Cleaner Engineering and Technology最新文献_第2页

Comprehensive life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions rating for different vehicle types with lightweight materials 采用轻量化材料的不同车型的综合全生命周期温室气体排放等级

IF 7.3

Cleaner Engineering and Technology Pub Date : 2026-08-01 Epub Date: 2026-07-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.clet.2026.101278

Karim Moawad, Ahmad Mayyas

{"title":"Comprehensive life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions rating for different vehicle types with lightweight materials","authors":"Karim Moawad, Ahmad Mayyas","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2026.101278","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2026.101278","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sustainable transportation is fundamental to addressing the challenges of climate change, and accurately measuring emissions beyond the tailpipe is essential for understanding a vehicle's true environmental impact. Limiting analysis to the use phase can be misleading, as production, fuel cycle, and end-of-life stages also contribute significantly. This study develops a cradle-to-grave greenhouse gas (GHG) rating for light-duty vehicles that combines rigorous life-cycle assessment (LCA) with a simple, consumer-oriented scale. We evaluate four powertrain types, internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and six material configurations (baseline steel, advanced high-strength steel, aluminium, magnesium, glass-fibre reinforced plastic and carbon-fibre reinforced plastic) in the body-in-white. Baseline cradle-to-grave emissions are 423, 270, 279 and 186 gCO2eq/mile for ICEV, HEV, PHEV and BEV, corresponding to 34–56% reductions for electrified powertrains relative to the conventional vehicle. Substituting lightweight material in the body-in-white reduces life-cycle emissions by up to 14% for ICEVs and about 6–10% for electrified vehicles. Electricity mix strongly affects BEV performance: under low-carbon grids BEVs clearly dominate, whereas under carbon-intensive grids efficient HEVs can approach or surpass BEVs. Mapping LCA results onto both a strict EPA-aligned 1–10 GHG rating and a supplementary life-cycle-calibrated rating shows that tailpipe-only metrics overrate PHEVs and BEVs and underrate ICEVs and HEVs. The paper demonstrates that electrification and lightweighting are complementary strategies and that a holistic rating provides clearer guidance for consumers and policymakers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"33 ","pages":"Article 101278"},"PeriodicalIF":7.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148656854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Hybrid Attention Transformer enabled intelligent recycling-oriented sorting of multi-type beverage containers under degraded waste conditions for circular economy systems 混合注意力转换器为循环经济系统在降解废物条件下实现多类型饮料容器的智能回收分类

IF 7.3

Cleaner Engineering and Technology Pub Date : 2026-08-01 Epub Date: 2026-07-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.clet.2026.101284

Natrayan Lakshmaiya

{"title":"Hybrid Attention Transformer enabled intelligent recycling-oriented sorting of multi-type beverage containers under degraded waste conditions for circular economy systems","authors":"Natrayan Lakshmaiya","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2026.101284","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2026.101284","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rapid increase in beverage container waste has created significant challenges for automated recycling systems, particularly under real-world conditions involving contamination, deformation, illumination variation, and partial occlusion. Existing convolutional neural network (CNN)-based waste sorting systems often experience reduced performance in degraded waste-stream environments and lack material-oriented recycling intelligence. To address these limitations, this study proposes a novel Hybrid Attention Transformer (HAT) framework for intelligent recycling-oriented classification and sorting of multi-type beverage containers. The proposed framework integrates patch-based embedding, multi-head spatial self-attention, channel-wise attention refinement, and a dual-head multi-task decoder for simultaneous object-level and material-level prediction. A new Waste Condition Level (WCL) variable is introduced to model clean, moderately soiled, and highly degraded waste conditions for robustness evaluation. Experiments were conducted using 15,607 annotated beverage container images under extensive augmentation settings. The proposed HAT model was implemented in PyTorch and optimized using AdamW with multi-task weighted loss functions. Experimental results demonstrated that the proposed framework achieved 99.8% classification accuracy with 97.2% precision, 94% recall, and 94% F1-score, outperforming existing CNN- and YOLO-based approaches under degraded waste conditions. The model also maintained stable confidence and robust material-level prediction across all WCL levels. The findings confirm that the proposed HAT framework provides an effective, scalable, and deployment-oriented solution for intelligent waste sorting and circular economy applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"33 ","pages":"Article 101284"},"PeriodicalIF":7.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148640967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Activity-level correction method for non-road construction machinery: Improving carbon and pollutant emission inventory accuracy and synergistic reduction assessment in Beijing, China 非筑路机械的活动级校正方法：提高碳和污染物排放清单准确性及协同减排评估——北京，中国

IF 7.3

Cleaner Engineering and Technology Pub Date : 2026-08-01 Epub Date: 2026-07-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.clet.2026.101276

Guanghan Huang, Yangyang Cui, Taosheng Jin, Linzhen Qu, Lei Nie, Yixue Zhu, Jiaxin Liu, Furong Yu, Huawei Yi, Chun You, Yifeng Xue

{"title":"Activity-level correction method for non-road construction machinery: Improving carbon and pollutant emission inventory accuracy and synergistic reduction assessment in Beijing, China","authors":"Guanghan Huang, Yangyang Cui, Taosheng Jin, Linzhen Qu, Lei Nie, Yixue Zhu, Jiaxin Liu, Furong Yu, Huawei Yi, Chun You, Yifeng Xue","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2026.101276","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2026.101276","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Non-road mobile machinery (NRMM) is a major contributor to air pollution and carbon emissions in megacities such as Beijing. Traditional emission inventories primarily rely on static registration data and lack mechanisms to reflect real-world activity, which often leads to systematic overestimation. This study develops an activity-level correction method for construction machinery based on extensive on-site and telephone surveys covering 2584 units. The method adjusts utilization rates and operating hours by machinery type and year of manufacture, producing a refined 2024 emission inventory for Beijing. After correction, the number of active machines decreased by 34.8%, revealing a substantial amount of inactive equipment in the registry. Excavators and forklifts showed the highest usage intensity (1210 h yr<sup>−1</sup> and 1187 h yr<sup>−1</sup>) and dominated emissions, together contributing over 57% of total CO<sub>2</sub> and pollutant emissions. The updated inventory estimated annual emissions of 7791.7 t CO, 1533.0 t VOCs, 5413.9 t NOx, 421.6 t PM<sub>2.5</sub>, and 1732.3 kt CO<sub>2</sub>, which were significantly lower and more realistic than values based on uncorrected data. A synergistic reduction assessment of four major mitigation measures showed that phasing out old machinery and promoting electrification achieved the strongest combined reductions in both CO<sub>2</sub> and air pollutants, whereas emission-standard upgrades mainly reduced air pollutants with limited carbon-reduction benefits. This study provides a scientific basis for dynamic and data-driven management of non-road machinery and offers policy guidance for integrated pollutant and carbon control in urban environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"33 ","pages":"Article 101276"},"PeriodicalIF":7.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148656853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Comprehensive physicochemical characterization and property-process matrix for valorizing copper extraction wastes: Enabling technology selection and screening-level resource classification 综合物理化学表征和产铜废物的性质-过程矩阵：使能技术选择和筛选级资源分类

IF 7.3

Cleaner Engineering and Technology Pub Date : 2026-08-01 Epub Date: 2026-07-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.clet.2026.101281

Jayati Priya, Manish Kumar Jain, Navneet Singh Randhawa

{"title":"Comprehensive physicochemical characterization and property-process matrix for valorizing copper extraction wastes: Enabling technology selection and screening-level resource classification","authors":"Jayati Priya, Manish Kumar Jain, Navneet Singh Randhawa","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2026.101281","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2026.101281","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A comprehensive characterization of copper extraction wastes, namely, tailings, electrostatic precipitator (ESP) dust, and slag, was conducted to establish a baseline for selecting efficient metal recovery flowsheets at a screening level. Analytical techniques, including ICP-OES, XRD, and SEM-EDS, revealed distinct properties for each waste stream from a single plant of global relevance. ESP dust was identified as a critical metal-rich stream with high concentrations of copper (17.3%) and cobalt (360 mg/kg), but also poses a significant environmental hazard because cadmium leaching exceeds regulatory limits (2.12 mg/L). Its fine particle size and soluble copper minerals make it ideally suited for hydrometallurgical processing, provided that integrated hazardous-element removal is included. Conversely, slag's refractory fayalite matrix and entrapped copper phases suggest alternative routes, such as pyrometallurgical re-smelting or vitrification. Tailings, with their acidic pH and low-grade, poorly liberated metals, indicate potential for bioleaching<strong>.</strong> This study provides a screening-level property-process matrix that links material characteristics to hypothesized recovery pathways, however, full classification would require quantitative studies including life-cycle assessment (E-axis), pilot-scale validation (F-axis), and statistically robust volume estimation (G-axis). The findings provide a scientifically justified framework for converting complex metallurgical wastes into valuable secondary resources while highlighting the need for further dynamic testing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"33 ","pages":"Article 101281"},"PeriodicalIF":7.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148641606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Numerical analysis of hydrogen-based iron ore reduction in a fluidized bed reactor: influence of distributor plate on reaction kinetics 流化床反应器中氢基铁矿石还原的数值分析：分布板对反应动力学的影响

IF 6.5

Cleaner Engineering and Technology Pub Date : 2026-06-01 Epub Date: 2026-05-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.clet.2026.101252

Bong-Min Jin, Hyeonjin Kim, Hyunjin Yang

{"title":"Numerical analysis of hydrogen-based iron ore reduction in a fluidized bed reactor: influence of distributor plate on reaction kinetics","authors":"Bong-Min Jin, Hyeonjin Kim, Hyunjin Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2026.101252","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2026.101252","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The development of hydrogen-based fluidized bed reactors is crucial for establishing a new steelmaking route that enables decarbonization of the steel industry. While diverse research efforts are underway to achieve commercial-scale systems, reactor design must account for system-level constraints arising from the inherent coupling among hydrodynamic, thermal, and chemical requirements. Reducing gas must fluidize the bed while supplying sufficient hydrogen and sensible heat. Understanding how key components of the reactor influence this coupling and reduction performance is therefore crucial for designing reliable reactors. Among them, the distributor plate is a critical component that governs gas distribution, gas–solid contact, and reaction uniformity. Therefore, the present study examined how the design of the distributor affects hydrogen-based iron ore reduction through a laboratory-scale fluidized bed. The gas–solid flow was modeled using an Eulerian–Eulerian multiphase approach combined with the kinetic theory of granular flow, and reduction was described by a three-layer unreacted shrinking core model. Local reaction rates near the distributor jets were about 2.1 times higher than without the distributor, yet the overall reduction differed by less than 1% due to rapid hydrogen consumption and strong particle mixing. These findings under the hydrogen-supply-limited condition are expected to differ under industrial-scale with high-pressure conditions. The developed CFD framework provides useful insight for the design and scale-up of hydrogen-based fluidized-bed reactors for sustainable, low-carbon steelmaking.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"32 ","pages":"Article 101252"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148178081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Advancing EV battery inspection through digital technologies: A step toward NDE 4.0 通过数字技术推进电动汽车电池检测：迈向NDE 4.0

IF 6.5

Cleaner Engineering and Technology Pub Date : 2026-06-01 Epub Date: 2026-05-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.clet.2026.101248

Arefeh Salimibeni , Fadwa Dababneh , Ahmad Aminzadeh , Sasan Sattarpanah Kangaroudi , Hossein Taheri

{"title":"Advancing EV battery inspection through digital technologies: A step toward NDE 4.0","authors":"Arefeh Salimibeni , Fadwa Dababneh , Ahmad Aminzadeh , Sasan Sattarpanah Kangaroudi , Hossein Taheri","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2026.101248","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2026.101248","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The global transition toward electric vehicles (EVs) has accelerated demand for lithium-ion batteries (LiBs), making quality, safety, and reliability in battery manufacturing critical challenges. These requirements can be effectively addressed through nondestructive evaluation (NDE), particularly within the emerging NDE 4.0 paradigm. NDE 4.0 integrates advanced sensing, automation, data analytics, and artificial intelligence to enable real-time, in-line inspection and data-driven quality control in battery manufacturing. This review systematically analyzes the role of NDE 4.0 in lithium-ion battery production by classifying common manufacturing defects, reviewing applicable NDE techniques, and mapping their implementation across key manufacturing stages, including electrode fabrication, cell assembly, formation, and end-of-line inspection. The main outcome of this study is a structured framework that links NDE methods to defect types, manufacturing stages, and levels of digital integration, highlighting how NDE 4.0 enhances defect detectability, process feedback, and manufacturing reliability. By synthesizing recent advances in ultrasonic evaluation, X-ray imaging, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, infrared thermography, and acoustic emission within an Industry 4.0 context, this work identifies current limitations, readiness levels, and research gaps that must be addressed for large-scale industrial adoption. Overall, the review demonstrates that NDE 4.0 is a key enabler for improving safety, yield, and scalability in EV battery manufacturing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"32 ","pages":"Article 101248"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148177962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Retraction notice to “Green extraction technologies: process systems, techno-economic and lifecycle analyses” [Cleaner Eng. Technol. Available online 6 (2025), 100881] 对“绿色萃取技术：工艺系统、技术经济和生命周期分析”的撤回通知[清洁工程]。抛光工艺。在线查询6 (2025),100881]

IF 6.5

Cleaner Engineering and Technology Pub Date : 2026-06-01 Epub Date: 2026-05-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.clet.2026.101193

Usman Bello , Haruna Adamu , Nurul Aini Amran , Mohammad Qamar

引用次数: 0

Impact of biopolymer type and concentration on stabilization of excavated subgrade soil 生物聚合物类型和浓度对开挖路基土稳定性的影响

IF 6.5

Cleaner Engineering and Technology Pub Date : 2026-06-01 Epub Date: 2026-06-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.clet.2026.101237

Md Shajid Khan , Ardak Makhatova , Eyad Masad , Ahmed Abdala

{"title":"Impact of biopolymer type and concentration on stabilization of excavated subgrade soil","authors":"Md Shajid Khan , Ardak Makhatova , Eyad Masad , Ahmed Abdala","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2026.101237","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2026.101237","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study evaluates the potential of three biopolymers – sodium lignosulfonate (SLS), chitosan (CH), and guar gum (GG) – for stabilizing excavated sandy subgrade soil from construction sites in Qatar. The mechanical performance of treated and untreated soils was evaluated using unconfined compressive strength (UCS) testing after a 7-day dry curing period and a subsequent 2-cycle wet-dry testing. Two SLS grades were examined: low-molecular-weight analytical grade (SLS1) and high-molecular-weight commercial grade (SLS2). SLS2 significantly improved soil strength, with 1 wt% treatment yielding a UCS of 7.3 MPa, compared to 3 MPa for untreated soil. Hybrid treatment of 1 wt% SLS2 and 0.2 wt% GG achieved the highest UCS of 7.7 MPa under dry curing and 5.1 MPa after wet-dry cycling. While GG improved moisture resistance, its high viscosity adversely affected the material's workability. CH and SLS1-CH hybrids showed limited improvement in strength, likely due to poor soil compatibility and gypsum dissolution under acidic conditions. The superior performance of SLS2 was inferred from viscosity analysis, which indicated a higher molecular weight than SLS1, as evidenced by its higher solution viscosity at comparable concentrations. These findings demonstrate that high-molecular-weight SLS, when combined with GG, offers an effective and sustainable solution for enhancing the strength and early-stage resistance of excavated soils used in subgrade construction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"32 ","pages":"Article 101237"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148178082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Integrating environmental life cycle assessment in assistive technology selection for inclusive workstations: A novel multi-objective optimisation approach in industry 5.0 将环境生命周期评估整合到包容性工作站的辅助技术选择中：工业5.0中一种新的多目标优化方法

IF 6.5

Cleaner Engineering and Technology Pub Date : 2026-06-01 Epub Date: 2026-05-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.clet.2026.101245

A. Bonello , P. Refalo , E. Francalanza , M.V. Gauci

{"title":"Integrating environmental life cycle assessment in assistive technology selection for inclusive workstations: A novel multi-objective optimisation approach in industry 5.0","authors":"A. Bonello , P. Refalo , E. Francalanza , M.V. Gauci","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2026.101245","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2026.101245","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Inclusive workstations embody human-centred design in manufacturing, the hallmark of Industry 5.0. Such workstations typically incorporate assistive technologies (ATs) that support understanding, training, assembly performance, and quality inspection for operators with various disabilities. That said, at present, ATs are normally only related to the social pillar of sustainability, with researchers typically overlooking the potential impacts of using ATs on environmental sustainability. This work contributes a novel approach that employs life cycle assessment (LCA) as a design-support tool to promote the cleaner engineering and sustainable selection of ATs without compromising on inclusivity on the manufacturing shopfloor. The outcomes of an LCA of nine different ATs, ranging from a collaborative robot to a projector, were integrated in a multi-objective optimisation (MOO) framework, to shortlist combinations of ATs that enhance physical, cognitive and sensory accessibility, whilst minimising adverse environmental impacts<strong>.</strong> From the resulting Pareto front, optimal (non-dominated) combinations of ATs were identified, providing up to 91% of the maximum normalised total accessibility. A 65% reduction in lifecycle environmental impacts was also achieved when compared to the maximum environmental impact, demonstrating the approach's capacity to inform cleaner engineering strategies in future assistive technology development. The proposed approach therefore serves as a design-feedback loop, enabling engineers to identify environmental ‘hotspots’ within AT devices and AT systems, and quantify how interventions at the design stage, may influence the Pareto-optimal combination in the age of Industry 5.0.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"32 ","pages":"Article 101245"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148178083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Online or Offline? Channel selection for recycling expired drugs 在线还是离线？过期药品回收渠道选择

IF 6.5

Cleaner Engineering and Technology Pub Date : 2026-06-01 Epub Date: 2026-05-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.clet.2026.101247

Fanshun Zhang , Hao Yun , Hao Huang , Cejun Cao

{"title":"Online or Offline? Channel selection for recycling expired drugs","authors":"Fanshun Zhang , Hao Yun , Hao Huang , Cejun Cao","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2026.101247","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2026.101247","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The severe consequences of major public health emergencies have heightened consumers' health awareness, prompting them to stockpile drugs in preparation for potential crises. However, when these drugs are not used within their validity period, the proper recycling and disposal of expired drugs become an urgent issue. To optimize the recycling efficiency and increase the recovery rate through effective channel management, this paper establishes a Stackelberg game model to analyze manufacturers' channel selection decisions (i.e., single offline, single online, and hybrid channels). Additionally, extended models are formulated to investigate the influence of recycling efforts and the deployment of intelligent recycling bins on the equilibrium decisions of various stakeholders. Results show that: (i). For manufacturers, the dual-recycling channel always yields a larger quantity of expired drugs and higher profits, whereas retailers prefer the offline-only channel. (ii). When the hassle degree of using the online channel is relatively high, the offline channel retains a distinct advantage in recycling volume, and this situation may reduce manufacturers’ profits. (iii). If the initial deployment cost is below a certain threshold, smart recycling can effectively substitute for traditional modes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"32 ","pages":"Article 101247"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148178080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0