Cleaner Engineering and Technology最新文献

{"title":"Hydrogen economy research using Latent Dirichlet Allocation topic modeling: Review, trends and future directions","authors":"Walaa AlKhader ,&nbsp;Khaled Salah ,&nbsp;Ahmad Mayyas ,&nbsp;Mohammed Omar","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.100953","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.100953","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The hydrogen economy has recently gained significant importance as a critical component of energy systems, offering a way to reduce carbon emissions and pave the way to a sustainable, clean energy future. This review leverages Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) topic modeling to comprehensively analyze the rapidly expanding body of literature on hydrogen economy. In this review paper, we identify research areas, track their evolution, and explore different topics in this field. We examine literature from various perspectives on various subject areas and compare it before and after 2020 to highlight progress and shifting focuses. Our findings demonstrate a significant rise in research output on the hydrogen economy post-2020. Moreover, key trends include green hydrogen production, renewable energy integration, and the use of waste and biomass in hydrogen generation. We further discuss future research directions and map our findings to the current industry status and internationally announced hydrogen plans. Finally, we highlight the limitations and implications of our research for academia, industry, and policymakers. This review provides a comprehensive view of the hydrogen economy, using LDA to reveal in-depth insights into this emerging field.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100953"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143843720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microplastics in drinking water. Efficiency of treatment and distribution of a drinking water cycle","authors":"R. Rodríguez-Barroso ,&nbsp;A. Cruceira ,&nbsp;M.D. Coello ,&nbsp;J.M. Quiroga ,&nbsp;A. Egea-Corbacho","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.100972","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.100972","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>It is known that there are many sources of microplastics (MPs) contamination in reservoir water catchment areas. In addition, sampling, analysis, and determination techniques are not standardized, making not only sampling complicated, but also the comparison and extrapolation of the data obtained with other studies. This is further magnified in the determination in drinking water matrices. Furthermore, among the legislative aspects, introduces for the first time at the watch list about pollutant to be consider. Therefore, the objective of this study is to know the presence of MPs in the drinking water distribution cycle (natural reservoir (S1), outflow of the drinking water treatment plant (S2), city's reservoir (S3) and a municipal control point of the supply network (S4)), for this purpose a method for the analysis and determination of MPs in drinking water is set up and proposed. In order to carry out the study, several samples were taken at different points of the drinking water distribution pathway. Based on the shape of the particles, the result shows the predominance of fragments over fibers and bulk. A difference is observed between these forms between incoming (S1) and outgoing samples (S2 to S4); while in S1 it seems that fiber predominates over bulk, in S2 bulk predominate and in less concentration fibers. In S3 and S4 the tendency is similar to the S2, there is a predominance of fragment followed by bulk and finally fibers. Regarding the abundance of these polymers, it was 1550 ± 891 MP/m³ at S1, 115 ± 35 MP/m³ at S2, 435 ± 120 MP/m³ at S3 and 450 ± 221 MP/m³ in S4. These results show that is able to establish an average efficiency of the 92 ± 2 % removal of MPs in the purification processes. Likewise, regarding the typology of polymers, the most representative were PTFE, PE and PS. The amount of MPs is higher at the DWTP inlet than at the outflow, indicating that the treatment may reduce them, even if not specifically designed to do so. This study, conducted in a DWTP with conventional treatment, suggests these findings could apply to other similar plants. An increase in MPs has been noted from the DWTP outlet to the storage tanks and the city's distribution network, possibly due to material carryover and pipe wear.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100972"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143835021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Promoting sustainable water distribution networks: Modeling of water pipe failure factors and modes","authors":"Ridwan Taiwo ,&nbsp;Tarek Zayed ,&nbsp;Nehal Elshaboury ,&nbsp;Ghasan Alfalah ,&nbsp;Eslam Mohammed Abdelkader","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.100969","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.100969","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Water pipe failure significantly undermines the sustainability and resilience of water distribution networks (WDNs), leading to substantial environmental, economic, and social impacts. While previous studies have examined isolated failure factors, a comprehensive understanding of the interactions between multiple factors and their relationship with failure modes remains a critical research gap. This study addresses this gap by developing and validating an integrated framework that systematically categorizes thirty failure factors into four groups: pipe-related, operation-related, external-related, and soil-related factors. Through a global questionnaire-based survey and partial least square structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM), the study quantifies the relationships between these factors and five distinct failure modes. The results reveal that pipe age, diameter, and length are the most critical pipe-related factors; water alkalinity, leaks, and acidity dominate operation-related factors; temperature, precipitation, and frost are key external factors; and soil moisture, resistivity, and pH are crucial soil-related factors. The analysis establishes a significant relationship between failure factors and failure modes <span><math><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mi>β</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0.567</mn><mo>,</mo><mi>p</mi><mo>&lt;</mo><mn>0.05</mn></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span>. This study provides a novel, statistically validated framework that captures the complex interactions between multiple factors and failure modes. Based on these findings, the study recommends that water utilities: (1) implement a risk-based maintenance strategy focusing on the identified critical factors, (2) develop integrated monitoring systems that track multiple failure factors simultaneously, and (3) adopt predictive maintenance approaches using the established factor-mode relationships. These recommendations provide water utilities with evidence-based strategies for infrastructure management, resource optimization, and failure prevention, ultimately contributing to enhanced WDN sustainability and resilience.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100969"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143854853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental validation of A robust integral terminal sliding mode control for three-phase voltage source converter in standalone microgrid","authors":"Mohammed Tebaa,&nbsp;Mohammed Ouassaid","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.100968","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.100968","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents a real-time implementation of a robust Integral Terminal Sliding Mode Control (ITSMC) for a standalone three-phase two-level voltage source inverter. The proposed controller enhances tracking performance, robustness against parameter uncertainties and measurement noise while mitigating chattering. Stability is ensured through Lyapunov theory. The effectiveness of ITSMC is validated experimentally, with a comparative analysis against Model Predictive Control (MPC) and PI control. Results show that ITSMC achieves a 55 % reduction in Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) and greater resilience to parameter uncertainties and measurement noise. Additionally, ITSMC reduces switching frequency and computational costs compared to MPC, leading to lower switching losses and full compliance with IEEE Std 519–2014.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100968"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143850685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing productivity and cost-effectiveness of single-slope solar stills using a multi-cavity built-in condenser: Experimental and performance analysis","authors":"Hashim Sahar Mohaisen ,&nbsp;Ahmed Alhusseny","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.100970","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.100970","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A modified design of a completely passive single-slope solar still has been suggested in the current investigation. To increase the condensation rate and hence increase the unit productivity, a built-in condenser has been attached to the unit. The design of the built-in condenser has further been modified through the utilization of multi-cavity partitions. The systems proposed have been constructed and experimentally tested in Najaf city located at 31°59′29.1″N latitude and 44°20′17.6″E longitude over seven consecutive summer days. A conventional solar still (CS) with identical dimensions was also built and tested under the same operating conditions to assess the productivity and efficiency of the modified designs proposed. The findings reveal that splitting the built-in condenser into two partitions can raise the freshwater harvested there by up to 83.5 % resulting in a 16.7 % upgrade in the overall still productivity despite the 10 % reduction in the freshwater condensed over the glass cover. Compared to the conventional still, integrating a single- (SCCS) or double-cavity condenser still (DCCS) can improve net daytime productivity by up to 24 % and 44.8 %, respectively. A considerable portion of extra-distilled water is also available to collect overnight, where about 15 % and 17.3 % of daytime productivity can be further harvested in the SCCS or DCCS, respectively, thereby causing further improvement in their net daily productivity and thermal efficiency by up to 30.75 % and 55.96 % of what the CS offers. It is also worth reporting that the currently proposed stills have not been found only efficient but economically reasonable as well. The cost analysis conducted has proven their economic feasibility compared to some relevant designs available in the literature. The DCCS has been found the least expensive to produce freshwater with <span><math><mrow><mi>C</mi><mi>P</mi><mi>L</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0.0065</mn><mo>$</mo><mo>/</mo><mi>l</mi><mo>/</mo><msup><mi>m</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow></math></span> compared to <span><math><mrow><mn>0.0077</mn><mo>$</mo><mo>/</mo><mi>l</mi><mo>/</mo><msup><mi>m</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow></math></span> when using the SCCS, which though being a bit more costly but still economically outstanding. Finally, the modified stills exhibited superior exergoeconomic and enviroeconomic performance, with the DCCS achieving 22.10 kWh/$ (energy), 5.8 kWh/$ (exergy), and enviroeconomic savings of $517.27, highlighting its cost-effectiveness and sustainability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100970"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143851560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative assessment of six alkaline industrial residues for CO2 storage via indirect mineral carbonation","authors":"Antonio Gasós,&nbsp;Marco Mazzotti","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.100954","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.100954","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Indirect mineral carbonation of alkaline industrial residues offers a dual benefit: permanent storage of CO₂ and production of useful products, namely neutralized residues and precipitated calcium carbonate. This study systematically evaluates the process for residues from six different industries, enabling the identification of general trends and material-specific features. A two-step process using aqueous ammonium nitrate was employed, where calcium was first extracted by dissolving the feedstocks, and then precipitated as calcium carbonate by bubbling CO₂ into the filtered solution. While the carbon uptake varied depending on feedstock mineralogy (50–300 kg of CO₂ per ton), the developed models effectively described calcium extraction across all materials, based on the particle size and a dimensionless operating parameter — the calcium capacity ratio. Impurity release emerged as a critical factor, compromising the use of certain feedstocks: sulfates reduced precipitated calcium carbonate purity, copper gave it a blue tint, and alkaline impurities like KOH increased solution pH potentially hindering recyclability of the ammonium nitrate solution. Among the tested residues, steel slags and paper sludge incineration ash proved most promising, yielding high purity (99.5<!--> <!-->%) vaterite with precipitation efficiencies around 90<!--> <!-->%. Process performance maps were developed to identify optimal operating conditions while considering the environmental impact of solvent losses in the filtered solids. This study establishes a systemic framework for assessing feedstock suitability for indirect mineral carbonation and highlights the importance of future research into the effects of impurity accumulation during solvent recycling.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100954"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143808014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comprehensive techno-economic assessment of Green-Ammonia@Scale production","authors":"Muhammad Sadiq ,&nbsp;Ahmad Mayyas ,&nbsp;Pedro R.R. Rochedo","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.100964","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.100964","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Conventional Ammonia (NH₃) production through steam methane reforming directly emits greenhouse gases like Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and indirectly releases air pollutants such as Nitrogen oxides (NO_x) and Sulfur dioxide (SO₂). Conversely, utilizing renewable-powered water electrolysis enables the production of green-NH₃, providing a cleaner and more environmentally sustainable alternative. A comprehensive techno-economic analysis (TEA) model, incorporating economies of scale, was developed to investigate the feasibility of green-NH₃@Scale production at two prospective locations within the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. Aspen Plus, the Hydrogen (H₂) Production Analysis model (H2A), and the System Advisor Model (SAM) were used to simulate and optimize the volumetric production and economic metrics. The findings reveal substantial variability in the levelized cost of green-NH₃ (LCOA), driven by factors such as production scale, electrolyzer type, and power-to-power plant configuration. Depending on the geographical location of the production facility, production scale, and associated economic and financial parameters, the LCOA ranged from $556/t to $680/t. This positions green-NH₃ near competitive parity with blue-NH₃, which has a cost of approximately $400/t. These results underscore the cost-effectiveness of green-NH₃ and its potential as a robust H₂ energy carrier, providing a benchmark to guide investment decisions and inform policy development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100964"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143815110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"AI-driven modeling for predicting compressive strength of recycled aggregate concrete under thermal conditions for sustainable construction","authors":"Morteza Ghodratnama ,&nbsp;Amir R. Masoodi ,&nbsp;Amir H. Gandomi","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.100959","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.100959","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This research utilizes sophisticated artificial intelligence (AI) methodologies to forecast the compressive strength of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) under different temperature scenarios, marking a notable advancement in sustainable construction methodologies. Two distinct models employing Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and Gene Expression Programming (GEP) were created based on an extensive dataset that includes 157 experimental samples from eight reputable studies conducted between 2014 and 2024. The ANN models underwent optimization via Random Search Hyper-Parameter Tuning, resulting in high prediction accuracy, with correlation coefficients (R²) surpassing 0.9. To prevent overfitting, dropout techniques and L1 &amp; L2 regularization were applied, ensuring strong generalizability. The explicit mathematical equations generated through GEP offer practical applications for engineers involved in thermal design. For each algorithm, two complementary models were developed: one for predicting compressive strength at ambient temperature and another for estimating residual strength following exposure to elevated temperatures. A detailed comparative analysis revealed that ANN models outperformed GEP in terms of predictive accuracy, while GEP models offered interpretable equations for practical engineering use. The study also conducted a comprehensive evaluation against existing standards, demonstrating the superior reliability of the developed AI-driven models in predicting RAC performance at elevated temperatures. Furthermore, a rigorous sensitivity analysis identified key influencing parameters, particularly the water-to-cement ratio and recycled aggregate content, offering valuable insights into the thermal and mechanical behavior of RAC. The findings of this research contribute significantly to sustainable construction by providing a robust AI-based predictive framework for optimizing RAC mix designs, guiding the development of thermal-resistant concrete formulations, and informing future structural design standards for recycled materials in high-temperature applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100959"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143828413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reduction of carbon and water footprints in wet coffee processing and optimization of wastewater treatment at the wet mill factory","authors":"Xia Li ,&nbsp;Qian Jia ,&nbsp;Yifan Gu ,&nbsp;Godrick Bulitia ,&nbsp;Joseph Nyamoko Tinega ,&nbsp;Fengting Li","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.100967","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.100967","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With increased coffee production and consumption globally, the coffee industry is gradually embracing a circular economy to curb high carbon and water footprints. Currently, coffee consumption has become part of our daily lives. However, wet coffee processing and coffee wastewater treatment stages are a major source of carbon emission and high-water footprint. This study is designed to evaluate and mitigate carbon and water footprints in wet coffee processing and optimize the coffee wastewater treatment process at the wet mill factory. The results show that from 2019 to 2023 wet mill B had the highest mean carbon and water footprints at (4707.28 t CO₂-e &amp; 9880.47 m³) as compared to wet mill A (1867.58 t CO₂-e &amp; 3917.62 m³) and wet mill C (2788.48 t CO₂-e &amp; 5844 m³) respectively. The major source of carbon emission was wastewater generation (99 %) while water footprint was the pulping, washing and fermentation stages (99 %). The optimization of coffee wastewater treatment technology by the integration of constructed wetland has the potential to reduce COD and BOD concentration by 80 %. The use of efficient fermentation methods, treated wastewater reuse, biogas capture and conversion to clean energy and automation of wet coffee processing can reduce carbon and water footprints.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100967"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143808011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative analysis of water injection and EGR effects on combustion, performance, and emission characteristics of a diesel engine using diesel-biodiesel blends","authors":"Maziyar Moeini Manesh ,&nbsp;Alireza Shirneshan ,&nbsp;Sobhan Emami","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.100965","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.100965","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The pollutants emitted from diesel engines, especially nitrogen oxides (NOx), are one of the fundamental challenges for designers and manufacturers of internal combustion engines. Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and water injection are two essential methods for reducing NOx emitted from the engine. The comparison of these two methods when simultaneously utilizing biodiesel in the engine can be considered the most significant gap in previous research. This study investigates the effects of water injection and EGR, along with the application of various diesel-biodiesel blends, on the performance, combustion, and NOx emissions of a Caterpillar 3401 diesel engine. The AVL Fire CFD software package was utilized along with a three-zone extended coherent flame combustion model and <em>k</em>-<em>ζ</em>-<em>f</em> turbulence model for evaluating the impacts of water injection at percentages of 15 %, 30 %, 45 %, and 60 %, and EGR at rates of 0 %, 10 %, 15 %, 20 %, and 25 % for the B0, B10, B20, and B50 (50 % diesel-50 % biodiesel) blends. According to the results, increasing water injection by up to 45 % reduces the maximum in-cylinder pressure by 4.4 % and engine power by 3.2 %–4.4 % for different fuel mixtures. However, a slight increase in power is observed when the water injection percentage reaches 60 %. Additionally, the specific fuel consumption (SFC) rises by 6.4 % for these mixtures. Similarly, as the EGR rate increases, the maximum in-cylinder pressure decreases by up to 5.5 %, with power declining by 3.5 %–4.3 %, comparable to the water injection scenario. The SFC also increases by 3.7 %–4.6 % across different fuel blends, though slightly less than with water injection. The results also reveal that a water injection of 60 % reduces specific NOx by about 57 %; furthermore, increasing the EGR rate to 25 % reduces nitrogen oxides by approximately 78 %. It was found that a 0.18 mm diameter is the most suitable for water droplets to reduce NOx emissions during water injection. Based on the results, considering both engine performance and the reduction of nitrogen oxides, the EGR method is recommended over water injection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100965"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143820725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}