this area.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100973"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143882023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating environmental impacts of thorium extraction: A comparative study of solvent and electrosorption technologies using life cycle assessment (LCA)","authors":"Naseem Akhtar ,&nbsp;Aznan Fazli Ismail ,&nbsp;Marlia Mohd Hanafiah ,&nbsp;Syazwani Mohd Fadzil ,&nbsp;Sulgiye Park","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.100960","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.100960","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Thorium extraction techniques, such as solvent extraction from monazite and electrosorption techniques from water leach purification (WLP) of radioactive waste residues, are important for thorium recovery, particularly in Malaysia. Despite their importance, previous studies have largely overlooked critical issues like radioactive hazards, human health risks, and environmental impacts associated with advanced thorium extraction methods. This study addresses these gaps by quantifying the environmental impact associated with solvent extraction and electrosorption techniques using a life cycle assessment (LCA) framework to compare environmental indicators for thorium recovery from monazite ore and WLP residues. The LCA was conducted from cradle to gate, incorporating inventory data from the Ecoinvent database 3 and SimaPro software version 9, with inputs of raw material extraction, transportation, energy consumption, and chemical uses. Emissions into air, water, and soil were quantified across all processing phases. The LCA midpoint findings reveal that thorium disulfate in monazite processing is the key contributor to global warming, producing 45 kg CO₂-eq, whereas transportation and electricity consumption also considerably affect emissions, contributing 25.07 kg CO₂-eq and 26.17 kg CO₂-eq, respectively. Comparative analysis of midpoint indicators showed that solvent extraction had a more significant environmental impact than electrosorption in the context of human carcinogenic toxicity, freshwater ecotoxicity, and marine ecotoxicity. The damaged assessment highlighted endpoint indicators that monazite processing had a higher impact than WLP on human health (0.0364–0.0016 DALY), ecosystems (0.0016–0.0005 species·yr), and resources (0.0012–0.0005 USD, 2013), primarily due to the use of chemicals and emissions. Our study shows that electrosorption from WLP demonstrates superior environmental sustainability compared with solvent extraction from monazite, positioning it a more viable and efficient approach for radioactive waste treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100960"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143835022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrogen production and import thermal energy recovery and use: a study on water electrolysis waste heat and ammonia cracking cold utilisation","authors":"Maxime Philip Kramer ,&nbsp;Klaas-Jan Bosch ,&nbsp;Kamel Hooman","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.100940","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.100940","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The aim of this study is to quantify and utilize waste heat from wind-farm-powered water electrolysers and ammonia cracking. The port of Rotterdam, as a case study, has been analyzed where the transport of 4.6 Mt hydrogen and water electrolysis, powered by wind farms, is planned. A dynamic model was developed to calculate waste heat from an electrolyser powered by fluctuating electricity inputs from offshore wind power. Moreover, thermal analysis of ammonia cracking process streams was conducted. It was observed that integrating water electrolysis waste heat into the ammonia cracking process is not only a promising novel application for the reuse of the electrolysis waste heat, but also it can potentially enhance cracking efficiency by 2 % while creating synergies within the hydrogen industry. Additionally, waste heat can be used for district heating saving more than 70 % of energy and reducing CO₂ by just as much. In parallel, cold utilisation from ammonia cracking was explored for CO₂ and H₂ compression, as well as industrial cold storage to observe that technical implementation is possible.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100940"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143876752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrogen economy research using Latent Dirichlet Allocation topic modeling: Review, trends and future directions","authors":"Walaa AlKhader ,&nbsp;Khaled Salah ,&nbsp;Ahmad Mayyas ,&nbsp;Mohammed Omar","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.100953","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.100953","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The hydrogen economy has recently gained significant importance as a critical component of energy systems, offering a way to reduce carbon emissions and pave the way to a sustainable, clean energy future. This review leverages Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) topic modeling to comprehensively analyze the rapidly expanding body of literature on hydrogen economy. In this review paper, we identify research areas, track their evolution, and explore different topics in this field. We examine literature from various perspectives on various subject areas and compare it before and after 2020 to highlight progress and shifting focuses. Our findings demonstrate a significant rise in research output on the hydrogen economy post-2020. Moreover, key trends include green hydrogen production, renewable energy integration, and the use of waste and biomass in hydrogen generation. We further discuss future research directions and map our findings to the current industry status and internationally announced hydrogen plans. Finally, we highlight the limitations and implications of our research for academia, industry, and policymakers. This review provides a comprehensive view of the hydrogen economy, using LDA to reveal in-depth insights into this emerging field.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100953"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143843720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microplastics in drinking water. Efficiency of treatment and distribution of a drinking water cycle","authors":"R. Rodríguez-Barroso ,&nbsp;A. Cruceira ,&nbsp;M.D. Coello ,&nbsp;J.M. Quiroga ,&nbsp;A. Egea-Corbacho","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.100972","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.100972","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>It is known that there are many sources of microplastics (MPs) contamination in reservoir water catchment areas. In addition, sampling, analysis, and determination techniques are not standardized, making not only sampling complicated, but also the comparison and extrapolation of the data obtained with other studies. This is further magnified in the determination in drinking water matrices. Furthermore, among the legislative aspects, introduces for the first time at the watch list about pollutant to be consider. Therefore, the objective of this study is to know the presence of MPs in the drinking water distribution cycle (natural reservoir (S1), outflow of the drinking water treatment plant (S2), city's reservoir (S3) and a municipal control point of the supply network (S4)), for this purpose a method for the analysis and determination of MPs in drinking water is set up and proposed. In order to carry out the study, several samples were taken at different points of the drinking water distribution pathway. Based on the shape of the particles, the result shows the predominance of fragments over fibers and bulk. A difference is observed between these forms between incoming (S1) and outgoing samples (S2 to S4); while in S1 it seems that fiber predominates over bulk, in S2 bulk predominate and in less concentration fibers. In S3 and S4 the tendency is similar to the S2, there is a predominance of fragment followed by bulk and finally fibers. Regarding the abundance of these polymers, it was 1550 ± 891 MP/m³ at S1, 115 ± 35 MP/m³ at S2, 435 ± 120 MP/m³ at S3 and 450 ± 221 MP/m³ in S4. These results show that is able to establish an average efficiency of the 92 ± 2 % removal of MPs in the purification processes. Likewise, regarding the typology of polymers, the most representative were PTFE, PE and PS. The amount of MPs is higher at the DWTP inlet than at the outflow, indicating that the treatment may reduce them, even if not specifically designed to do so. This study, conducted in a DWTP with conventional treatment, suggests these findings could apply to other similar plants. An increase in MPs has been noted from the DWTP outlet to the storage tanks and the city's distribution network, possibly due to material carryover and pipe wear.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100972"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143835021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Promoting sustainable water distribution networks: Modeling of water pipe failure factors and modes","authors":"Ridwan Taiwo ,&nbsp;Tarek Zayed ,&nbsp;Nehal Elshaboury ,&nbsp;Ghasan Alfalah ,&nbsp;Eslam Mohammed Abdelkader","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.100969","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.100969","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Water pipe failure significantly undermines the sustainability and resilience of water distribution networks (WDNs), leading to substantial environmental, economic, and social impacts. While previous studies have examined isolated failure factors, a comprehensive understanding of the interactions between multiple factors and their relationship with failure modes remains a critical research gap. This study addresses this gap by developing and validating an integrated framework that systematically categorizes thirty failure factors into four groups: pipe-related, operation-related, external-related, and soil-related factors. Through a global questionnaire-based survey and partial least square structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM), the study quantifies the relationships between these factors and five distinct failure modes. The results reveal that pipe age, diameter, and length are the most critical pipe-related factors; water alkalinity, leaks, and acidity dominate operation-related factors; temperature, precipitation, and frost are key external factors; and soil moisture, resistivity, and pH are crucial soil-related factors. The analysis establishes a significant relationship between failure factors and failure modes <span><math><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mi>β</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0.567</mn><mo>,</mo><mi>p</mi><mo>&lt;</mo><mn>0.05</mn></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span>. This study provides a novel, statistically validated framework that captures the complex interactions between multiple factors and failure modes. Based on these findings, the study recommends that water utilities: (1) implement a risk-based maintenance strategy focusing on the identified critical factors, (2) develop integrated monitoring systems that track multiple failure factors simultaneously, and (3) adopt predictive maintenance approaches using the established factor-mode relationships. These recommendations provide water utilities with evidence-based strategies for infrastructure management, resource optimization, and failure prevention, ultimately contributing to enhanced WDN sustainability and resilience.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100969"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143854853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental validation of A robust integral terminal sliding mode control for three-phase voltage source converter in standalone microgrid","authors":"Mohammed Tebaa,&nbsp;Mohammed Ouassaid","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.100968","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.100968","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents a real-time implementation of a robust Integral Terminal Sliding Mode Control (ITSMC) for a standalone three-phase two-level voltage source inverter. The proposed controller enhances tracking performance, robustness against parameter uncertainties and measurement noise while mitigating chattering. Stability is ensured through Lyapunov theory. The effectiveness of ITSMC is validated experimentally, with a comparative analysis against Model Predictive Control (MPC) and PI control. Results show that ITSMC achieves a 55 % reduction in Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) and greater resilience to parameter uncertainties and measurement noise. Additionally, ITSMC reduces switching frequency and computational costs compared to MPC, leading to lower switching losses and full compliance with IEEE Std 519–2014.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100968"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143850685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}