Вестник Российской академии наук最新文献

{"title":"Antibiotic resistance as a medical problem","authors":"R. S. Kozlov, A. Y. Kuzmenkov, A. G. Vinogradova","doi":"10.31857/s0869587324010033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31857/s0869587324010033","url":null,"abstract":"The growth and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the main threats to the healthcare system. Currently, along with the development of new antimicrobial drugs (AMPs) the basic approach to countering the spread of AMR is the rational use of existing medicines. Selection of the optimal drug taking into account its activity, doses, frequency and route of administration are the basis of rational antimicrobial therapy. However, due to widespread availability of AMR, availability of up-to-date information on activity of AMP is extremely important. Therefore, monitoring of antibiotic resistance is a key activity to ensure providing the evidence base on which antimicrobial formularies should be drawn up drugs and treatment protocols. In the solution of these problems in the Russian Federation active role plaies the Methodological Verification Center on Antimicrobial Resistance – Reference center for clinical pharmacology, created on the basis of the Research Institute of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy of the Smolensk State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russian Federation.","PeriodicalId":344486,"journal":{"name":"Вестник Российской академии наук","volume":" 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141678720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antibiotic resistance as a factor, hindering the fight against infectious animal diseases","authors":"A. M. Gulyukin, A. V. Kapustin, A. V. Mishchenko","doi":"10.31857/s0869587324010049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31857/s0869587324010049","url":null,"abstract":"The presented review outlines the generally significant problem of antibiotic resistance. The authors outline the main causes of this phenomenon, possible measures to reduce antibiotic resistance in veterinary medicine, as well as strategies aimed at preventing the development of resistant strains. Alternative means of combating infectious diseases are considered.","PeriodicalId":344486,"journal":{"name":"Вестник Российской академии наук","volume":" 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141677145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"National system for microbiological monitoring of microorganisms resistant to antimicrobial drugs","authors":"V. G. Akimkin","doi":"10.31857/s0869587324010026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31857/s0869587324010026","url":null,"abstract":"Antimicrobial resistance in pathogens is a global problem associated with millions of additional deaths per year. In addition to the risks to human, animal and environmental health, this phenomenon undermines the functioning of agri-food systems. Rospotrebnadzor is doing its best to counteract the spread of antibiotic resistance in Russia, both through medical organizations and through food products. The Central Research Institute of Epidemiology of Rospotrebnadzor has established the heterogeneity of populations of ESKAPE pathogens. t has been shown that even within the same line, pathogenic isolates can have their own distinctive features formed during the process of evolution. The clonal similarity of strains isolated from food, as well as the circulation in the food chain of transmissible genes KPC, NDM, MBLBS, which cause multidrug resistance in bacteria, pose a threat to public health. \u0000For timely and adequate diagnosis, carrying out epidemiological surveillance and preventing the widespread spread of antimicrobial resistance, the institute’s specialists are developing sets of reagents that allow prompt detect single genes associated with resistance directly in biological material. Currently, domestic scientists are working on creating a system for monitoring resistant strains and genetic determinants of resistance (genomic epidemiological surveillance).","PeriodicalId":344486,"journal":{"name":"Вестник Российской академии наук","volume":" 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141679735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Innovative radiopharmaceuticals in cancer diagnostics and radionuclide therapy","authors":"V. I. Chernov","doi":"10.31857/s0869587324010088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31857/s0869587324010088","url":null,"abstract":"The article presents the development trends of nuclear medicine in oncology. It has been shown that the main trends in modern radiopharmaceutics are closely related to theranostics, i.e., the use of radiopharmaceuticals obtained on the basis of a single delivery vector labeled with diagnostic and therapeutic radionuclides. In nuclear medicine, this approach has found application for the individualization and planning of radionuclide therapy. The results of our own research aimed at the development of radiopharmaceuticals for the diagnosis and radionuclide therapy of cancer are presented.","PeriodicalId":344486,"journal":{"name":"Вестник Российской академии наук","volume":" 86","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141680283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global agroforestry projects and their implementation","authors":"K. N. Kulik, A. I. Belyaev, A. M. Pugacheva, A. A. Zykova","doi":"10.31857/s0869587324010071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31857/s0869587324010071","url":null,"abstract":"Desertification of lands as one of the most acute environmental problems deserves special attention. Agroforestry development of territories is considered a recognized means of combating desertification. The article considers large-scale agroforestry projects initiated in the USA, the USSR, China, and African countries, development schemes, individual and common features of these projects, and stages of implementation. The authors emphasize that the experience of Russia in the field of agroforestry was actively used in foreign countries during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, since the scientific achievements of Russian and Soviet scientists in the development of protective afforestation are recognized in the world.","PeriodicalId":344486,"journal":{"name":"Вестник Российской академии наук","volume":" 21","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141680261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"External-beam neutron therapy: the first domestic medical unit","authors":"Yury S. Mardynsky, I. Gulidov, K. B. Gordon, S. N. Кoryakin, А. N. Solovyov, V. Saburov, S. A. Ivanov, А. D. Kaprin, Т. K. Lobzhanidze, N. V. Маrkov, I. М. Zheleznov, D. Yurkov, О. A. Gerasimchuk, А. Y. Presnyakov, V. I. Zverev, V. P. Smirnov","doi":"10.31857/s0869587324010098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31857/s0869587324010098","url":null,"abstract":"Modern radiotherapy, employing traditional linear accelerators, has nearly reached its apex in terms of efficacy in treating oncological diseases. The challenge before researchers in the field of implementing cutting-edge technologies pertains to the utilization of fundamentally different therapeutic approaches, one of which is remote neutron therapy. Its salient advantages include an increased relative biological effectiveness of radiation, while the complexities of implementing specific technological solutions encompass forming a beam of the required geometry and spectral characteristics. \u0000The article delineates the key milestones in the development of the usage of fast neutron beams for remote radiotherapy, a general description of the neutron therapy complex and its primary structural components is also presented. These are currently being developed as an innovative, mass-producible medical project.","PeriodicalId":344486,"journal":{"name":"Вестник Российской академии наук","volume":" 23","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141679160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antibiotic resistance genes in pathogens of open cavities","authors":"S. Shabunin, G. Vostroilova, D. I. Shabanov, I. Burakova, Yu.D. Smirnova, M. Gryaznova, M. Syromyatnikov","doi":"10.31857/s0869587324010055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31857/s0869587324010055","url":null,"abstract":"The work is devoted to the study of the phenotypic and genotypic resistance to antibiotics of bacteria that cause diseases of open cavities of farm animals – mastitis and colibacteriosis. A high prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes of bacteria has been established, both in the gut of piglets and in the causative agents of cow mastitis. It is noteworthy that 38% of the identified genes in the gut microbiota were beta-lactam antibiotic resistance genes. It has been shown that all bacteria E. coli of piglets’ gut turned out to be phenotypically multiresistant. More than 88% of the causative agents of mastitis in cows were characterized by resistance to benzylpenicillin, ampicillin, lincomycin and polymyxin. At the same time, 19 varieties of antibiotic resistance genes have been identified in the causative agents of mastitis. \u0000The study of phenotypic resistance to antibiotics and the genome of pathogens of farm animals did not reveal stable correlations between them. It is necessary to conduct further active research in the field of circulation of resistance genes in livestock farms for the safety of livestock.","PeriodicalId":344486,"journal":{"name":"Вестник Российской академии наук","volume":" 67","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141680311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Two circuit assessments of the performance of scientific organizations in Russia: current state and development prospects from the point of view of international experience","authors":"D. V. Kosyakov, I. V. Selivanova, A. Guskov","doi":"10.31857/s0869587324010063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31857/s0869587324010063","url":null,"abstract":"In Russia, in fact, two contours for assessing the scientific performance of organizations have developed: the expert one, which underlies the categorization of scientific organizations, and the quantitative one, which, according to the methodology of the comprehensive calculation of publication productivity, makes it possible to determine and monitor the implementation of the state assignment for fundamental scientific research. The article describes the history of the formation of these circuits, their advantages and disadvantages, as well as the prerequisites for further development. The British REF (Research Excellence Framework) examination system and the Norwegian quantitative assessment model are considered as model examples for improving both circuits. REF features include a differentiated assessment of the results, impact and environment of scientific units, which is organized by expert panels and groups. The features of the Norwegian model are an expert approach to the formation of a national white list of scientific journals, conferences and publishers, a methodology for calculating the publication indicator and an open database of publications of Norwegian scientists, from which this indicator is determined. The authors believe that these two examples can be considered as parametric assessment models, the adaptation of which taking into account national characteristics will make it possible to update and improve both contours of the assessment of scientific organizations in Russia. The importance of regular retrospective reflection on the experience, procedures and results of assessing organizations is emphasized, which is necessary for the systematic development of this system at the next stages.","PeriodicalId":344486,"journal":{"name":"Вестник Российской академии наук","volume":" 33","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141678017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Идеи академика А.Д. Сахарова и стратегическая стабильность","authors":"Алексей Георгиевич Арбатов","doi":"10.31857/s0869587321120033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31857/s0869587321120033","url":null,"abstract":"Начало специальной операции России на Украине в конце февраля 2022 г. ознаменовало окончание исторического периода более полувека длиной. Отношения СССР/России и Запада завершили полный круг и вернулись к холодной войне, вновь приблизив державы к роковой черте, едва не перейденной в дни Карибского кризиса октября 1962 г. Влияние украинского конфликта на стратегическую стабильность проявляется, во-первых, в новых взглядах на ядерное сдерживание. Видимо, теперь в качестве причин рассмотрения вопроса применения российских ядерных сил подразумевается не только нападение на Россию и ее союзников с использованием ядерного или обычного оружия, но и прямое вовлечение НАТО в локальные военные действия на территории Украины, оказание ей помощи поставками вооружений, экономические санкции и даже агрессивные высказывания против России. На Западе эта тема широко обсуждается, в том числе на правительственном уровне, несмотря на официальные заявления Москвы об отсутствии таких ядерных планов. Во-вторых, воздействие украинской трагедии на стратегическую стабильность в том, что она непосредственно отразилась на переговорах России и США по стратегическим вооружениям, которые опять оказались “заморожены” после успешного дебюта в июле 2021 г. в Женеве. В-третьих, текущий конфликт пагубно отразился на общем климате политических отношений государств в Европе и за ее пределами, что всегда было важным фоном переговоров по контролю над вооружениями. Если удастся избежать наихудшего сценария, то рано или поздно украинская проблема будет разрешена мирным путем, каким бы трудным и далеким ни казался сейчас такой итог. После этого, или даже в процессе продвижения к миру, возможно возобновление диалога России и США по контролю над вооружениями. Так бывало и в прошлом, начиная с ослабления напряженности после Карибского кризиса и подписания договора 1963 г. о частичном запрещении ядерных испытаний. Затем, разрешая периодические кризисы, ответственные державы заключили десятки договоров по ядерному оружию и другим смертоносным средствам, что позволило к концу 1980-х годов завершить холодную войну, свернуть гонку вооружений и на три десятилетия избавить мир от призрака ядерного Армагеддона.","PeriodicalId":344486,"journal":{"name":"Вестник Российской академии наук","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121549593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Science’s role in socioeconomic development of integrated scientific and technological space of the union state of Russia and Belarus","authors":"G. Zaikina, Г А Заикина","doi":"10.31857/s0869-587389111085-1094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31857/s0869-587389111085-1094","url":null,"abstract":"On June 18, 2019, the Presidiums of the Russian Academy of Sciences and of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus held a joint session to discuss results of cooperation in 2018, prospective projects of Union State programs, and short-term plans for cooperation between the Russian Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus. Particular attention was paid to scientific support for development of strategic directions for long-term spatial-territorial and socioeconomic development of Russia and Belarus and to the concept of the United Eurasia megaproject.","PeriodicalId":344486,"journal":{"name":"Вестник Российской академии наук","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123711008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}