Journal of Agriculture and Food Research最新文献

{"title":"Does PSNP participation influence the extent and choices of household coping strategies to food insecurity? Evidence from Northwestern Ethiopia","authors":"Yednekachew Merkeb ,&nbsp;Kumi Yasunobu ,&nbsp;Asres Elias ,&nbsp;Birara Endalew","doi":"10.1016/j.jafr.2024.101627","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jafr.2024.101627","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Food security interventions are primarily intended to lessen the adverse effects of food shortages. In Ethiopia, the Productive Safety Net Programme (PSNP) provides support for chronically food-insecure households, aiming to stabilize their consumption patterns. Therefore, this study examines the coping strategies employed by PSNP beneficiaries, graduates and non-beneficiaries in response to food insecurity and its associated factors. Data were collected from 396 sample households using a structured questionnaire. To analyze determinants of extent and choice of household coping strategies, Tobit, Zero-truncated Poisson regression and multivariate probit models were employed. The Coping Strategy Index was used to measure the household coping strategies. The study found that more than half of beneficiary and graduated households relied on less preferred food, limiting portion size at mealtimes, and reducing the number of meals in a day as coping strategy. PSNP participation had mixed effects on the extent and choice of household coping strategies. While PSNP had no significant effect on the extent and choice of beneficiary's food based coping strategies, graduated households employed fewer and more moderate food-based coping strategies and were less likely to adopt skipping meal the whole day as coping strategy. Moreover, wealth status, livestock ownership, dependency ratio, household size, frequency of health facility visits due to illness, education and drought were also significantly influenced the extent and choice of household coping strategies. Hence, this study highlights the need for strengthening PSNP, providing post-graduation support, building household assets, improving access to health services and education, and adopting drought adaptation strategies for households to better cope with food insecurity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34393,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agriculture and Food Research","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 101627"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143171989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the impact of cluster farming on multidimensional food security: Evidence from rural households in Northwestern Ethiopia","authors":"Getachew E. Gidelew ,&nbsp;Bamlaku A. Alemu ,&nbsp;Koyachew E. Kassie","doi":"10.1016/j.jafr.2024.101620","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jafr.2024.101620","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the impact of cluster farming on multidimensional food security in Northwestern Ethiopia. Data were collected from 421 randomly surveyed households. The Entropy Balancing Estimation (EBE) and Augmented Inverse Probability Weight (AIPW) estimators were used for data analysis. As a measure of food security, the study employs four dimensions—quantity, quality, acceptability, and stability—along with the multidimensional food security status. Regardless of a slight variation in the magnitude of their effect, the two models’ results are consistent. Specifically, except for the quality dimension, which is not statistically significant, our result suggests cluster farming significantly improves the remaining three dimensions of food security. The binary outcome analysis also indicates that households involved in cluster farming are more likely to fall into multidimensional food security status. Overall, we find a positive relationship between cluster farming and multidimensional food security. Thus, spreading this farming approach to a wider farming community is desirable to enhance food security but it should be based on awareness creation and farmers' willingness.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34393,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agriculture and Food Research","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 101620"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143172199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Greenhouse solar drying of tarragon: Mathematical modeling and quality features","authors":"Mohammad Noshad ,&nbsp;Morteza Taki ,&nbsp;Parisa Ghasemi ,&nbsp;Mitra Payan Gandomani","doi":"10.1016/j.jafr.2024.101626","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jafr.2024.101626","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a Greenhouse Solar Dryer (GSD) in drying tarragon leaves and contrast it with common drying methods. The study selected the 11 best mathematical models from the literature to qualify the drying kinetics of tarragon leaves. The results showed that the average exposure time in the GSD method was 3.6 and 4.6 times less than exposure in direct sunlight and in the shade, respectively. The Wang and Singh model with R² = 0.9968, RMSE = 0.0181 and χ² = 0.0016 was identified as the best model for GSD. The diffusion model with R², χ² and RMSE of 0.9847, 0.9520, 0.0008, 0.0020, 0.0327 and 0.0575, respectively, was identified as the best model for sun exposure and in the Shade. The color change of dried tarragon, expressed as the total change index (ΔE), was recorded as 10.9 ± 0.1 in shade, 12.9 ± 0.2 in GSD and 16.8 ± 0.1 in sun exposure. The average amount of dry tarragon essential oil extracted by hydro-distillation was 1.6 ± 0.1, 1.8 ± 0.1 and 0.95 ± 0.07 (mL/100 g) for shade, GSD and sun exposure, respectively. The results showed that using GSD and shade exposure increased the TPC in the samples, while sun exposure decreased the TPC compared to the raw samples. The greenhouse solar-dried sample showed the highest DPPH scavenging activity at 85 ± 1 %, which was in line with the TPC results. Following closely was the shade-dried sample at 81 ± 1 %. The sun-dried sample exhibited the lowest activity at 56 ± 1 %. In general, GSD drying is suggested as an eco-friendly technique that can be used to dry tarragon, which can then be utilized as a valuable source of bioactive compounds in the food and pharmaceutical industries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34393,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agriculture and Food Research","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 101626"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143171986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"To what extent does pre-harvest variability affect chilling injury susceptibility of citrus postharvest?","authors":"Daniel Onwude ,&nbsp;Jade North ,&nbsp;Thijs Defraeye ,&nbsp;Paul Cronje","doi":"10.1016/j.jafr.2024.101624","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jafr.2024.101624","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Chilling injury (CI) is a physiological rind disorder that commonly occurs during the long-time cold storage of citrus. The occurrence of CI in citrus reduces fruit quality and shelf-life, leading to market rejection. The susceptibility of citrus to CI during prolonged storage period depends on the differences in pre-harvest factors. However, the impact of pre-harvest variability on the postharvest occurrence of CI for citrus remains largely unknown. To address this, the impact of the variability in production area, cultivar, orchards and fruit harvest maturity on CI of citrus was investigated over two growing seasons. Four main citrus production regions in South Africa were considered, namely, Citrusdal, Nelspruit, Letsitele and Sundays River Valley (SRV). Five cultivars representing the main citrus subgroups were selected; ‘Turkey’ and ‘Midknight’ Valencia oranges, ‘Nova’ and ‘Nadorcott’ mandarins, and ‘Star Ruby’ grapefruit. For the variability in harvest maturity, fruit were harvested with two week harvest intervals from 8 weeks before commercial harvest until 6 weeks after. Our result revealed that differences in production area, cultivar, orchards, and fruit maturity have a significant impact on CI susceptibility. However, among these factors, orchard variability had the lowest impact on CI susceptibility, while the regional weather variability between production areas had the most significant impact. Fruit from the SRV, a coastal region, showed the highest risk of CI for all cultivars. They were up to 70 % more susceptible than those from Citrusdal, Nelspruit, and Letsitele. The CI susceptibility of ‘Turkey’ and ‘Midknight’ Valencias is ∼60 % more than those of mandarins and grapefruit. Fruit harvested early in the season (e.g., 8 weeks before commercial harvest) have a very high risk of CI, while those at the commercial maturity stage will have the highest CI tolerance. This study provides insight into which major pre-harvest factors affect the quality of citrus postharvest.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34393,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agriculture and Food Research","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 101624"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143171970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regenerative practices can lead to carbon-negative orange groves in Sicily","authors":"Mariarita Cammarata ,&nbsp;Tommaso Tadiello ,&nbsp;Alessandro Scuderi ,&nbsp;Neville Millar ,&nbsp;Bruno Basso","doi":"10.1016/j.jafr.2024.101615","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jafr.2024.101615","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Climate neutrality within European Union (EU) boundaries by 2050 is an ambitious goal set by the European Commission, with carbon sequestration in soils a key mechanism identified to achieve this. While row crops predominate, around 1.3 million hectares (ha) of land in the EU are dedicated to orchard fruit trees. Italy is second only to Spain in total citrus production area (about 22 %) with revenues of more than half a billion dollars and a planting area of nearly 90,000 ha in Sicily alone, the main orange-producing area in Italy, accounting for approximately 63 % of the total production of the country. Despite their environmental and economic importance, soil carbon studies in these systems are extremely rare. In our 13-year study, we compared the carbon balance (CB) of orange groves that were managed using either conventional (CON) or regenerative (REG) practices. We adopted the SALUS-crop model to determine soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration and the Carbon Footprint (CF) methodology set by ISO standards to calculate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The CB in the CON groves was 5.44 Mg CO₂-eq ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ (SOC sequestration lower than GHG emissions) while in the REG groves it was −0.61 Mg CO₂-eq ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ (SOC sequestration greater than GHG emissions). Specifically, CON loses SOC at 1.23 Mg CO₂-eq ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ while REG sequesters SOC at 1.68 Mg CO₂-eq ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. Our study shows that regenerative management in orange groves can convert the soil from a carbon source to a carbon sink, and that the CON and REG systems act as an overall GHG emissions source and GHG emissions sink, respectively. Increased soil carbon sequestration in citrus groves will contribute to the EU climate neutrality goal and can offer opportunities for farmers to benefit financially for their improved land stewardship.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34393,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agriculture and Food Research","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 101615"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143171839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) analysis of agricultural biologicals among smallholder farmers across three counties in Kenya","authors":"Allan Mweke ,&nbsp;Erik Alexandersson ,&nbsp;Tewodros Mulugeta ,&nbsp;Mesia Ilomo ,&nbsp;Quenton Kritzinger ,&nbsp;Lerato Matsuanyane ,&nbsp;Cecilia Moraa Onyango","doi":"10.1016/j.jafr.2024.101614","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jafr.2024.101614","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Agricultural biologicals (agrobiologicals) can be sustainable options to manage plant pests and diseases and enhance growth. This can reduce reliance on synthetic inputs, which often come from non-renewable sources and pose risks to the environment and farmers. However, the use of agrobiologicals in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is low. To understand factors leading to low adoption of Agrobiologicals in Kenya, we performed a Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) analysis among smallholder farmers in three counties in Kenya regarding agrobiologicals. 275 farmers were interviewed in Kajiado, Kiambu and Machakos counties. The farmers’ knowledge on agrobiologicals was low and varied across the counties; 18–47 % of respondents were deemed knowledgeable. The main source of knowledge was neighbours (32–57 % depending on the county). Regarding the information flow, agro-dealers were the main source of information for agricultural inputs in general. More than 70 % of the farmers were not trained in employing agrobiologicals, and 70 % of the farmers stated that agrobiologicals are not effective. Still, between 46 % (Kajiado) and 18 % (Machakos) used agrobiologicals in their farming practices. The number of years in farming positively correlated with knowledge of agrobiologicals, but not attitude and practice. Possibly, the low knowledge regarding agrobiologicals influenced attitude and practice; however perceived sufficient knowledge of agrobiologicals did not translate into an increased use, indicating that knowledge alone is not sufficient to ensure use among smallholder farmers. These findings call for new strategies to promote agrobiologicals to smallholder farmers in SSA.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34393,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agriculture and Food Research","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 101614"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143171969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Consumption and export potential of tea in Bangladesh: A field study","authors":"Shefali Boonerjee ,&nbsp;M. Ashraful Islam ,&nbsp;S.M. Monwarul Islam ,&nbsp;Shovon Kumar Paul ,&nbsp;M.T. Uddin ,&nbsp;M.S. Alamgir","doi":"10.1016/j.jafr.2024.101607","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jafr.2024.101607","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tea is one of the most popular beverages globally and holds a significant position in Bangladesh. Tea is deeply embedded in Bangladeshi culture as a low-cost, social beverage. The tea industry in Bangladesh is a vital sector, providing substantial employment opportunities and contributing significantly to the national economy. Socio-economic advancements have further heightened the prevalence of tea consumption, leading to a notable increase in domestic demand. This investigation aimed to document the actual tea consumption rate and explore potential avenues for export. Our study indicated that current production levels are sufficient to meet domestic demand, although export volumes remain minimal. The investigation utilized field visits, interviews, and online surveys across multiple regions of Bangladesh to estimate daily tea consumption and annual demand. The result revealed that approximately 92.15 million kilograms of tea are consumed annually, equating to 142.8 million cups per day. The per capita yearly tea consumption was calculated to be 550 g. In 2021 and 2022, domestic consumption accounted for 95.48 % and 98.21 % of the total production of 96.51 million kilograms and 93.829 million kilograms, respectively. This left a surplus of 1.95 million kilograms in 2022. Projection analysis suggests positive growth trends in exports (R² = 0.867), production (R² = 0.7557), and consumption (R² = 0.9369), highlighting opportunities to expand both domestic and international markets. The findings provide a strong foundation for policymakers and stakeholders to optimize the role of Bangladesh's tea industry in its economy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34393,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agriculture and Food Research","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 101607"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143171967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of granular starch hydrolysis enzyme on ethanol yield from partially swollen sorghum starch and analysis of extracted protein properties","authors":"Thomas Weiss ,&nbsp;Shan Hong ,&nbsp;Ruoshi Xiao ,&nbsp;Xiaorong Wu ,&nbsp;Yonghui Li ,&nbsp;Michael Tilley ,&nbsp;Donghai Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.jafr.2024.101621","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jafr.2024.101621","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Conventional bioethanol production from starch-based crops involves high-temperature cooking, which is energy-intensive and degrades the protein quality of distiller's grains (DG), a valuable co-product. This study addresses the critical gap of reducing the energy demand and protein degradation by comparing conventional high-temperature processing with granular starch hydrolyzing enzyme (GSHE) fermentation at low temperatures. Specifically, the novelty lies in optimizing partial starch swelling treatments (50 °C, 60 °C, 70 °C) to enhance ethanol yields while preserving DG protein quality.</div><div>Using sorghum varieties (normal and waxy) as a model system, we conducted experiments combining low-temperature starch swelling and GSHE fermentation to evaluate their impacts on ethanol yield and protein properties. Waxy sorghum exhibited higher ethanol fermentation efficiency than normal sorghum. Partial starch swelling significantly improved ethanol yield without compromising DG protein quality. GSHE fermentation with starch swelling at 70 °C for 30 min achieved the highest ethanol concentration (12.02 % v/v) and yield (92.74 %) for waxy sorghum. Protein digestibility remained high for both waxy (85.39 %) and normal sorghum (85.21 %) even at higher swelling temperatures. Surface hydrophobicity of DG proteins increased with temperature, particularly at 95 °C during conventional processing. Notably, partial starch swelling improved the lightness (L∗ values) of sorghum proteins, indicating better quality. Molecular characterization further revealed the specific effects of processing on protein properties.</div><div>This research highlights the potential of low-temperature starch swelling combined with GSHE fermentation to enhance ethanol production efficiency and protein quality in DG, offering a sustainable alternative to conventional bioethanol processes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34393,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agriculture and Food Research","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 101621"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143172201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research for agricultural development in support of nutrition sensitive agriculture – experiences from Ethiopia","authors":"Katherine Pittore ,&nbsp;Legesse Abate ,&nbsp;Dawit Alemu ,&nbsp;Gareth Borman ,&nbsp;Eyasu Elias ,&nbsp;Amleset Haile ,&nbsp;Desalegn Haileyesus ,&nbsp;Jennie van der Kolk ,&nbsp;Irene Koomen ,&nbsp;Ted Schrader ,&nbsp;Eric Smaling ,&nbsp;Herman Snel ,&nbsp;Akalu Teshome ,&nbsp;Tewodros Tefera","doi":"10.1016/j.jafr.2024.101612","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jafr.2024.101612","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":34393,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agriculture and Food Research","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 101612"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143171994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fire under the ashes: A descriptive review on the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the food supply chain","authors":"Hazim O. Khalifa ,&nbsp;Mohamed A.A. Abdelhamid ,&nbsp;Atef Oreiby ,&nbsp;Mohamed-Yousif Ibrahim Mohamed ,&nbsp;Hazem Ramadan ,&nbsp;Ahmed Elfadadny ,&nbsp;Seung Pil Pack ,&nbsp;Han Sang Yoo ,&nbsp;Ihab Habib","doi":"10.1016/j.jafr.2024.101606","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jafr.2024.101606","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the prevalence and implications of methicillin-resistant <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> (MRSA) within the food supply chain. Beginning with the molecular mechanisms of MRSA resistance, it delves into the transmission pathways within the food chain. It examines MRSA identification in livestock and poultry, revealing concerning trends and the potential for zoonotic transmission. The review also elucidates the correlation between MRSA in livestock and humans, emphasizing the bidirectional flow of the pathogen and the need for integrated surveillance and control measures. The investigation extends to MRSA in retail food and fresh products, underscoring contamination challenges at various production and distribution stages. Additionally, the presence of MRSA in aquaculture and seafood is explored, broadening the scope of concern and stressing the need for a holistic approach to food safety. The review concludes by underscoring the urgent need for standardized MRSA detection and reporting methods throughout the food chain. It calls for concerted efforts from researchers, policymakers, and stakeholders to implement comprehensive surveillance, enhance biosecurity measures, promote responsible antibiotic use, and foster interdisciplinary collaboration. Addressing these challenges proactively will help mitigate MRSA spread and safeguard public health in the context of foodborne illnesses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34393,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agriculture and Food Research","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 101606"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143172198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}