Cleaner Engineering and Technology最新文献

{"title":"Preparation, quality analysis and bonding mechanism of densified bio-briquettes from cotton stalk and walnut shell wastes","authors":"Zaituniguli Kuerban ,&nbsp;Wang Huijing ,&nbsp;Tuerxun Tuerhong ,&nbsp;Wang Hui ,&nbsp;Feng Guojun ,&nbsp;Hu Xiangwei ,&nbsp;Zhao Yun","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.101030","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.101030","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To contribute to regional sustainable development, briquetting of cotton stalk (CS), walnut shell (WS) in different particle sizes, and their blend was investigated at different temperatures at a constant pressure of 34.92 MPa. A total of 133 tests were conducted. The proximate and ultimate analysis, lower heating values (LHV), densities, moisture contents, and surface morphologies were determined for quality assessment. In results, the LHVs of raw CS/WS feedstocks and CS briquettes of coarse particles densified at 110–120 °C were 16.15/18.44 and 16.07–16.69 MJkg⁻¹, respectively. The medium and fine WS particles compressed at 110–120 °C and 100–120 °C, had the maximum LHVs around 18.96–19.99 MJ kg⁻¹, respectively. Some representative briquettes were selected based on their high LHVs for further evaluation. Their densities were greater than 1.0 g cm⁻³, and hybrids of coarse CS particles with medium WS particles compacted in the ratio range of 5:5–7:3 at 100 °C had higher LHVs (≥19.0 MJ kg⁻¹) and densities, complying with class A1 non-woody briquettes in ISO 17225–7:2021 and class TW2 commercial and industrial biofuels in ISO 17225–8. The molecules of the particles were solidified by forming new hydrogen bonds, dipole-dipole forces, and inter-particle solid bridges. The softened lignin in CS played an important role in particle binding in the absence of sufficient water, smooth and non-porous briquette surfaces were observed for the representative briquettes. In conclusion, the briquetting of coarse CS and medium WS particles in a 7:3 ratio at 100 °C was recommended for residential and industrial use due to its suitability for fully utilizing local agricultural waste.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 101030"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144523152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Designing sustainable agricultural production model: Balancing food, economy, and environmental outcomes in humid subtropics","authors":"Aastika Pandey ,&nbsp;Subhash Babu ,&nbsp;Sanjay Singh Rathore ,&nbsp;P.K. Upadhyay ,&nbsp;Rajiv K. Singh ,&nbsp;Md Yeasin ,&nbsp;Rishi Raj ,&nbsp;Kapila Shekhawat ,&nbsp;Khushboo Devi ,&nbsp;Vipin Kumar ,&nbsp;Ananya Gairola ,&nbsp;Devideen Yadav ,&nbsp;Raghavendra Singh","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.101016","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.101016","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Negative environmental outcomes and poor economic returns often questioned the sustainability of conventional agricultural production systems. Hence, a field experiment was conducted by involving two land configurations: flat-bed (FB) and raised bed and furrow (RBF) in main plots, and four cereal-legume integrations in sub-plots: maize-wheat, maize + black gram + soybean-wheat + chickpea, maize + cowpea + soybean-wheat + lentil, and maize + cowpea + soybean-wheat + mustard in three times replicated split-plot design to develop the sustainable production model for balancing productivity, economics and environmental outcomes. The raised bed and furrow demonstrated 5.5–6 % higher system productivity over the flatbed. Likewise, integrating cereals with legumes enhanced system productivity by 2–2.5 times over the maize-wheat system. Concerning environmental indicators, the raised bed and furrow system had significantly higher energy use efficiency (8.29 %) and energy productivity (1.54 kg MJ⁻¹) over a flatbed. Among the cereal-legume integrations, the maize + cowpea + soybean – wheat + mustard system registered the highest energy productivity and the lowest specific energy and demonstrated 2.26 times greater energy productivity and 41.35 % lower specific energy over the maize-wheat system. Cereal-legume integration reduces the carbon footprint by 2.5–3 times over the maize-wheat system. The maize + cowpea + soybean – wheat + mustard and maize + cowpea + soybean – wheat + lentil had ∼90.7 % higher eco-efficiency index (EEI) over the maize-wheat. Overall study inferred that the concurrent cultivation of cereals and legumes on raised beds and furrows is the most viable option for maximizing economic outputs and minimizing the environmental footprints in humid subtropics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 101016"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144588941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing solar energy efficiency with hybrid CSP systems: Design and analysis of a parabolic dish collector integrated with thermal energy storage","authors":"Ayaz Akbar ,&nbsp;Naeem Abas ,&nbsp;Muhammad Shoaib Saleem ,&nbsp;Shoaib Rauf ,&nbsp;Aun Haider","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.101043","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.101043","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Solar energy is a sustainable and environmentally benign renewable energy source, offering clean energy without emitting greenhouse gases. Solar energy possesses the potential to satisfy global energy, heating, and cooling requirements. Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) technologies find their applications at large scale as compared to photovoltaic system. In this study, a parabolic trough collector integrated with a stratified storage tank is dynamically simulated in TRNSYS® software to test different thermal energy storage materials at varying loads to evaluate efficiency and solar fraction. The heat capacity (Cp) and density (ρ) of materials were varied ranging from 950 to 1000 kg/m³ and 4.10–4.19 kJ/kg.K for water, 960 to 645 kg/m³ and 1.85–2.0 kJ/kg.K for thermal oil, 1700–2100 kg/m³ and 1.4–1.56 kJ/kg.K for molten salt, respectively. A 5.5 m² parabolic dish collector prototype featuring a mirror and thermally insulated storage tank connected in a closed loop was designed and fabricated to analyse the thermal energy storage and transfer. Results showed that indirect thermal storage proves more compatible as it allows for the interchangeable use of heat transfer fluids like glycol-water mixtures and thermal oil, reducing rusting since the fluid only transfers heat to the storage tank without directly affecting the system. Key findings include a maximum solar fraction of 75–80 % during February and September, and system efficiency ranging between 50 and 55 % under varying load conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 101043"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144570450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bifacial single glass encapsulation of solar module – An effective solution to enhance reliability via breathability","authors":"Yihua Yu ,&nbsp;Zhan Wang ,&nbsp;Hailong Sun ,&nbsp;Deng Tang ,&nbsp;Jingshuai Song ,&nbsp;Jianwei Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.101031","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.101031","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Outdoor performance of PV modules encapsulated with two different approaches showed that annual power generation of single glass solar modules was higher than that of double glass solar modules (0.32 % higher in terms of average annual per watt power generation gain) and annual power degradation of single glass solar modules was lower than that of double glass solar modules (1.07 % vs 1.47 %, respectively). The reason was attributed to the breathability of PV modules, which was demonstrated by many qualitative and quantitative experiments, including: 1) color change/reaction of cobalt chloride (CoCl₂) test paper (entrapped between encapsulant and backsheet) with water diffused into PV module; 2) water content of encapsulant after aging; 3) acetic acid concentration inside encapsulant after aging. Due to its unique structure, single glass PV module can “breathe” under daily operation which enables small molecules, e.g., water, medium sized molecules, e.g., acetic acid, diffuse out from the PV module, reducing continuous corrosion of metallic components of PV modules. Breathability ensures PV module higher reliability as well as high efficiency by removal of water and acetic acid and eventually results in more annual power generation. Breathability can mitigate the risk of failure of the PV system, which was demonstrated by using failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) approach.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 101031"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144501161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimising limestone calcined clay cement containing excavated low-grade waste clay for 3D printing applications","authors":"Yazeed A. Al-Noaimat ,&nbsp;Mehdi Chougan ,&nbsp;Matteo Sambucci ,&nbsp;Marco Valente ,&nbsp;Jacopo Tirillò ,&nbsp;Abdulrahman Albar ,&nbsp;Behzad Nematollahi ,&nbsp;Seyed Hamidreza Ghaffar","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.100991","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.100991","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recent studies reported the use of limestone calcined clay cement (LC3) as a low-carbon binder for 3D concrete printing (3DCP) applications. These studies typically used 1:1 clay minerals, specifically medium to high-purity clays, containing a minimum of 40 % Kaolinite. This study aims to valorise low-grade waste clay (representative of 2:1 clay mineral with a maximum of 20 % Kaolinite content) excavated from a tunnelling project to develop an LC3 mixture for 3DCP applications. This research investigates the effect of different calcination temperatures, dosages of superplasticiser (SP) and viscosity modifying agent (VMA) on the fresh properties, mechanical characteristics, reaction kinetics, shape stability, and buildability of the developed mixes. The results revealed that activating excavated clay at 800 °C exhibited the highest reactivity compared to calcination temperatures of 700 and 900 °C. The incorporation of admixtures (i.e., SP and VMA) had varying effects on the fresh and mechanical properties of the mixtures. The LC3 mixture containing 1 wt% SP and 0.6 wt% VMA (by weight of the binder) exhibited robust shape stability and achieved the best mechanical performance among the mixtures investigated in this study and had an open time of 65 min. A cylindrical object was successfully printed using this mixture, confirming its suitability for 3DCP applications. Environmental impact calculations showed that replacing OPC with the developed LC3 mixture provides significant environmental benefits, reducing CO2 emissions by around 39 %. This study confirms the feasibility of using excavated low-grade waste clay as feedstock for 3DCP applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100991"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144338863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Parametric LCA model for Ti6Al4V powder production","authors":"Christian Spreafico,&nbsp;Baris Ördek","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.101032","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.101032","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The production of titanium (Ti6Al4V) powder is critical for aerospace, biomedical, and additive manufacturing but poses environmental challenges due to its energy intensity. Existing assessments often rely on static LCAs, offering limited optimization, or employ fragmented parametric models that do not capture full system interdependencies. This study introduces a novel, comprehensive parametric Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) framework for Ti6Al4V powder production, addressing these limitations. Its core methodological innovation lies in the integration of the entire production chain (from mining to sieving) and the simultaneous optimization of technically crucial, interdependent operational parameters, specifically, TiO₂ content in slag (typically 0.78–0.90), atomization electrode diameter (0.04–0.10 m), and argon pressure (often ≈5.5 MPa), rather than just parameterizing mass/energy flows as often seen in prior models. This is achieved by linking upstream process quality (e.g., slag composition impacting chlorination energy) to downstream performance and environmental impacts (e.g., atomization energy and waste generation) through empirically-derived relationships based on extensive literature data. The model minimizes environmental impact under user-defined control conditions (target powder diameter, region, impact category). Numerical investigation demonstrates significant impact reduction potential. Crucially, the model quantifies environmental trade-offs between conflicting objectives and reveals critical hotspots, with atomization and chlorination consistently accounting for &gt;70 % of impacts even post-optimization. Energy consumption sensitivity is high, varying over five-fold for key steps based on parameter adjustments. This holistic, multi-variable optimization approach provides unprecedented, actionable insights by identifying optimal operational settings, not just sensitivities, for enhancing the sustainability of Ti6Al4V powder production, overcoming limitations of prior static or phase-specific parametric models.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 101032"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144480368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strategies to control the growth of unwanted microalgae during the production of Arthrospira platensis BEA 005B","authors":"Silvia Villaró ,&nbsp;Sandra Valero-Cardoso ,&nbsp;Cristina Cerdá-Moreno ,&nbsp;Martina Ciardi ,&nbsp;Tomás Lafarga","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.101035","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.101035","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>When producing <em>Arthrospira platensis</em> (Spirulina) it is essential to reuse the exhausted culture medium for sustainability reasons. However, this strategy is challenging given the negative effect the medium has on microalgal growth. While recycling helps reduce costs and environmental impact, it can also result in an increased risk of biological contamination. Indeed, in this study, harvesting <em>Arthrospira platensis</em> using a 100 μm mesh led to an accumulation of an unwanted microalga identified as <em>Chlorella</em> sp. To address this issue, various strategies were evaluated. These included the use of sea salt, increasing the pH, heating the culture, or adding an additional ultrafiltration step. The results showed that the most effective solution was to incorporate a 0.2 μm membrane filter. This technique eliminated the <em>Chlorella</em> sp. cells from the culture medium, resulting in a 15 % increase in the <em>A. platensis</em> biomass production compared to unfiltered cultures. Adjusting the pH of the culture to 10.5 also limited the growth of <em>Chlorella</em> sp. without significantly affecting <em>A. platensis</em> growth. This strategy proved suitable for delaying the accumulation of <em>Chlorella</em> sp. but did not avoid its appearance. The findings reported in this work underscore the importance of choosing appropriate separation methods to ensure the purity and productivity of <em>A. platensis</em> cultures in large-scale production systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 101035"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144480366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synchrotron X-ray imaging study on the mechanism of solids transfer to bitumen froth during oil sands flotation 2: Water entrainment","authors":"Hanyu Zhang ,&nbsp;Liuyin Xia ,&nbsp;Ning Zhu ,&nbsp;Iris He","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.101036","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.101036","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding the mechanisms of solids carryover in bitumen froth production remains a significant challenge due to the lack of in-situ visualization of particles within such a complex multiphase system. Building upon our previous synchrotron-based X-ray micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) imaging with a 6.5 μm voxel size, this study achieved a higher resolution with voxel size of 3.6 μm, enabling clear visualization of mineral grains approximately down to 20 μm in size. For the first time, we successfully differentiated water and bitumen phases in real time within bitumen froth. This breakthrough allowed direct observation of fine particle behavior and their association with either the water or bitumen phase. High-resolution characterization confirmed our earlier finding that approximately 40 % of solids attached to bubbles and are transported to the froth through true flotation. The enhanced resolution further revealed that heavy minerals are more likely to undergo true flotation than sand particles, which is attributed to their stronger hydrophobicity after bitumen coating. Wettability measurements showed that bitumen-coated rutile had a contact angle of 128°, significantly higher than the 95° for bitumen-coated quartz. Beyond true flotation, X-ray imaging showed that about 80 % of fluid phase particles resided in water, indicating significant water entrainment. These findings suggest that reducing water content in the froth could help lower solids entrainment. Overall, this study provides new insight into the mechanisms of unwanted solids carryover during oil sands flotation, and offers potential strategies to improve bitumen froth quality with fewer solids. These include controlling water content, particle hydrophobicity, and fine particle behavior.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 101036"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144501162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of additive manufacturing in spare parts management: A systematic review","authors":"Wadhah Alzahmi ,&nbsp;Abdulrahim Shamayleh ,&nbsp;Marco Stefancich","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.101029","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.101029","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recently, there has been significant focus on the use of advanced technologies in Spare Parts Management (SPM), signaling a notable shift towards more technologically advanced practices. Additive manufacturing (AM) offers numerous benefits, including enabling on-demand spare parts production, reducing inventory levels, shortening lead times, increasing flexibility for customized production, and minimizing downtime in maintenance processes. This work provides a systematic review, guided by the PRISMA framework, consolidating insights from 77 articles to deliver a comprehensive examination of the critical role that AM plays in SPM, while identifying potential research gaps. It begins with content analysis to evaluate existing AM-related studies within SPM highlighting key applications such as reverse engineering, decision-making frameworks, financial implications, intellectual property considerations, and regulatory concerns. Subsequently, a bibliometric analysis was conducted, underscoring the robust scholarly foundation and rapid expansion of AM-related research within this domain. The findings emphasize the significant capacity of AM to enhance SPM processes, reduce expenses, and improve overall supply chain operations. Future research should concentrate on achieving sustainability in AM material development, adhering to ethical manufacturing standards, ensuring rigorous quality control, enhancing design reliability, and fostering cross-industry collaboration. As SPM continues to evolve, it increasingly emphasizes balancing innovation with the adoption of sustainable, resilient, and globally standardized practices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 101029"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144366524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of electric boilers and heat storages in the Nordic power markets and district heating systems","authors":"Pauli Hiltunen,&nbsp;Tomi J. Lindroos,&nbsp;Miika Rämä","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.101028","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.101028","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Electrification of district heating systems has been considered as a potential solution for the decarbonisation of the heating sector. Electric boilers can utilise cheap electricity prices in the power system with a high share of intermittent renewable production. Therefore, they are an attractive technology for district heating operators. Electric boilers coupled with thermal energy storages can also increase the flexibility of the power system and decrease the curtailment of variable renewable electricity production. Diminishing carbon sinks combined with potentially increasing biomass utilisation create additional pressure to find alternative heat sources for the carbon-neutral district heating systems in Finland and Europe. Electric boilers were rare in the heating sector in the past, but they will undergo a major rollout in the Finnish district heating systems in a couple of years.</div><div>Backbone model was used to study the impact of electric boilers and thermal energy storages on the Northern European energy system. The model enables the analysis of individual district heating systems in greater detail while allowing studies on large scale system impacts. Multiple scenarios with varying capacities of electric boilers and thermal energy storages were modelled. The results show that electric boilers can reduce the use of fossil fuels and biomass in district heating production. The electric boilers mostly used electricity from renewable sources, thus the curtailment of wind power decreased. However, fuel consumption in electricity production also increased slightly. Thermal energy storages were able to reduce the curtailment further. District heating production costs decreased, but electricity price increased.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 101028"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144469909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}