Fundamental Research最新文献

{"title":"Graph contrastive learning with node-level accurate difference","authors":"Pengfei Jiao ,&nbsp;Kaiyan Yu ,&nbsp;Qing Bao ,&nbsp;Ying Jiang ,&nbsp;Xuan Guo ,&nbsp;Zhidong Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.fmre.2024.06.013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fmre.2024.06.013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Graph contrastive learning (GCL) has attracted extensive research interest due to its powerful ability to capture latent structural and semantic information of graphs in a self-supervised manner. Existing GCL methods commonly adopt predefined graph augmentations to generate two contrastive views. Subsequently, they design a contrastive pretext task between these views with the goal of maximizing their agreement. These methods assume the augmented graph can fully preserve the semantics of the original. However, typical data augmentation strategies in GCL, such as random edge dropping, may alter the properties of the original graph. As a result, previous GCL methods overlooked graph differences, potentially leading to difficulty distinguishing between graphs that are structurally similar but semantically different. Therefore, we argue that it is necessary to design a method that can quantify the dissimilarity between the original and augmented graphs to more accurately capture the relationships between samples. In this work, we propose a novel graph contrastive learning framework, named Accurate Difference-based Node-Level Graph Contrastive Learning (DNGCL), which helps the model distinguish similar graphs with slight differences by learning node-level differences between graphs. Specifically, we train the model to distinguish between original and augmented nodes via a node discriminator and employ cosine dissimilarity to accurately measure the difference between each node. Furthermore, we employ multiple types of data augmentation commonly used in current GCL methods on the original graph, aiming to learn the differences between nodes under different augmentation strategies and help the model learn richer local information. We conduct extensive experiments on six benchmark datasets and the results show that our DNGCL outperforms most state-of-the-art baselines, which strongly validates the effectiveness of our model.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34602,"journal":{"name":"Fundamental Research","volume":"5 2","pages":"Pages 818-829"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143724859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Macrophage regulation in vascularization upon regeneration and repair of tissue injury and engineered organ transplantation","authors":"Wenya Li ,&nbsp;Zilu Xu ,&nbsp;Binghan Zou ,&nbsp;Dongcheng Yang ,&nbsp;Yue Lu ,&nbsp;Xiaohan Zhang ,&nbsp;Chen Zhang ,&nbsp;Yanzhao Li ,&nbsp;Chuhong Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.fmre.2023.12.015","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fmre.2023.12.015","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine are effective strategies for the treatment of damaged tissues and end-stage organ failure. Damaged tissue regeneration and organ transplantation require blood vessel reconstruction to facilitate tissue remodeling, the bottleneck for application research in this field. Immune cells are heavily involved in coordinating neovascularization, in which macrophage aggregation is a key factor in angiogenesis and arteriogenesis. Previous studies have promoted tissue vascularization by regulating macrophages; however, the mechanisms underlying macrophage-mediated vascularization remain nebulous. Studies on material-based regulation have primarily been observational and lack systematic and targeted research. Macrophages from different sources exhibit different phenotypes or functions in tissues, such as peripheral blood monocytes and tissue-resident macrophages, with each exhibiting complicated mechanisms for promoting tissue injury and graft remodeling. Therefore, in this review, we discuss the role of different tissue-resident macrophages and circulating monocytes in vascularization during injured tissue regeneration and graft remodeling and summarize the current strategies for the use of biomaterials to regulate macrophages and promote the vascularization of injured tissues and during organ transplantation. A better understanding of these mechanisms will facilitate future tissue engineering research that promotes vascularization by regulating macrophage reactions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34602,"journal":{"name":"Fundamental Research","volume":"5 2","pages":"Pages 697-714"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139875849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reshaping heavy rare earth supply chains amidst China's stringent environmental regulations","authors":"Wei Chen ,&nbsp;Peng Wang ,&nbsp;Fanran Meng ,&nbsp;Alexandra Pehlken ,&nbsp;Qiao-Chu Wang ,&nbsp;Wei-Qiang Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.fmre.2023.11.019","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fmre.2023.11.019","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>China's official heavy rare earths (HREs) supply, vital to the global sustainable transition, has declined by 90% over the past 20 years. Global concerns have mounted regarding China's production quota policies, yet the real-world bottlenecks remain unclear. This study explores China's terbium (a critical HREs element) supply-demand conflicts and supply chain bottlenecks, and further simulates future potential changes. We identify a growing terbium shortage (a total of 3300 metric tons) in China as its registered production declined by 90% during the period from 2007 to 2018. Contrary to previous views that attribute HREs supply limitations to the production quota policy, we find that only 25% of China's quota related to HREs was utilized in 2018. Such a large quota-supply gap stems primarily from the enforced closures of HREs mines since the current mining techniques failed to reach strict environmental regulations. Furthermore, our simulations predict a 2–5-fold increase in terbium shortage by 2060 under the burgeoning ambitions in electric vehicles and wind power. However, this looming shortage could potentially be mitigated by 27%–70% under the scenario of breakthroughs in green mining techniques. This study highlights the urgency of seeking and promoting HREs green mining technologies, with implications for shifting global attention from geopolitical competition to green supply of rare earth and other minerals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34602,"journal":{"name":"Fundamental Research","volume":"5 2","pages":"Pages 505-513"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139633631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emerging terahertz sciences and technologies","authors":"Chao Chang ,&nbsp;Guangwei Hu ,&nbsp;Yimin Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.fmre.2024.12.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fmre.2024.12.003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":34602,"journal":{"name":"Fundamental Research","volume":"5 2","pages":"Pages 514-515"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143724862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A recent survey on instance-dependent positive and unlabeled learning","authors":"Chen Gong ,&nbsp;Muhammad Imran Zulfiqar ,&nbsp;Chuang Zhang ,&nbsp;Shahid Mahmood ,&nbsp;Jian Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.fmre.2022.09.019","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fmre.2022.09.019","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Training with confident positive-labeled instances has received a lot of attention in Positive and Unlabeled (PU) learning tasks, and this is formally termed “Instance-Dependent PU learning”. In instance-dependent PU learning, whether a positive instance is labeled depends on its labeling confidence. In other words, it is assumed that not all positive instances have the same probability to be included by the positive set. Instead, the instances that are far from the potential decision boundary are with larger probability to be labeled than those that are close to the decision boundary. This setting has practical importance in many real-world applications such as medical diagnosis, outlier detection, object detection, etc. In this survey, we first present the preliminary knowledge of PU learning, and then review the representative instance-dependent PU learning settings and methods. After that, we thoroughly compare them with typical PU learning methods on various benchmark datasets and analyze their performances. Finally, we discuss the potential directions for future research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34602,"journal":{"name":"Fundamental Research","volume":"5 2","pages":"Pages 796-803"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46910242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Big disparities in CH4 emission patterns from landfills between the United States and China and their behind driving forces","authors":"Yijun Liu ,&nbsp;Zhaowen Cheng ,&nbsp;AJ.Y. Chen ,&nbsp;Yong Geng ,&nbsp;Ke Zhang ,&nbsp;Nanwen Zhu ,&nbsp;Martin Skitmore ,&nbsp;Bofeng Cai ,&nbsp;Xiaoling Zhang ,&nbsp;Ziyang Lou","doi":"10.1016/j.fmre.2022.08.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fmre.2022.08.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Waste is the bridge linking resource consumption and greenhouse gas generation, and waste landfills are the main anthropogenic source of methane (CH₄). The United States (US)–China Joint Glasgow Declaration and the Global Methane Pledge are committed to reducing tractable CH₄ emissions; however, differences between the involved countries as well as their generation forecast processes have hampered cooperation. In this study, we provide a deep insight into CH₄ emissions from municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills and identify the disparities in CH₄ emissions with local socio-economic conditions. The US and China, the world's two largest economies, generated approximately 3.73 and 1.48 million tonnes of CH₄ from 1248 to 1955 landfills in 2012 using the FOD/bottom-up method, with corresponding 26.93 and 11.94 kg per tonne waste and emission value from each landfill ranging between 10⁰ and 10⁵ and 10⁻⁵–10⁵ tonnes. The spatial distribution was also quantified and compared with national, state/province, and urban agglomeration perspectives based on historical MSW variations (1990–2015) to clarify the triangular relationship between the economic situation, waste properties, and landfill CH₄ emissions. High-density CH₄ emission regions spatially overlapped with highly developed urban agglomerations, positively correlated with the local gross domestic product (GDP) and population (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.01), with more emissions generated per thousand US dollars in the US (0.25 tonnes) than in China (0.16 tonnes)<em>.</em> The US tertiary industry and China's secondary industry contributed to high CH₄ emissions from the waste sector. The increase in tertiary industry might reduce the waste sector's CH₄ emissions. This study will help to understand this new triangular relationship and predict future patterns of CH₄ emissions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34602,"journal":{"name":"Fundamental Research","volume":"5 2","pages":"Pages 734-739"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43233601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Supply chain resilience from the maritime transportation perspective: A bibliometric analysis and research directions","authors":"Dengyuhui Li ,&nbsp;Jianbin Jiao ,&nbsp;Shouyang Wang ,&nbsp;Guanghui Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.fmre.2023.04.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fmre.2023.04.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Maritime transportation is responsible for the vast majority of global overseas commerce. However, systematic reviews of supply chain resilience from the maritime transportation perspective are limited. This study provides descriptive statistical analysis, bibliometric analysis, and literature review based on relevant papers from 2004 to 2022 to clarify developments in this field. Growth trends, research areas, research regions, influential journals, influential institutions, and highly cited articles are discussed in the statistical analysis. The bibliometric analysis includes collaboration networks, emerging trends, and co-citation analysis. Topical issues and methods in the field are discussed based on papers from 10 highlighted research clusters. Then, studies on resilience measurement, resilience evaluation, and resilience improvement in maritime transportation are reviewed and future directions are proposed. This study summarizes the emerging trends and developments of supply chain resilience from the maritime transportation perspective and supports the establishment of a more dependable maritime transportation system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34602,"journal":{"name":"Fundamental Research","volume":"5 2","pages":"Pages 437-449"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47609034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pnictogen bonding enabled photosynthesis of chiral selenium-containing pyridines from pyridylphosphonium salts","authors":"Qiang Liu ,&nbsp;Bei-Bei Zhang ,&nbsp;Chao-Shen Zhang ,&nbsp;Jia-Nan Han ,&nbsp;Zhi-Xiang Wang ,&nbsp;Xiang-Yu Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.fmre.2023.03.013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fmre.2023.03.013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pyridylphosphonium salts, which are readily available and air and thermally stable, have been used to effectively synthesize structurally diverse pyridines. Herein, we report the pnictogen bonding (PnB) enabled photoactivation of pyridylphosphonium salts with catalytic potassium carbonate to generate pyridyl radical for pyridine synthesis. Remarkably, this light-driven transformation allowed chiral pool synthesis with excellent chirality retention, giving a wide range of chiral selenium-containing pyridines. On the basis of our combined computational and experimental studies, we propose that the PnB between pyridylphosphonium salts and potassium carbonate enables access to the photoactive charge transfer complex, which is able to undergo single electron transfer to generate pyridyl radical for its transformation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34602,"journal":{"name":"Fundamental Research","volume":"5 2","pages":"Pages 654-662"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41530992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retime-mapping terahertz vernier biosensor for boosting sensitivity based on self-reference waveguide interferometers","authors":"Liang Ma ,&nbsp;Fei Fan ,&nbsp;Weinan Shi ,&nbsp;Yunyun Ji ,&nbsp;Xianghui Wang ,&nbsp;Shengjiang Chang","doi":"10.1016/j.fmre.2024.12.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fmre.2024.12.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The optical vernier effect serves as a potent mechanism for boosting sensitivity and accuracy in the communication band, which is a prominent hotspot in coherent detection. Extending vernier gain to the terahertz window exhibits significant appeal in next-generation wireless communication and high-resolution sensing. Here, a terahertz vernier biosensor is constructed utilizing two overlapping Mach-Zehnder interferometers within a three-channel metallic waveguide. The self-reference feature of the vernier biosensor facilitates a sensitive envelope, and the vernier gain significantly amplifies the detection sensitivity and accuracy from the superposition of slightly detuned terahertz interference spectra mapping within the time-frequency-time domain. An exalting sensitivity of 22.54 THz/RIU is demonstrated at operating frequencies near 0.9 THz and experimentally shows immense sensing performance in detection sensitivity and accuracy of biochemical sample areic mass are 10⁷ GHz/(g/mm²) and 10⁻⁸ g/mm², respectively, presenting an enhancement of &gt; 3000% compared to a single interferometer. Moreover, the sensor is employed to assess the amino acid oxidation characteristic curve analysis in the terahertz range, which assists in identifying specific amino acids. The validation of the vernier effect operating in the terahertz regime demonstrates the development of a rapid and label-free assistance tool for the identification of biochemical samples.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34602,"journal":{"name":"Fundamental Research","volume":"5 2","pages":"Pages 593-601"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143724083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Managing supply-chain resilience and security","authors":"Jeff Hong ,&nbsp;Hong Huo ,&nbsp;Shouyang Wang ,&nbsp;Shuming Wang ,&nbsp;Xiaobo Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.fmre.2025.01.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fmre.2025.01.003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":34602,"journal":{"name":"Fundamental Research","volume":"5 2","pages":"Pages 431-432"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143724651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}