International Journal of Hydrogen Energy最新文献

{"title":"The intrinsic influence mechanism of HENG explosion under different hydrogen blending ratios and equivalence ratios: A combined ReaxFF and MD study","authors":"Tao Wang,&nbsp;Zihao Xiu,&nbsp;Zhenyi Liu,&nbsp;Qiqi Liu,&nbsp;Yao Zhao,&nbsp;Mingzhi Li,&nbsp;Ranran Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.03.394","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.03.394","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To uncover the underlying reaction mechanism and evolution mechanism of hydrogen-enriched natural gas (HENG) explosions, this study employed reactive force field–molecular dynamics (ReaxFF-MD) to investigate the molecular reactive thermodynamic behavior of HENG at various hydrogen blending ratios and equivalence ratios. An evolution pathway for carbon-containing substances was constructed, elucidating the microscopic mechanism of HENG explosions at the atomic level. The results indicated that the microscopic oxidation process in the typical explosion of HENG system can be divided into five stages: initiation, methane excitation, hydrogen augmentation, hydroxyl oscillation, and burnout. The primary evolution pathway of carbon containing substances can be summarized as: CH₄ → ·CH₃ → CH₂O → ·CHO → CO → CO₂. The presence of hydrogen molecules can reduce both the excitation time of methane (T1) and the time for methyl radicals to reach their first peak (T2). As the number of hydrogen molecules increases, the oscillation amplitude of H and ·OH radicals intensifies during the reaction, enhancing the explosive reactivity of the system. A reduction in the oxygen content shortens the system's initiation time; however, it also leads to earlier termination of the system's oxidation process. This study provides an atomic-level explanation of the explosion behavior of HENG, offering scientific guidance for effective accident prevention and management, as well as a theoretical foundation for the development of explosion suppression technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":337,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Hydrogen Energy","volume":"125 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143815106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"3D Zn3In2S6/TiO2 S-scheme heterojunctions with strong 2D/2D hetero-interface interaction enable highly efficient photocatalytic H2 production simultaneous with TC degradation","authors":"Liezhen Zhu ,&nbsp;Jing Liu ,&nbsp;Lin Liu ,&nbsp;Youliang Shen ,&nbsp;Lingfang Qiu ,&nbsp;Xun Xu ,&nbsp;Jiangbo Xi ,&nbsp;Ping Li ,&nbsp;Shuwang Duo","doi":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.04.079","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.04.079","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Heterojunction-based photocatalysts have garnered significant attention for their potential in addressing energy shortages and environmental pollution through efficient H₂ production and antibiotic degradation. However, the development of bifunctional photocatalysts with high efficiency, stability, and broad-spectrum light absorption remains a challenge. In this study, we designed and synthesized 3D Zn₃In₂S₆/TiO₂ S-scheme heterojunctions with strong 2D/2D hetero-interface interactions via a two-step hydrothermal method. The primary objective was to enhance solar-driven photocatalytic performance for simultaneous H₂ production and tetracycline (TC) degradation. The key innovation lied in the optimized 2D/2D interfacial coupling and S-scheme charge transfer mechanism, which significantly improved charge separation efficiency and light utilization. When the molar ratio of Zn₃In₂S₆ to TiO₂ was 0.5:1, the Zn₃In₂S₆/TiO₂-II composite exhibited exceptional photocatalytic activity and stability, obtaining H₂ evolution rate of 6.74 mmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹ within 6 h and a TC degradation efficiency of 98 % within 60 min, both of which were substantially higher than those of pristine Zn₃In₂S₆ and TiO₂. The enhanced photocatalytic activities had been confirmed to be attributed to the increased specific surface area, accelerated charge separation, and the broadened light absorption range, as confirmed by various characterizations and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Our findings pave the way for the development of advanced photocatalytic systems to simultaneously tackle environmental pollution and energy crises.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":337,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Hydrogen Energy","volume":"125 ","pages":"Pages 254-265"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143815188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance and emissions of natural gas/hydrogen blends in large-bore spark-ignition engines","authors":"Hafiz Ahmad Hassan ,&nbsp;Tu Nguyen ,&nbsp;Abu Yousuf ,&nbsp;Mark Patterson ,&nbsp;Chuancheng Duan ,&nbsp;Wilson Merchan-Merchan ,&nbsp;Ramkumar Parthasarathy ,&nbsp;Pejman Kazempoor","doi":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.03.466","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.03.466","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Natural Gas is an promising alternative fuel for spark ignition engines because of its high knock resistance and low CO₂ emissions compared to gasoline. Blending Natural Gas with a fuel of higher flame velocity such as Hydrogen (H₂) is desirable since it reduces the carbon intensity of the fuel and results in lower emissions and improved efficiency. Moreover, Hydrogen improves the lean burning capacity of Natural Gas (NG) engines. Additionally, blending Hydrogen with Natural Gas provides a potential solution for Hydrogen transportation. In this study, Natural Gas/Hydrogen blends on a large-bore, two-stroke, spark ignition engine are investigated with Hydrogen concentrations of 0, 10, 15, 25 and 30 % by volume under lean burn conditions. The blends were tested at three different operating conditions i.e., 40, 60 and 70 % of the rated load. The results indicated that the addition of Hydrogen led to shortened burn durations and reduced Coefficient of Variations (COVs) of Indicated Mean Effective Pressure (IMEP) for all the loads. The maximum reduction in COV was observed at 40 % load with a decline of 23 % points. For the remaining loads, the COVs dropped below 4 %, indicating a very stable combustion with 30 % Hydrogen blend. The indicated thermal efficiency (ITE) improved with the addition of Hydrogen and is maximum at the highest Hydrogen concentration. The ITE improved by 3.9, 5.9 and 5.8 % points for 40, 60 and 70 % loads respectively. There is an improvement in NOx, CO₂, CH₄ and VOCs emissions with the addition of Hydrogen. The maximum reductions observed are 95, 17, 70 and 49 % for NOx, CO₂, VOCs and CH₄ emissions respectively. The only exception is CO emissions which increased at 40 % and 60 % loads but decreased at 70 %. The Natural Gas/Hydrogen blends will be tested with varying spark timings and relative air-to-fuel ratios to further enhance the impact of Hydrogen addition on the emissions, efficiency and combustion stability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":337,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Hydrogen Energy","volume":"125 ","pages":"Pages 168-180"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143815194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An experimental study on the macroscopic behaviours of ammonia sprays in a constant volume chamber","authors":"Li Shen,&nbsp;Felix Leach","doi":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.03.347","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.03.347","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Green ammonia is a promising alternative fuel for future thermal propulsion systems. In its liquid form, ammonia provides an energy density by mass comparable to conventional hydrocarbon fuels. Already high levels of mass-production and widely available existing infrastructure enable a smooth transition from fossil fuels to ammonia on the supply side. However, on the application side, the evaporation and mixing processes of liquid ammonia in air, which are known to have significant impacts on the energy release and resulting emissions, differ notably from those of fossil fuels. Hence, existing spray models may not be applicable to liquid ammonia injection. This calls for a comprehensive experimental study of ammonia sprays under a variety of relevant test conditions in order to understand the nature of such processes and for model validation. In this work, liquid ammonia was injected into a constant volume chamber from a direct injector at three injection pressures (100<!--> <!-->bar, 150<!--> <!-->bar and 200<!--> <!-->bar) at ambient pressures varying from 1<!--> <!-->bar to 10<!--> <!-->bar, with an increment as low as 0.5<!--> <!-->bar. This selection of ambient pressures covers a range of flash boiling to non-flash boiling conditions. It was found that the flash boiling regime of ammonia sprays are much lower than its saturation pressure, indicating there exists a strong cooling effect presumably due to its high latent heat of evaporation. Also, the spray collapse phenomenon was observed in ammonia sprays, and the spray collapse point was determined by a morphological study. These tests provided a comprehensive validation dataset for spray models.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":337,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Hydrogen Energy","volume":"126 ","pages":"Pages 386-395"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143817423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Constructing MAX-derived atomically dispersed Ni-based catalysts for efficient bioethanol steam reforming","authors":"Weizhi Shi ,&nbsp;Rongjun Zhang ,&nbsp;Hongwei Li ,&nbsp;Yu Wu ,&nbsp;Zhao Sun ,&nbsp;Zhiqiang Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.04.096","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.04.096","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Steam reforming of ethanol is an attractive route to utilize H₂O as a chemical feedstock with which to convert ethanol into high-quality hydrogen. However, Ni-based catalyst deactivation has always been a significant obstacle to its application. Herein, we constructed a series of 1Ni/MAX (Ti₃AlC₂, Ti₂VAlC₂, Ti₂TaAlC₂, Ti₂NbAlC₂, Mo₂TiAlC₂, and Cr₂TiAlC₂) and 1Ni/MXene (Ti₃C₂T_<em>x</em>, Ti₂VC₂T_<em>x</em>, Ti₂TaC₂T_<em>x</em>, Ti₂NbC₂T_<em>x</em>, Mo₂TiC₂T_<em>x</em>, and Cr₂TiC₂T_<em>x</em>) materials as robust catalysts for clarifying the effects of MAX/MXene supports on the SRE performance. Results demonstrate the hydrogen production rate and hydrogen utilization efficiency of 1Ni/MAX catalyst were significantly higher than those of 1Ni/MXene catalyst, demonstrating the promoting effect of Al on the ethanol conversion. The performance tests and characterization results indicate that Ni can readily form coordination complexes with Mo atoms. Furthermore, interfacial alloying effectively regulates the morphological distribution of Ni, facilitating a high dispersion of Ni atoms while simultaneously inhibiting their agglomeration. This work provides new implications for the development of three-dimensional transition metal carbides and nitrides as the supporting substrates of the catalysts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":337,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Hydrogen Energy","volume":"126 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143807442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Glycyrrhiza glabra modified ZnO nanoflakes as phytocatalysts for rapid hydrogen production via sodium borohydride-methanolysis","authors":"Zeynep Demirkan ,&nbsp;Bülent Kaya ,&nbsp;Sibel Duman","doi":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.03.460","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.03.460","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The extract of <em>Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice root),</em> including the active compound glycyrrhizic acid (GZA), has garnered significant interest from researchers for its many use as a food sweetener. The research effort focuses on ecologically sustainable bio-hydrogen generation technology via green synthesis methods. This research includes, for the first time, the use of <em>Glycyrrhiza glabra</em> extract as bio-modification material for zinc oxide nanoflakes (ZnONFs) and hydrogen generation by catalytic NaBH₄-methanolysis (SB-methanolysis) utilizing the synthesized nanoflakes. Detailed kinetic examinations were carried out on SB-methanolysis, revealing that the activation energy and lifetime of <em>Glycyrrhiza glabra</em> modified ZnONFs were 50.1 kJ/mol and about 134k mol H₂ (mol Zn)⁻¹, respectively. The both chemical and physical structures of <em>Glycyrrhiza glabra</em> modified ZnONFs and the extract were characterized, and the average particle size of the nanoflakes was revealed to be 25.70 ± 4.85 nm. Furthermore, it was understood from the SEM micrographs that average cluster size and thickness of <em>Glycyrrhiza glabra</em> modified ZnONFs were 8.29 ± 2.91 μm and 64.12 ± 14.37 nm, respectively. XRD data showed that ZnONFs, consisting of an average of 73.069 % Zn metal, had a hexagonal wurtzite crystal structure. In conclusion, <em>Glycyrrhiza glabra</em> modified ZnONFs prepared by green synthesis technique were presented in this study as an ideal phytocatalyst candidate for hydrogen production with their amazing properties and high catalytic activities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":337,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Hydrogen Energy","volume":"125 ","pages":"Pages 143-156"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143815184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction through a sponge-like structure: Synergistic impact of diverse active sites","authors":"Jinjiang Lv ,&nbsp;Jianqiang Zheng ,&nbsp;Guosheng Cui ,&nbsp;Peixin Zhang ,&nbsp;Chengzhi Zhou ,&nbsp;Yanling Li ,&nbsp;Yingju Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.03.467","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.03.467","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) stands as a pivotal strategy in the transition toward a sustainable energy future, however, the evolution of an efficient, non-precious metal-based electrocatalyst for HER in alkaline electrolysis remains a challenge. Herein, a functional HER electrocatalyst with sponge-like structure was successfully prepared, termed 5Co-NC. The removal of the polystyrene spheres and high-temperature calcination process facilitated the formation of a hierarchical porous structure including macropores, mesopores and micropores. Furthermore, X-ray absorption fine structure indicated the existence of Co single atom site and Co nanoclusters, while the synergistic effect can promote the decomposition of water and the production of hydrogen. Benefited from the dominant structure, the 5Co-NC electrocatalyst exhibited a remarkably low overpotential of 245 mV at 10 mA cm⁻², while a Tafel slope as low as 86.2 mV⋅dec⁻¹. It also showed catalytic activity exceeding 24 h and large double layer capacitance of 14.5 mF cm⁻². The study supplies insights into developing advanced electrocatalysts with precisely controlled morphology and outstanding performance, paving the way for future energy applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":337,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Hydrogen Energy","volume":"125 ","pages":"Pages 364-373"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143815189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrogen production by chemical looping steam reforming of coke oven gas via La1-φCuxNiyFe1-x-yO3-λ","authors":"Xiantan Yang,&nbsp;Zhongshun Sun,&nbsp;ZhiChao Wang,&nbsp;Rongjiang Zhang,&nbsp;Bo Zhang,&nbsp;Bolun Yang,&nbsp;Zhiqiang Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.03.431","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.03.431","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To realize the clean and efficient utilisation of coke oven gas, the chemical looping steam reforming technology was used to co-produce high purity H₂ and syngas. Fe–Ni-based perovskite oxygen carriers with excellent partial oxidation performance were selected in this paper, through the strategies of B-site doping and A-site defect, the lattice oxygen transport was facilitated, which enhanced the anti-carbon deposition ability and reforming performance. The results indicated that La_0.7Cu_0.15Ni_0.1Fe_0.75O_3-λ had a favorable oxygen supply capacity for partial methane oxidation in coke oven gas. At 850 °C, using La_0.7Cu_0.15Ni_0.1Fe_0.75O_3-λ, the methane conversion could reach 67 %, and the hydrogen production and purity in the steam regeneration stage could reach 3.56 mmol g⁻¹ and 99.90 %, respectively. Simultaneously, La_0.7Cu_0.15Ni_0.1Fe_0.75O_3-λ demonstrated excellent reaction performance and cycle stability. This research established an experimental foundation for designing oxygen carriers tailored for hydrogen production through the chemical looping steam reforming of coke oven gas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":337,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Hydrogen Energy","volume":"125 ","pages":"Pages 187-201"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143815185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green hydrogen production in offshore environments: A comprehensive review, current challenges, economics and future-prospects","authors":"Babalola Aisosa Oni ,&nbsp;Samuel Eshorame Sanni ,&nbsp;Andrew Nyaisoti Misiani","doi":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.03.429","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.03.429","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Green hydrogen (GH) production in offshore environments refers to the use of renewable resource, particularly offshore wind, to generate hydrogen through electrolysis. This approach offers advantages such as high renewable capacity, minimal land use, and potential repurposing of existing oil and gas infrastructure. However, significant challenges include the need for durable electrolyzers, high infrastructure costs, and regulatory considerations. Offshore GH remains more expensive compared to onshore alternatives, with a levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH) between $4 and $6 per kg for offshore GH compared to $2 to $3 per kg for onshore production. Moreover, high capital and maintenance costs, as well as hydrogen transport losses, contribute to this disparity. Nevertheless, advancements in electrolyzer technology and offshore wind energy whose global capacity surpassed 64 GW in 2023 may also have constituted some measure of reduced costs. The efficiency of GH production from electrolysis currently ranges from 60 to 70 %, with proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzers offering higher operational flexibility. By 2035, the LCOH is expected to drop to $2.5–$3.5 per kg, driven by improved electrolyzer efficiency, increased offshore wind deployment, and government support. Offshore GH holds promises for decarbonizing hard-to-abate sectors, making it a crucial component of the global energy transition agenda. With continued innovation and investment, offshore GH could become a competitive and sustainable energy solution in alignment with net-zero goals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":337,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Hydrogen Energy","volume":"125 ","pages":"Pages 277-309"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143815289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mitigating urban pollution: A comparative life cycle assessment of hydrogen, electric, and diesel buses for urban transportation","authors":"Ali Mahmoudi ,&nbsp;Hamid Afshari ,&nbsp;Hassan Sarhadi ,&nbsp;Armin Jabbarzadeh","doi":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.03.316","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.03.316","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Urban transportation systems, particularly public buses, contribute significantly to global pollution, creating an urgent need for sustainable solutions. Alternative fuel buses and other disruptive technological advancements in this field are essential to resolve these problems. The absence of studies on the life cycle assessment (LCA) of hydrogen-fueled buses, along with comparative analyses of alternative-fueled buses, makes this research particularly timely. This study develops a comprehensive LCA framework to measure the economic and environmental impact of using different technologies (i.e., hydrogen-fueled, electric, and diesel buses). Different fuel production methods were examined, considering operational factors such as energy consumption across various routes. This study contributes to enhancing the LCA methodology for public bus operations by using machine learning algorithms to cluster routes and identify optimal demonstration routes for analysis. The results highlight the impact of fuel production methods for hydrogen-fueled buses in the significant pollutant reductions (e.g., <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>CO</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> and <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>NO</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>x</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>), despite their high life cycle costs. The proposed framework is validated with real data from Halifax, Canada, and expanded to assess public bus networks in cities with varying routes, topology, and population levels. The paper’s analyses consider future technological advances to lower costs, aligning them with electric buses over time. This study helps policymakers choose the best public bus alternatives to improve the economic, environmental, and social sustainability of urban transportation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":337,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Hydrogen Energy","volume":"125 ","pages":"Pages 333-353"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143815195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}