Cleaner Engineering and Technology最新文献

{"title":"Retraction notice to “Middle East energy consumption and potential renewable sources: An overview” [Clean Eng. Technol. (12), February 2023, 100599]","authors":"Qusay Hassan , Mohammed Al-Hitmi , Vahid Sohrabi Tabar , Aws Zuhair Sameen , Hayder M. Salman , Marek Jaszczur","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.100986","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.100986","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100986"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144623479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental evaluation of thermal performance of innovative cement blocks made from construction waste in hot climate scenarios","authors":"Hatem Mahmoud ,&nbsp;Ewald Kuoribo ,&nbsp;Nourhan M. Waly","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.101041","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.101041","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Facade materials play a crucial role in regulating heat transfer and maintaining thermal comfort, thereby directly impacting the energy consumption of buildings. Traditional cement blocks, though widely used, have substantial environmental impacts due to high embodied energy and resource use. This study addresses the gap in sustainable facade materials by investigating the thermal performance of cement blocks developed from construction waste. The research aims to compare the thermal efficiency of innovative Construction Waste-Based Cement Blocks (CWCB) with conventional commercial cement blocks under extreme summer in hot climate. To achieve this, the study employs an experimental approach utilizing scaled-down test rooms under various scenarios. The setup included controlled internal conditions and external meteorological monitoring. A comparison of the two results revealed that the developed blocks exhibited enhanced thermal performance efficiency compared to typical cement blocks. In all scenarios, the developed room consistently maintained a lower heat flux, with the conductivity reduced by up to 20 %, effectively moderating the thermal exchange and preventing significant fluctuations. This performance also demonstrated a decrease in solar absorptance, signifying improved resistance to solar heat transmission and enhanced indoor thermal stability. These results suggest that building facades can reduce cooling loads and decrease operational costs for buildings in hot climates. This could also inform future building codes and standards, encouraging the adoption of eco-friendly building materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 101041"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144536088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficient digestion and improvement of dewaterability of municipal wastewater treatment sludge through catalytic calcium peroxide/ozonation advanced oxidation process","authors":"Abdolmotaleb Seid-Mohammadi ,&nbsp;Ghorban Asgari ,&nbsp;Reza Shokoohi ,&nbsp;Alireza Rahmani ,&nbsp;Fatemeh Sahraei ,&nbsp;Amir Shabanloo","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.101034","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.101034","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the biological treatment process of sanitary wastewater, a large amount of sludge is produced, which has a high spoilage and microbial load, so its treatment and stabilization processes must be considered. The present study aimed to chemically stabilize sludge from the Hamadan wastewater treatment plant using the advanced oxidation process of catalytic calcium peroxide/ozonation (<span><math><mrow><msub><mtext>CaO</mtext><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>/</mo><msub><mi>O</mi><mn>3</mn></msub></mrow></math></span>). The effect of important operational variables such as wastewater pH, <span><math><mrow><msub><mtext>CaO</mtext><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></math></span> catalyst dosage, ozone dosage, and reaction time on volatile solids (VS) and volatile suspended solid (VSS) removal was studied. Also, the reduction of sludge volume index (SVI), sludge water content, and specific resistance to filtration (SRF), as well as the reduction of coliforms, were studied. The best operating conditions were obtained at pH = 9, a catalyst <span><math><mrow><msub><mtext>CaO</mtext><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></math></span> dose of 1 g/L, an ozone dosage of 2 g/h, and a reaction time of 60 min. The removal of VS and VSS under these conditions was above 90 % and 80 %, respectively. Also, the SVI of the sludge reached less than 80 mL/g, which suggests a good gravity-settling condition. Kinetic analysis revealed that the interaction of O₃ and CaO₂ in the integrated <span><math><mrow><msub><mtext>CaO</mtext><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>/</mo><msub><mi>O</mi><mn>3</mn></msub></mrow></math></span> improves sludge COD removal efficiency by around 52.11 % due to their synergistic effect. The water content of the sludge after the reaction decreased from 85.67 % to 46.54 %. On the other hand, the SRF also decreased by about 40 % under the optimized conditions. The synergistic effect of ozone, hydroxyl radicals, and other reactive oxygen species (ROSs) on sludge particles was observed with field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images, which was clearly evident as destructive effects on sludge particles. According to the results of this research, a catalytic ozonation system with <span><math><mrow><msub><mtext>CaO</mtext><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></math></span> can be used as a suitable process to manage the treatment of sludge in the Hamadan wastewater treatment plant.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 101034"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144523154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Concurrent removal of benzene, toluene, and P-nitrophenol from water using dielectric barrier discharge plasma","authors":"Vaishnavi Gaude Agadyekar ,&nbsp;Eshita Kakodkar ,&nbsp;Delicia A. Barretto ,&nbsp;Ruggero Barni ,&nbsp;Claudia Riccardi ,&nbsp;Nitesh Joshi","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.101042","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.101042","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Water bodies are contaminated with organic and inorganic waste, making them unsuitable for consumption. This study, for the first time, carries out the degradation of a single pollutant, <em>p-</em>nitrophenol (PNP), as well as a mixture of pollutants (<em>benzene, toluene,</em> and <em>PNP</em>) in a single go using a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma reactor. The effects of plasma power and treatment time on pollutant degradation were systematically analysed. For <em>PNP,</em> only 70 ± 5 % degradation was achieved at optimal conditions (18 W power, 2 min) with an energy efficiency of 1.57 mg/kWh at 10 ppm of initial concentration. The increased power levels diminish performance due to quenching effects caused by microfilament interactions with the reactor walls. Hydroxyl radical, superoxide radical, hydrogen peroxide, ozone, nitrate, and nitrite species were quantified to understand degradation mechanisms. The degradation of a mixture of pollutants is also demonstrated in a single go with 55 % and 0.73 gCOD/kWh COD degradation and energy yield. The practicality of plasma-treated water was tested by biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), seed germination, and microbial decontamination study (using <em>Escherichia coli</em>). It is demonstrated that compared to polluted water, plasma-treated water exhibited reduced BOD levels, which reduces its harmful effects on daily usage. The reduced toxicity of water also enhanced germination compared to polluted water. The plasma treatment also impedes the growth of <em>Escherichia coli,</em> even causing its complete inhibition. These results highlight the potential of DBD plasma technology as a promising tool for sewage/contaminated water samples.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 101042"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144549792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbon tax and trading mechanisms for emission reduction in the Indonesian power sector","authors":"Wahri Sunanda ,&nbsp;M. Isnaeni Bambang Setyonegoro ,&nbsp;Sasongko Pramono Hadi ,&nbsp;Sarjiya","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.101024","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.101024","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Indonesian power sector is predominantly dependent on coal and vital to the net-zero emissions (NZE) goals of the country. Therefore, this study examined the efficiency of carbon tax and trading mechanisms in mitigating <span><math><msub><mrow><mtext>CO</mtext></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> emissions. This assessment employed the Integrated MARKAL-EFOM System (TIMES) model to explore three carbon tax scenarios [USD 2/t<span><math><msub><mrow><mtext>CO</mtext></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> (CT-2), USD 63/t<span><math><msub><mrow><mtext>CO</mtext></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> (CT-63), and USD 127/t<span><math><msub><mrow><mtext>CO</mtext></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> (CT-127)] and two emissions trading schemes (conditional and unconditional caps) following the Indonesian Enhanced Nationally Determined Contribution (ENDC). Consequently, CT-63 [446.93 million metric tons of <span><math><msub><mrow><mtext>CO</mtext></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> (Mt<span><math><msub><mrow><mtext>CO</mtext></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> )] and CT-127 (264.85 Mt<span><math><msub><mrow><mtext>CO</mtext></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>) demonstrated the most significant emission reductions by 2050. Although these scenarios facilitated a transformative transition to renewable energy (RE), a substantial financial burden was observed with these reductions. One notable example was CT-127, which was anticipated to prevail with 1,404.88 TWh of RE but necessitated a cumulative capital investment of USD 962 billion by 2050. The emissions trading schemes (particularly cap-conditional) also provided a cost-effective option, attaining moderate reductions with a renewable share of 90.75% by 2050. Nevertheless, these schemes might not fulfill more ambitious climate objectives. Despite the findings of this study revealing that high carbon taxes were highly influential for deep decarbonization, a synergistic strategy combining rigorous carbon taxes with emission restrictions could align emission reduction objectives with investment viability. Overall, decisive and definitive carbon pricing regulations could facilitate the Indonesian energy transformation to enable the power sector to achieve ENDC and NZE objectives.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 101024"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144563660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preparation, quality analysis and bonding mechanism of densified bio-briquettes from cotton stalk and walnut shell wastes","authors":"Zaituniguli Kuerban ,&nbsp;Wang Huijing ,&nbsp;Tuerxun Tuerhong ,&nbsp;Wang Hui ,&nbsp;Feng Guojun ,&nbsp;Hu Xiangwei ,&nbsp;Zhao Yun","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.101030","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.101030","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To contribute to regional sustainable development, briquetting of cotton stalk (CS), walnut shell (WS) in different particle sizes, and their blend was investigated at different temperatures at a constant pressure of 34.92 MPa. A total of 133 tests were conducted. The proximate and ultimate analysis, lower heating values (LHV), densities, moisture contents, and surface morphologies were determined for quality assessment. In results, the LHVs of raw CS/WS feedstocks and CS briquettes of coarse particles densified at 110–120 °C were 16.15/18.44 and 16.07–16.69 MJkg⁻¹, respectively. The medium and fine WS particles compressed at 110–120 °C and 100–120 °C, had the maximum LHVs around 18.96–19.99 MJ kg⁻¹, respectively. Some representative briquettes were selected based on their high LHVs for further evaluation. Their densities were greater than 1.0 g cm⁻³, and hybrids of coarse CS particles with medium WS particles compacted in the ratio range of 5:5–7:3 at 100 °C had higher LHVs (≥19.0 MJ kg⁻¹) and densities, complying with class A1 non-woody briquettes in ISO 17225–7:2021 and class TW2 commercial and industrial biofuels in ISO 17225–8. The molecules of the particles were solidified by forming new hydrogen bonds, dipole-dipole forces, and inter-particle solid bridges. The softened lignin in CS played an important role in particle binding in the absence of sufficient water, smooth and non-porous briquette surfaces were observed for the representative briquettes. In conclusion, the briquetting of coarse CS and medium WS particles in a 7:3 ratio at 100 °C was recommended for residential and industrial use due to its suitability for fully utilizing local agricultural waste.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 101030"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144523152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Designing sustainable agricultural production model: Balancing food, economy, and environmental outcomes in humid subtropics","authors":"Aastika Pandey ,&nbsp;Subhash Babu ,&nbsp;Sanjay Singh Rathore ,&nbsp;P.K. Upadhyay ,&nbsp;Rajiv K. Singh ,&nbsp;Md Yeasin ,&nbsp;Rishi Raj ,&nbsp;Kapila Shekhawat ,&nbsp;Khushboo Devi ,&nbsp;Vipin Kumar ,&nbsp;Ananya Gairola ,&nbsp;Devideen Yadav ,&nbsp;Raghavendra Singh","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.101016","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.101016","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Negative environmental outcomes and poor economic returns often questioned the sustainability of conventional agricultural production systems. Hence, a field experiment was conducted by involving two land configurations: flat-bed (FB) and raised bed and furrow (RBF) in main plots, and four cereal-legume integrations in sub-plots: maize-wheat, maize + black gram + soybean-wheat + chickpea, maize + cowpea + soybean-wheat + lentil, and maize + cowpea + soybean-wheat + mustard in three times replicated split-plot design to develop the sustainable production model for balancing productivity, economics and environmental outcomes. The raised bed and furrow demonstrated 5.5–6 % higher system productivity over the flatbed. Likewise, integrating cereals with legumes enhanced system productivity by 2–2.5 times over the maize-wheat system. Concerning environmental indicators, the raised bed and furrow system had significantly higher energy use efficiency (8.29 %) and energy productivity (1.54 kg MJ⁻¹) over a flatbed. Among the cereal-legume integrations, the maize + cowpea + soybean – wheat + mustard system registered the highest energy productivity and the lowest specific energy and demonstrated 2.26 times greater energy productivity and 41.35 % lower specific energy over the maize-wheat system. Cereal-legume integration reduces the carbon footprint by 2.5–3 times over the maize-wheat system. The maize + cowpea + soybean – wheat + mustard and maize + cowpea + soybean – wheat + lentil had ∼90.7 % higher eco-efficiency index (EEI) over the maize-wheat. Overall study inferred that the concurrent cultivation of cereals and legumes on raised beds and furrows is the most viable option for maximizing economic outputs and minimizing the environmental footprints in humid subtropics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 101016"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144588941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing solar energy efficiency with hybrid CSP systems: Design and analysis of a parabolic dish collector integrated with thermal energy storage","authors":"Ayaz Akbar ,&nbsp;Naeem Abas ,&nbsp;Muhammad Shoaib Saleem ,&nbsp;Shoaib Rauf ,&nbsp;Aun Haider","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.101043","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.101043","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Solar energy is a sustainable and environmentally benign renewable energy source, offering clean energy without emitting greenhouse gases. Solar energy possesses the potential to satisfy global energy, heating, and cooling requirements. Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) technologies find their applications at large scale as compared to photovoltaic system. In this study, a parabolic trough collector integrated with a stratified storage tank is dynamically simulated in TRNSYS® software to test different thermal energy storage materials at varying loads to evaluate efficiency and solar fraction. The heat capacity (Cp) and density (ρ) of materials were varied ranging from 950 to 1000 kg/m³ and 4.10–4.19 kJ/kg.K for water, 960 to 645 kg/m³ and 1.85–2.0 kJ/kg.K for thermal oil, 1700–2100 kg/m³ and 1.4–1.56 kJ/kg.K for molten salt, respectively. A 5.5 m² parabolic dish collector prototype featuring a mirror and thermally insulated storage tank connected in a closed loop was designed and fabricated to analyse the thermal energy storage and transfer. Results showed that indirect thermal storage proves more compatible as it allows for the interchangeable use of heat transfer fluids like glycol-water mixtures and thermal oil, reducing rusting since the fluid only transfers heat to the storage tank without directly affecting the system. Key findings include a maximum solar fraction of 75–80 % during February and September, and system efficiency ranging between 50 and 55 % under varying load conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 101043"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144570450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bifacial single glass encapsulation of solar module – An effective solution to enhance reliability via breathability","authors":"Yihua Yu ,&nbsp;Zhan Wang ,&nbsp;Hailong Sun ,&nbsp;Deng Tang ,&nbsp;Jingshuai Song ,&nbsp;Jianwei Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.101031","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.101031","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Outdoor performance of PV modules encapsulated with two different approaches showed that annual power generation of single glass solar modules was higher than that of double glass solar modules (0.32 % higher in terms of average annual per watt power generation gain) and annual power degradation of single glass solar modules was lower than that of double glass solar modules (1.07 % vs 1.47 %, respectively). The reason was attributed to the breathability of PV modules, which was demonstrated by many qualitative and quantitative experiments, including: 1) color change/reaction of cobalt chloride (CoCl₂) test paper (entrapped between encapsulant and backsheet) with water diffused into PV module; 2) water content of encapsulant after aging; 3) acetic acid concentration inside encapsulant after aging. Due to its unique structure, single glass PV module can “breathe” under daily operation which enables small molecules, e.g., water, medium sized molecules, e.g., acetic acid, diffuse out from the PV module, reducing continuous corrosion of metallic components of PV modules. Breathability ensures PV module higher reliability as well as high efficiency by removal of water and acetic acid and eventually results in more annual power generation. Breathability can mitigate the risk of failure of the PV system, which was demonstrated by using failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) approach.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 101031"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144501161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimising limestone calcined clay cement containing excavated low-grade waste clay for 3D printing applications","authors":"Yazeed A. Al-Noaimat ,&nbsp;Mehdi Chougan ,&nbsp;Matteo Sambucci ,&nbsp;Marco Valente ,&nbsp;Jacopo Tirillò ,&nbsp;Abdulrahman Albar ,&nbsp;Behzad Nematollahi ,&nbsp;Seyed Hamidreza Ghaffar","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.100991","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2025.100991","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recent studies reported the use of limestone calcined clay cement (LC3) as a low-carbon binder for 3D concrete printing (3DCP) applications. These studies typically used 1:1 clay minerals, specifically medium to high-purity clays, containing a minimum of 40 % Kaolinite. This study aims to valorise low-grade waste clay (representative of 2:1 clay mineral with a maximum of 20 % Kaolinite content) excavated from a tunnelling project to develop an LC3 mixture for 3DCP applications. This research investigates the effect of different calcination temperatures, dosages of superplasticiser (SP) and viscosity modifying agent (VMA) on the fresh properties, mechanical characteristics, reaction kinetics, shape stability, and buildability of the developed mixes. The results revealed that activating excavated clay at 800 °C exhibited the highest reactivity compared to calcination temperatures of 700 and 900 °C. The incorporation of admixtures (i.e., SP and VMA) had varying effects on the fresh and mechanical properties of the mixtures. The LC3 mixture containing 1 wt% SP and 0.6 wt% VMA (by weight of the binder) exhibited robust shape stability and achieved the best mechanical performance among the mixtures investigated in this study and had an open time of 65 min. A cylindrical object was successfully printed using this mixture, confirming its suitability for 3DCP applications. Environmental impact calculations showed that replacing OPC with the developed LC3 mixture provides significant environmental benefits, reducing CO2 emissions by around 39 %. This study confirms the feasibility of using excavated low-grade waste clay as feedstock for 3DCP applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100991"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144338863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}