International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer最新文献

{"title":"Modeling of torque resistance in laminar annular rotating flow with axial flow","authors":"Guoqiang Xu ,&nbsp;Guanglong Zhao ,&nbsp;Tao Dong ,&nbsp;Yongkai Quan ,&nbsp;Jingchuan Sun ,&nbsp;Lina Zhang ,&nbsp;Laihe Zhuang ,&nbsp;Bensi Dong","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127119","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127119","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The issue of electric power shortage in hypersonic aircraft has become increasingly prominent in recent years. The liquid-cooling ram air turbine power generation system, which uses fuel as the cooling medium, offers an effective solution. However, the high viscosity of the liquid causes significant rotating resistance torque, which reduces the energy conversion efficiency of the system. Moreover, the accurate prediction of the rotating resistance of the annulus in generator is limited by the applicability of existing expressions. To study the rotating torque characteristic in the stator-rotor gap of the liquid-cooling generator, the fundamental flow model, namely laminar annular rotating flow with axial flow (LARAF), is investigated in this paper. By drawing an analogy to transient parallel plane Couette flow, a torque expression applicable to LARAF is derived. Numerical simulations are performed to study the flow behavior in detail. A correction expression as function of the axial Reynolds number is established through statistical analysis. The predicted torque values are consistent with experimental results, with deviations remaining within ±7 %. A simplified method for deriving the torque expression of LARAF is developed by analogy method and good prediction accuracy is achieved through correction. This study proposes a novel perspective for understanding the torque characteristics of LARAF, laying a theoretical foundation for future research on annular rotating flow with axial flow in the presence of vortices or turbulence.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"247 ","pages":"Article 127119"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143855677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of UV radiation of solid rocket plume containing multiphase alumina clusters","authors":"Yueyuan Xu ,&nbsp;Lu Bai ,&nbsp;Ligong Zhang ,&nbsp;Jinlu Li ,&nbsp;Huigang shi ,&nbsp;Lixin Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127125","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127125","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Alumina particles, ejected from rocket nozzles, undergo dynamic crystallization, resulting in multiphase clusters in the rocket plume. These multiphase alumina (MA) clusters exhibit significantly different optical properties compared to stable-phase alumina studied in previous research, inevitably affecting the radiative characteristics of the plume. However, research in this area remains sparse. To address this, a plume radiation model incorporating multiphase alumina was proposed to analyze the UV radiation characteristics of the solid rocket plume containing multiphase alumina clusters. The line-by-line integration method was used to solve the absorption coefficient of OH molecules, and super position T-matrix method and the statistical average optical algorithm were utilized to obtain the optical properties of alumina clusters. The results indicate that, if the presence of multiphase alumina clusters is ignored, the radiance of plumes will be underestimated by 41.3 % in our study. The thermal radiation and scattering of alumina clusters can increase the UV radiation of plume, and the magnitude of such enhancement is affected by the phase state of alumina. Although our study used simplified cluster models due to the lack of precise data for each alumina cluster in the plume, it emphasizes the importance of alumina’s phase state in plume radiation studies. The findings offer a new theoretical foundation for aircraft detection and identification.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"247 ","pages":"Article 127125"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143851727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Constructing a breakthrough pressure and blockage based PEMFC model for elucidating water and gas transport in gas diffusion layers","authors":"Guan Shumeng ,&nbsp;Zhou Fen ,&nbsp;Zhan Zhigang ,&nbsp;Pan Mu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127122","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127122","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) is strongly relied on the transport of water and gas in a gas diffusion layer (GDL). In this study, it introduces a novel concept of water blockage as an alternative to the traditional definition of water saturation. Concurrently, breakthrough pressure drainage mechanism is proposed. Building on these concepts, it develops a new model for the water and gas transport elucidation. The breakthrough pressure is defined as the point at which the hydraulic pressure at the entrance of the pores exceeds a critical threshold, enabling liquid water to penetrate into the pores of MPLs. At the same time, it is considered that the pore area filled with water in MPLs cannot be transported by gas, and the ratio of this area to the total pore area of the cross section parallel to the surface of the MPL is defined as water blockage. The water blockage will be more conducive to evaluate the water and gas transport performance of MPLs than water saturation.</div><div>Based on the breakthrough pressure and water blockage, a new model of water and gas transport in PEMFCs is constructed. In-depth study on the water and gas transport process with the new model, it is found that: (1) The water blockage in the MPL increases with the increase of back pressure. It is showed that the increase of back pressure is a double-edged sword. In the low back pressure range, increasing the back pressure can increase oxygen partial pressure, contributing an enhanced exchange current density and cell performance. However, when the back pressure is high enough, the increased water blockage would reduce the gas transport path, resulting in a serious concentration polarization and a decline of the performance at high current density. (2) The water blockage is also strongly related to the pore size in MPLs. Macropores are more likely to be filled by water and used as liquid water transport channels, while pores with small size that are not easy to be blocked which is applied as gas transport paths. Therefore, the MPL with bimodal pore distribution is more conducive to achieving excellent water and gas transport performance. (3) On the premise of maintaining or improving the porosity of the MPL, increasing the proportion of small pores can significantly reduce the water blockage at high current density and enhance the cell performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"247 ","pages":"Article 127122"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143851730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mesoscopic scale model for predicting thermal conductivity of aeolian sand-rock-layer mixed medium in cold regions","authors":"Fenglei Han ,&nbsp;Guo Li ,&nbsp;Lu Cheng ,&nbsp;Wenbing Yu ,&nbsp;Shenglin Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127093","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127093","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The filling and accumulation of aeolian sand altered hydrothermal response of crushed-rock embankment (CRE) in the permafrost regions of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, significantly reducing its cooling capacity. Accurately determining the equivalent thermal conductivity of the mixed medium layer is the premise for evaluating the long-term thermal stability of CRE under aeolian sand conditions. Unlike traditional empirical thermophysical formulas, this paper established a mesoscopic scale model (ESE) to predict the equivalent thermal conductivity of the aeolian sand-rock-layer mixed medium, employing equivalent rules and mesoscopic three-phase theory. The ESE model was verified by laboratory experiments, demonstrating comparable accuracy to six other theoretical models. The errors of different prediction models and the main influencing factors were compared and analyzed. The results demonstrate that the predictions of the ESE model align well with experimental data. For moisture contents between 0.00 % and 15.00 %, the equivalent thermal conductivity ranges from 0.64 to 2.01 W·m⁻¹· °C⁻¹ in the frozen state (-5.00 °C) and from 0.64 to 1.61 W·m⁻¹· °C⁻¹ in the unfrozen state (5.00 °C). Among the six comparative theoretical models, the ESE model achieved the highest accuracy, with an average relative error of 5.70 %. The influence of each factor in the model ranked as follows: sand content (0.764) &gt; porosity (0.613) &gt; water content (0.598) &gt; temperature (0.447). The research results provide a theoretical basis for selecting thermophysical parameters to predict cooling performance of CRE in sandy environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"247 ","pages":"Article 127093"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143851728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Non-intrusive auto-detecting and adaptive hybrid scheme for multiscale heat transfer: Thermal runaway in a battery pack","authors":"Yinuo Noah Yao ,&nbsp;Ilenia Battiato","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurately capturing and simulating multiscale systems is a formidable challenge, as both spatial and temporal scales can span many orders of magnitude. Rigorous upscaling methods not only ensure efficient computation, but also guarantee that errors remain within a priori prescribed limits. This provides a balance between computational costs and accuracy. However, the most significant difficulties arise when the conditions under which upscaled models can be applied cease to hold. To address this, we develop an automatic-detecting and adaptive, nonintrusive two-sided hybrid method for multiscale heat transfer and apply it to thermal runaway in a battery pack. To allow adaptive hybrid simulations, two kernels are developed to dynamically map the values between the fine-scale and the upscaled subdomains in a single simulation. The accuracy of the developed hybrid method is demonstrated through conducting a series of thermal runaway test cases in a battery pack. Our results show that the maximum spatial errors consistently remain below the threshold bounded by upscaling errors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"247 ","pages":"Article 127003"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143850766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Minimum entropy production principle-based semi-empirical model for void fraction prediction in vertical upward dispersed gas-liquid flows","authors":"Hao Liu ,&nbsp;Zaiyong Ma ,&nbsp;Luteng Zhang ,&nbsp;Kang Li ,&nbsp;Qiang Lian ,&nbsp;Liang-ming Pan","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127120","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127120","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In various energy transport systems, the void fraction of gas-liquid two-phase flow serves as one of the critical parameters. This study develops a theoretical framework based on the principle of minimum entropy production to predict the void fraction in gas-liquid dispersed flow, explicitly incorporating the contributions of two-phase frictional pressure drop and acceleration pressure drop to energy flux. By integrating the bubble layer thickness model with a modified energy flux equation, a novel semi-empirical model is proposed. The model is calibrated and validated using extensive experimental data from vertical upward flow conditions. Results indicate that accounting for the contributions of both frictional and acceleration pressure drops in the energy flux equation is both rational and necessary. Compared with existing models such as the drift-flux model, slip ratio model, and homogeneous flow model, the present model exhibits superior predictive accuracy and stability when validated against experimental data from both non-boiling and boiling flow regimes. Furthermore, the model is also applicable to rod bundle channel.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"247 ","pages":"Article 127120"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143850768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A molecular dynamic study of boiling heat transfer on liquid metal surfaces with different wettability","authors":"Zhiming Xu,&nbsp;Hongtao Feng,&nbsp;Yuting Jia,&nbsp;Jingtao Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127127","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127127","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The boiling process of water layers over liquid metal surfaces with different wettability was simulated using molecular dynamic techniques in order to examine the impact and processes of the wettability of liquid metal (liquid gallium) on boiling heat transfer. The influence mechanism of wettability on boiling heat transfer was examined using the snapshots of the water film boiling, motion state, the energy cloud diagram, bubble nucleation volume, heat flux, and interface thermal resistance. The findings showed that the boiling heat transfer performance may be greatly enhanced by the highly wettable liquid metal surface, resulting in increased heating rate and heat flux as well as earlier bubble nucleation and quicker boiling. Highly wettable liquid metal exhibits strong fluctuation, with water molecules having significant kinetic energy and potential energy, resulting in a shorter boiling time. Liquid metal with higher wettability has smaller Kapitza thermal resistances, which can produce higher temperatures and heat flux and improve boiling heat transfer. The findings offer fresh concepts and techniques for improving boiling heat transfer while also illuminating the fundamental mechanics underlying variations in boiling heat transfer on liquid metal surfaces with different wettability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"247 ","pages":"Article 127127"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143850767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Arc behavior and droplet transfer characteristics in double-electrode arc-directed energy deposition","authors":"Sen Wu,&nbsp;Chengfang Wen,&nbsp;Hui Chen,&nbsp;Jun Xiong","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127115","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127115","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Achieving higher productivity while maintaining lower remelting of as-built layers is a key goal in arc-directed energy deposition (arc-DED). This study proposes a novel variant of arc-DED named double-electrode arc-DED, where a branch wire is sent into the arc to separate partial currents from the arc and establish a branch arc. This study aims to reveal arc and droplet transfer characteristics in double-electrode arc-DED. The novelty is how the branch wire feed speed (WFS) influences the arc and droplet transfer behaviors in three primary droplet transfer modes, i.e., short-circuit, globular, and spray. Moreover, the microstructure and hardness are compared with conventional GMA-DED by building thin walls. As the branch WFS increases, the branch arc burns more stably, both arcs’ current-voltage distributions are more concentrated when the branch arc is stable, the branch current increases as long as the branch wire tip does not contact the melt pool, the primary droplet's transfer frequency presents little change, and the branch droplet's transfer frequency increases. In globular and spray transfer modes, the primary droplet's transfer path points towards the melt pool tail due to the branch arc force's repulsive action. Forming quality and microstructure differ little in conventional GMA-DED and double-electrode arc-DED. This study provides valuable insights into the dynamic behaviors in double-electrode arc-DED, enhancing the understanding and engineering application of the novel technique.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"247 ","pages":"Article 127115"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143847865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermo-consolidation of layered soils under finite strain: performance evalution of thermal elastic-viscoplastic constitutive models","authors":"Ding-Bao Song ,&nbsp;Wen-Bo Chen ,&nbsp;Zhen-Yu Yin ,&nbsp;Jian-Hua Yin","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127117","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127117","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A novel framework for nonlinear <u>t</u>hermal <u>e</u>lastic-<u>v</u>isco<u>p</u>lastic (TEVP) constitutive relationships was proposed in this study, incorporating three distinct thermoplasticity mechanisms. These four TEVP formulations, combined with an existing TEVP constitutive equation presented in the companion paper, were integrated into a coupled <u>c</u>onsolidation and <u>h</u>eat <u>t</u>ransfer (CHT) numerical model. The CHT model accounts for large strain, soil self-weight, creep strains, thermal-induced strains, the relative velocity of fluid and solid phases, varying hydraulic conductivity and compressibility during consolidation process, time-dependent loading, and heat transfer, including thermal conduction, thermo-mechanical dispersion, and advection. The performance of CHT model, incorporating different TEVP constitutive equations, was evaluated through comparing the simulation results with measurements from laboratory oedometer tests. Simulation results, including settlement, excess pore pressure and temperature profiles, showed good agreement with the experimental data. All four TEVP constitutive relationships produced identical results for the consolidation behavior of soil that in the oedometer tests. The TEVP constitutive equations may not have a significant effect on the heat transfer in soil layers because of the identical performance on simulating soil compression. The CHT model, incorporating the four TEVP constitutive equations, was then used to investigate the long-term consolidation and heat transfer behavior of a four layer soil stratum under seasonally cyclic thermal loading in a field test, with excellent agreement observed between simulated results and measured data.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"247 ","pages":"Article 127117"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143847867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study on flow boiling heat transfer in novel zipper-shaped micro fin array","authors":"Lin Qiao,&nbsp;Poh-Seng Lee,&nbsp;Meiyue Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127118","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127118","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the enhanced thermal design power (TDP) of CPU and GPU chips, there has been an urgent demand in effective thermal management technologies. Flow boiling heat transfer in microchannels is garnering widespread attention due to its superior heat dissipation capacity in compact spaces. This paper investigated flow boiling heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics in zipper-shaped micro fins array (3O1T and 1O1T) composed of oblique and trapezoidal fins compared to straight fins (SC). The experiments employed deionized water as working fluid, with mass flux varying from 148 to 325 kg/m²s and effective heat flux densities varying from 2 to 89 W/cm². The results revealed local heat transfer coefficients were 1.7 to 2.9 times and 2.7 to 4.0 times higher in 3O1T and 1O1T configurations compared to SC at mass flux of 148 kg/m²s. Additionally, the wall superheat in 3O1T and 1O1T configurations decreased by 2.5 °C and 5 °C, respectively, compared to SC at heat flux of 80W/cm². Furthermore, inlet pressure instabilities decreased by 53.5 % and 64.1 % in 3O1T and 1O1T configurations compared to SC at high mass flux. This improvement was attributed to mitigation of the confinement effect on vapor bubbles and elimination of the flow reversal phenomenon. Visualization studies showed that the 1O1T configuration helped in the fragmentation and creation of bubbles during nucleate boiling. Due to the superior comprehensive performance of 1O1T, it was recommended as the optimal micro fin structure in this study.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"247 ","pages":"Article 127118"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143847866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}