Cleaner Engineering and Technology最新文献

{"title":"Towards qualification and quantification of repairability in residential electrical energy systems: The case study of LivingLab NRW","authors":"Francisco Antonio Carrasco Serrano ,&nbsp;Johanna Friederike May ,&nbsp;Stefanie Meilinger ,&nbsp;Ramchandra Bhandari","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2026.101242","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2026.101242","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The energy transition in buildings is mostly evaluated by cost and greenhouse emissions, but this neglects other sustainability dimensions like resource depletion. Accordingly, factors like failure rates and repairability are relevant, as building energy components come from varied origins and have ad hoc assembly by local labour. The closest standards to measure repairability in this context are DIN 45554 and ISO 20887, but they lack the on-site system-of-system approach and an explicit evaluation score respectively. Therefore, this work aims to create a suitable evaluation system based on these standards. This is achieved with a multicriteria scoring system, evaluated by the research community via a survey and tested on two houses in Wuppertal. This component-indicator scoring matrix is additionally tested in sensitivity scenarios such as system boundaries or interpretations. The best evaluated components are the meter and battery (84%–89%), which are simple components with good documentation. Roof-mounted components are the worst evaluated (48%–60%) as they have reduced accessibility and require more preparation. Sensitivity analysis shows a maximal deviation of 3.5%, which does not change which house has a better score (72 vs 68%). Common weak spots are poor labelling or accessibility. Based on the limited number of installations examined, the scoring system seems stable. Further investigations should include additional experiments, professional interviews, and relating the score to monetary and environmental benefits, allowing the layperson to better interpret the benefits of repairability. Acknowledging its limitations, the indicators still help reduce mounting/identifying/dismounting challenges by highlighting subcomponents that can be simplified or standardised.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"32 ","pages":"Article 101242"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148177960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of medical waste incineration ash as a supplementary cementitious material in concrete","authors":"Fahima Akter,&nbsp;Md Sha Jalal,&nbsp;Md. Moinul Islam","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2026.101234","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2026.101234","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The environmental burden of cement production and the rapid growth of medical waste generation demand sustainable material alternatives. This study evaluates the feasibility of utilizing untreated Medical Waste Incineration Ash (MWIA) as a partial cement replacement in structural concrete, aiming to concurrently mitigate hazardous waste disposal challenges and the high carbon footprint linked to traditional cement manufacturing processes. It is hypothesized that moderate replacement levels (5-15%) of MWIA can maintain acceptable mechanical performance while contributing to environmental sustainability. MWIA was characterized using X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), which revealed a high CaO content (43.15%) and a combined SiO₂ + Al₂O₃ + Fe₂O₃ content of 34.15%, indicating limited but potential pozzolanic reactivity. Concrete grades M35, M40 and M45 were prepared with 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% cement replacement. Compressive strength, split tensile strength and ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) were evaluated at 7, 14, 28 and 56 days, supported by SEM-EDX microstructural analysis. Results demonstrate that 5% MWIA replacement consistently improved or maintained compressive strength across all grades while maintaining “excellent” UPV classification (&gt;4500 m/s). Higher replacement levels (10% and 15%) led to progressive reductions in mechanical performance and increased microstructural heterogeneity. SEM observations confirmed matrix densification at lower replacement levels and increased porosity at 15% substitution. A simplified sustainability assessment indicated that up to 75 kg CO₂/m³ reduction and 833.30 BDT/m³ cost savings can be achieved at 15% replacement, although 5% represents the most balanced level when mechanical integrity and environmental benefit are considered simultaneously. Overall, untreated MWIA can be effectively utilized at low replacement levels as a sustainable supplementary cementitious material in structural concrete.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"32 ","pages":"Article 101234"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148177961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bibliometric analysis and review of nanobubbles applications to wastewater treatments: Challenges after 25 years of research","authors":"Guillermo Nieto,&nbsp;Jose Luis Sanchez-Salvador,&nbsp;M. Concepcion Monte,&nbsp;Ana Balea,&nbsp;Angeles Blanco","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2026.101240","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2026.101240","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ensuring safe and high-water quality water remains a critical global challenge as conventional treatments fail to remove persistent micropollutants. Nanobubble (NB) technology has emerged as a sustainable upgrade for wastewater treatment plants due to unique properties like exceptional stability and high gas transfer efficiency. This systematic bibliometric review addresses knowledge fragmentation by synthesizing 1669 publications from 1999 to 2025, providing a comprehensive 25-year perspective on the field. The analysis reveals a clear research trajectory shifting from fundamental interfacial characterization (1999-2010) to diversified wastewater applications (2016-2025). Principal component analysis confirms this evolution, with 77% of data variance capture by NB dynamics and specialized applications such as advanced oxidation, flotation, and anaerobic digestion. Crucially, this study highlights that NB implementation can effectively reduce aeration energy consumption in full-scale industrial wastewater treatment applications, primarily in dissolved air flotation systems, depending on system design and baseline technology, directly supporting cleaner production goals. However, challenges persist regarding the standardization of generation methods and the scaling of processes within complex industrial/urban wastewater matrices. By identifying emerging hotspots and underexplored domains, this work provides a data-driven roadmap for researchers and policymakers to facilitate the transition from laboratory proof of concepts to full-scale sustainable implementation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"32 ","pages":"Article 101240"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148177963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environment-friendly catholytes in electrokinetic remediation of heavy metal-contaminated loamy soil: Towards sustainable practice","authors":"J. Akansha ,&nbsp;N. Rajasekar","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2026.101162","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2026.101162","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Soil contaminated with heavy metals (HM) has emerged as a serious global concern. These HM can migrate within the soil and leach into ground and surface water bodies, thus can easily enter the food chain. Hence, development of efficient and cost-effective remediation techniques are required. Electrokinetic remediation (EKR) is one such method that can effectively remove various pollutants from diverse wastes and soil mediums. In this study, an attempt was made to investigate and remediate multiple HM, such as aluminium (Al), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn), from a highly polluted loamy soil site in Tamil Nadu, India. Experimental studies were conducted for a duration of 10 days using five distinct catholytes and graphite plate electrodes. Constant voltage gradient of 2 V/cm was supplied through the electrodes. The study underscores the critical role played by different catholytes adopted in EKR technique for pollutant extraction. Thus, offering a new approach for treating industrially contaminated loamy soils. The results depict that potassium chloride (KCl) was most effective for extracting Cr (28.1 %), while hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) worked best for removing Cu (29.35 %), Fe (61.4 %), Mn (29.5 %), and Al (35 %) from the soil.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"31 ","pages":"Article 101162"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146191487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-Method analysis including 57Fe Mössbauer Spectroscopy to quantify vivianite for phosphorus recovery in real wastewater environments","authors":"Lobna Amin ,&nbsp;Fredrik Lindroos ,&nbsp;Eeva-Leena Rautama ,&nbsp;Raed A. Al-Juboori ,&nbsp;Marina Graan ,&nbsp;Sabrina Guerin ,&nbsp;Johan Lindén ,&nbsp;Mathieu Sperandio ,&nbsp;Anna Mikola","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2026.101166","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2026.101166","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Phosphorus recovery from wastewater is increasingly vital due to its limited availability and essential role in food production. This study investigates the formation and quantification of vivianite, a promising pathway for phosphorus recovery, in Viikinmäki wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Helsinki, Finland, utilizing a combination of ⁵⁷Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy at 300.0 K and 5.6 K, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and chemical analysis. The study revealed the strengths and limitations of Mössbauer spectroscopy, using the multi-method analysis. The findings highlight the effectiveness of Mössbauer spectroscopy in distinguishing vivianite from other rarely discussed iron phases such as siderite and ferrihydrite. XRD confirmed the presence of crystalline phases, while chemical analysis provided a clear differentiation between Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺, crucial for distinguishing vivianite Fe³⁺ from other components. Single approaches for estimating the recovery potential of phosphorus were compared. These methods had the tendency to overestimate the amount of phosphorus that can be recovered as vivianite. However, the multi-method analysis provided the most realistic balanced estimates. Practical recommendations are offered to WWTP operators to monitor the enhancement of phosphorus recovery efficiency, complying with evolving stringent regulations, and optimizing coagulant dosing. This comprehensive approach bridges the gap between academic research and real-world application, promoting sustainable wastewater management practices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"31 ","pages":"Article 101166"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146191490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimized biomass and bioethanol production from dairy industry side streams by Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 13007 under aerobic and microaerophilic conditions","authors":"Liana Anikyan ,&nbsp;Anahit Shirvanyan ,&nbsp;Mari Gasparyan ,&nbsp;Ani Paloyan ,&nbsp;Karen Trchounian ,&nbsp;Anna Poladyan","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2026.101160","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2026.101160","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Dairy industry by-products possess high nutritional value, making them suitable substrates for microbial biomass, enzyme, and biofuel production. This study evaluated the potential of sweet whey (SW) and acid whey (AW) for yeast biomass and bioethanol production using the ale-brewing super-attenuated strain <em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em> ATCC 13007. To enhance production yields, SW and AW were pretreated with an archaeal thermostable β-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.21) to hydrolyze lactose into fermentable sugars. Experiments were conducted under aerobic and microaerophilic conditions to assess the effects of oxygen availability on yeast growth and fermentation efficiency. The highest biomass (OD₆₀₀ = 2.20) and specific growth rate (0.40 ± 0.01 h⁻¹) were obtained in 2-fold diluted AW under aerobic conditions, representing a 30–50 % increase compared to microaerophilic conditions. Both SW and AW exhibited significant reductions in pH (∼1.00 ± 0.03) and oxidation–reduction potential (150 ± 10 mV), correlating with yeast metabolic activity. Volatile solids reached 33 ± 0.9 g L⁻¹ in 2-fold diluted AW at 48 h, indicating strong fermentative activity. Protein content approximately doubled under aerobic growth in both substrates but declined in microaerophilic conditions, highlighting the importance of oxygen in biomass and metabolite synthesis. The maximal protein yield (∼52 % of total organic carbon) was achieved in non-diluted SW after 120 h of aerobic cultivation, while the highest ethanol concentration (4.5 ± 0.1 g L ⁻¹) was observed in 2-fold diluted SW after 24 h under microaerophilic conditions. Aerobic conditions resulted in a 10-fold increase in alcohol dehydrogenase activity compared to microaerophilic cultures. Overall, oxygen availability significantly influenced yeast biomass and bioethanol production, demonstrating the feasibility of dairy by-products as cost-effective substrates for single-cell protein and bioethanol generation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"31 ","pages":"Article 101160"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146191376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Critical enablers for lean construction diffusion in megaprojects: A framework for sustainable and efficient infrastructure development","authors":"Abdelazim Ibrahim ,&nbsp;Tarek Zayed ,&nbsp;Zoubeir Lafhaj ,&nbsp;Ahmed Farouk Kineber ,&nbsp;Ghasan Alfalah ,&nbsp;Jingchao Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2026.101158","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2026.101158","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Construction megaprojects (CMPs) face persistent challenges, including cost overruns, delays, stakeholder misalignment, and growing demands for sustainability, all of which threaten their success and long-term value. Lean Construction (LC) offers a socio-technical pathway to reconcile scale, speed, and sustainability. Yet, while prior research has identified barriers and success factors for LC adoption, there remains a critical gap in understanding how to prioritize and sequence enablers for systemic diffusion, especially under resource and institutional constraints. Addressing this, the present study reconceptualizes LC implementation as a multi-level diffusion process, wherein the salience of enablers shifts with context, method, and implementation phase. Using a mixed-methods approach, this study begins with a literature review to identify potential LC enablers. Mean score analysis is then used to prioritize significant enablers, while the Fuzzy Relative Importance Index (FRII) assesses their relative significance. Fuzzy Synthetic Evaluation (FSE) ranks the grouped enablers. Data from 379 construction professionals in China informed the analysis, leading to the identification of 30 LCEs. Results reveal six critical components driving LC diffusion, with “Resource and Knowledge Availability” emerging as the most influential, followed by “Planning and Operational Efficiency”, “Process Improvement and Waste Elimination”, and “Strategic and Leadership Initiatives”. The findings underscore the interplay of organizational, operational, and strategic factors in LC implementation. By addressing multi-criteria complexity and expert judgment ambiguity, this study offers actionable insights for practitioners and policymakers. It contributes a robust decision-making framework that supports sustainable and efficient practices, paving the way toward transformative outcomes in CMPs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"31 ","pages":"Article 101158"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146191485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the effect of sulfate level on the properties of limestone calcined clay cement (LC3): Mechanical performance, hydration kinetics and microstructure development","authors":"Yilin Pi ,&nbsp;Wei Xu ,&nbsp;Yu Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2026.101168","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2026.101168","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Limestone calcined clay cement (LC3) is attracting significant interest for its carbon mitigation potential. Optimizing sulfate level is critical for strength improvement of LC3, however, this remains challenging owing to competitive reactions among Al³⁺/SO₄²⁻/CO₃²⁻ that govern hydration pathways. This study investigated the effect of sulfate on hydration kinetics, strength development, phase assemblage and microstructure evolution of LC3 systems. Results demonstrated that sulfate suppresses nucleation kinetics but accelerates interfacial reactions. Crucially, the optimal sulfate dosage maximized the strength by balancing the precipitation of ettringite and carbonaluminates, reducing porosity by 19.4% compared to the reference group. Excess sulfate promoted delayed ettringite formation, increasing pores (&gt;200 nm) by 28% and inducing microcracking. Thermodynamic modeling further confirmed the competitive mechanism of phase formation. The findings demonstrated that precise sulfate dosage is a critical parameter in LC3 mix proportion design, enabling the synergistic enhancement of mechanical performance and environmental sustainability, which is essential for its reliable large-scale application.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"31 ","pages":"Article 101168"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146191484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bio-inspired resilience of electric power systems: A decentralized approach","authors":"Tianye Wang,&nbsp;Ekundayo Shittu","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2026.101192","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2026.101192","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study develops a decentralized, bio-inspired self-healing framework to enhance the resilience and sustainability of electrical power systems under disruptive events. Qualitatively inspired by biological principles of environmental awareness, redundancy, and autonomous coordination, the proposed approach enables networked zones and microgrids to detect failures locally and initiate recovery without centralized control. Unlike conventional recovery-constrained dispatch and switch-placement strategies, the framework dynamically adapts restoration decisions while jointly optimizing operational performance and environmental objectives. The method is evaluated using a stochastic cost-minimization model applied to the IEEE 39-bus test system under multiple simultaneous failure scenarios. Quantitative results show that the bio-inspired approach reduces expected economic losses by 91% relative to the base case (compared to 78% for a switching strategy) and accelerates system recovery from <span><math><mrow><mn>10</mn><mo>−</mo><mn>11</mn></mrow></math></span> time steps to 6 time steps. Renewable energy utilization increases by 36% relative to the base case, indicating improved integration of clean generation during both normal operation and post-disruption recovery. Faster restoration and higher renewable utilization directly reduce reliance on carbon-intensive emergency generation, such as diesel backup units commonly deployed during prolonged outages. By shortening outage duration and displacing fossil-based generation during recovery, the proposed framework contributes to measurable CO<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> emission reductions and avoids energy losses associated with repeated shutdown–restart cycles. In addition, the number of unsatisfied buses is reduced by half, and expected financial losses decline by more than 70%, reflecting improved energy efficiency and reduced operational waste. Overall, the results demonstrate that decentralized, bio-inspired recovery can simultaneously strengthen power system resilience and advance cleaner, lower-carbon grid operation, offering a scalable pathway for sustainable infrastructure design under increasing disruption risk.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"31 ","pages":"Article 101192"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147612612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Technoeconomic and environmental assessment of enzyme-based low-phenylalanine protein for phenylketonuria","authors":"Kunal Meena,&nbsp;Nidhi Adlakha","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2026.101185","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2026.101185","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a techno-economic and life cycle analysis of an enzyme-driven process for producing an affordable and sustainable low-phenylalanine protein supplement from crude protein. This method leverages immobilized Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) to produce alternative options to the amino-acid-based protein supplements that are currently available. Here, we have optimized the binding and conversion efficiency of bioconjugate to catalyze deamination of bulk phenylalanine present in protein hydrolysate. The scale-up was optimized and further simulated to produce 200 metric tons of processed protein annually for the management of Phenylketonuria (PKU). This scale-up was modeled using the scale-down data from 3, 14, and 50 L volumes. Our analysis indicated that performing enzyme production in a 5000 L bioreactor reduced enzyme costs by 57.5% compared to smaller scales, achieving a total production cost of $1.47/kg of low-Phe protein. Almost 69% of the total cost is attributed to raw materials, with the procurement of crude protein and Tris-Cl buffer being the major expense drivers. The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) results demonstrated significant environmental trade-offs: the enzymatic route reduced greenhouse gas emissions by 40% compared to synthetic amino acid blends but incurred higher land and water use due to agricultural inputs and fermentation. This study confirms the strategic rationale, emphasizing scale optimization and enzyme recycling for cost-effective, high-volume therapeutic protein formulations for patients with PKU.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"31 ","pages":"Article 101185"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147612613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}