International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer最新文献

{"title":"Thermal Management Strategies for Electronic Systems","authors":"Kambiz Vafai , Vincenzo Bianco , Kun Yang , Sainan Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2026.128463","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2026.128463","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 128463"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147384695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study of macroscopic characteristics of sprays formed by impinging jets under flash-boiling conditions","authors":"Bartosz Grzegorz Kaźmierski,&nbsp;Łukasz Jan Kapusta","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2026.128439","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2026.128439","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Liquid jets impinging on each other have been widely used in rocket engines to atomise the fuel and oxidiser. In the upper rocket stages, vacuum conditions occurring before the engine ignition evoke flash-boiling effects on the injected liquids. Consequently, the character of the interactions between the two colliding liquid jets changes significantly and impacts the atomisation process.</div><div>This study examined the flash-boiling effects on symmetrical impinging water jets and resultant sprays. Two synchronised cameras were used to observe the spray simultaneously from two perpendicular directions - normal and parallel to the plane of the colliding jets.</div><div>Results showed that the impingement of continuous liquid jets occurring in the subcooled regime transitioned into a collision between atomised sprays under strong flash-boiling conditions. For the first time, it was demonstrated that the post-impingement sprays generated by the two impinging flash-atomised jets are entirely different from those formed by interacting jets from multi-nozzle injectors with diverging nozzle axes. Moreover, these sprays resembled those formed by crossing gaseous jets, indicating that despite the disintegration of the jets before reaching the impingement point, momentum was effectively exchanged between the intersecting spray clouds. The resultant spray expanded primarily in the direction perpendicular to the plane of the colliding plumes, demonstrating an increase in the relevant spray angle from approximately 12° to 40° under fully developed flash-boiling conditions. These observations imply the primary significance of flash-evaporated liquid in the interaction process of two jets under flash-boiling conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 128439"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147384696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"3D pore-scale digital twin for assessing thermal effects on two-phase flow and relative permeability in Bentheimer sandstone","authors":"Farhad Mesbah,&nbsp;Javad Siavashi,&nbsp;Mohammad Sharifi","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2026.128340","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2026.128340","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rising energy demand necessitates efficient use of low-mobility oil resources through thermal methods. This study addresses a critical gap by numerically investigating the effect of heat transfer on multiphase flow at the pore scale, considering both macroscopic and microscopic perspectives simultaneously, focusing on relative permeability (<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>k</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>r</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>) and mechanisms of oil mobilization. Simulations were conducted using the finite volume method (FVM) and the volume of fluid (VOF) approach within OpenFOAM. <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>k</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>r</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> was evaluated via the unsteady-state technique, incorporating temperature-dependent fluid properties. Initially, the sensitivity of <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>k</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>r</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> to viscosity ratio (<span><math><mi>M</mi></math></span>) was examined at <span><math><mi>M</mi></math></span> values of 1, 10, and 50, revealing significant impacts on flow behavior. Subsequently, the effect of water-injection temperature (<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>T</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>w</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>j</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>), ranging from 313 to 393 K, was assessed. Results indicate that increasing temperature enhances oil relative permeability (<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>k</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>r</mi><mi>o</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>) while water relative permeability (<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>k</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>r</mi><mi>w</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>) remains largely temperature-independent, except at curve endpoints. Endpoint <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>k</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>r</mi><mi>o</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> and <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>k</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>r</mi><mi>w</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> increased from 0.66 to 1.00 and 0.83 to 1.00, respectively, as the temperature rose. Elevated temperatures also reduced residual oil saturation (<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>S</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>o</mi><mi>r</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>) from 0.225 to 0.109 by promoting water penetration into narrower pores and mobilizing trapped oil, leading to the occurrence of the oil ganglion phenomenon. Accordingly, with increasing temperature, oil clusters migrate more rapidly, leading to a reduction in oil volume by 12.4% and 28.9% at 363 K and 393 K, respectively. These findings underscore the crucial role of thermal processes in improving fluid displacement efficiency, highlighting their importance for sustainable subsurface resource management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 128340"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146075850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of thermal conductivities for nonhomogeneous materials based on the hybrid machine learning model","authors":"Haolong Chen ,&nbsp;Yuanlin Yi ,&nbsp;Zhaotao Liu ,&nbsp;Zhanli Liu ,&nbsp;Huanlin Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2026.128446","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2026.128446","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A hybrid machine learning model, combining the level set, the discrete cosine transform (DCT), with the convolutional neural network (CNN), is proposed for identifying thermal conductivities for nonhomogeneous materials in heat conduction problems without prior knowledge. The finite element method is used to analyze the heat conduction in nonhomogeneous materials. The level set approach can segment the temperature RGB image and avoid tracking the evolution process of the closed curve. The DCT is used to extract the main features and reduce dimensionality both in the temperature field and the thermal conductivity. The CNN is developed to establish the relationship between the input (main features of temperature field) and the output (main features of thermal conductivity). Finally, the unknown thermal conductivities of the nonhomogeneous material can be acquired by the inverse DCT. The impacts of varying main feature sizes, measurement errors, and training datasets on the outcomes are systematically analyzed to validate the proposed methodology. As the main feature size increases and measurement error decreases, the estimated results become more accurate. The study provides a robust method for reverse identification of thermal conductivity for nonhomogeneous materials, with potential applications in spanning real-time elastography and high-throughput non-destructive evaluation techniques.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 128446"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146075852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Topology optimization of plate heat exchangers via geometry projection","authors":"Prabin Pradhananga ,&nbsp;Navid Changizi ,&nbsp;Zhiyuan Qu ,&nbsp;André Benard ,&nbsp;Patrick Kwon ,&nbsp;Haseung Chung ,&nbsp;Julián Norato","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2026.128486","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2026.128486","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aims to advance the design of plate heat exchangers via a topology optimization framework. The design problem consists of determining the optimal layout and dimensions of the flow structure in the plates, which are herein modeled as offset bars. The geometry projection method is employed to map the geometric parameters that describe the bars onto a continuous pseudo-density field. As in density-based topology optimization techniques, this pseudo-density is used to perform the analysis through a suitable interpolation of material properties. A conjugate heat transfer analysis is performed to evaluate the performance of the heat exchanger. Taking advantage of the relatively small number of design parameters describing the flow structures, we employ an off-the-shelf solver and parallel computing to obtain design sensitivities using a finite difference approximation. The proposed method is applied to known benchmarks in topology optimization for fluids to verify its effectiveness. The method is subsequently applied to the design of a plate heat exchanger.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 128486"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147384690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A new prediction model on the effective thermal conductivity of fluid saturated consolidated rock media via the pore-scale numerical study","authors":"Dongxing Du,&nbsp;Zhongwen Zhang,&nbsp;Guoyang Song,&nbsp;Dong Wang,&nbsp;Yingge Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2026.128491","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2026.128491","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate prediction of the Effective Thermal Conductivity (ETC) of fluid-saturated consolidated rock is essential in geo-energy development and CCUS applications. The present empirical models are usually derived based on ideal or simplified geometries, and vary significantly on the prediction results. With help of digital rock technology, 3D matrix-pore integrated porous domains are reconstructed and the pore-scale numerical studies are carried out on the solid‒fluid coupled heat conduction processes. First, the methodology is validated on the basis of satisfactory agreements between the numerical and reported measurement ETC results for water-, oil- and air-saturated rock samples. Then, comprehensive simulation studies are performed at various rock porosities ranging from 14.5% to 27.2%, various matrix thermal conductivities ranging from 2.7 to 7.7 W/(m·K), and various saturated fluid types of water, hydrogen, oil and air. Evaluation of some classical empirical ETC models is performed, and the widely scattered model estimations, especially under high rock/fluid thermal conductivity ratio (<em>k_s</em>/<em>k_f</em>) conditions, demonstrates the key role of the precise description of the porous internal geometry on accurate ETC predictions. Finally, a new ETC model is proposed on the basis of the pore-scale numerical results. The new model shows a proper applicability across multiple fluid and rock types, covering a <em>k_s</em>/<em>k_f</em> range of 4.5-320.8.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 128491"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147385060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Time-spectral BEM for dynamics analysis of 2D ultra-thin-layered coating structures","authors":"Wenbin Sun ,&nbsp;Juan Wang ,&nbsp;Yan Gu ,&nbsp;Shengdong Zhao ,&nbsp;Zhiyu Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2026.128501","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2026.128501","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ultra-thin coatings play a critical role in advanced engineering applications. However, their extremely small thickness relative to in-plane dimensions introduces substantial difficulties for dynamic numerical simulation. This study proposes a high-efficiency numerical framework that integrates a time-spectral integration strategy with a scaled coordinate transformation boundary element method (SCT-BEM) to overcome these challenges in two-dimensional (2D) composite ultra-thin coating systems. The framework achieves a complete decoupling of temporal and spatial discretization by converting time derivatives into equivalent domain integrals. For the temporal dimension, a time-spectral integration scheme based on Gaussian quadrature and Legendre polynomials is employed, thereby eliminating the restrictive time-step requirements that typically hinder traditional finite-difference approaches. For the spatial domain, SCT techniques are used to transform domain integrals into boundary integrals, ensuring that the classical boundary-only discretization property of the BEM is preserved. Moreover, a sinh-based nonlinear coordinate transformation is introduced to effectively regularize the near-singular integrals produced by the highly slender coating geometry. Four representative numerical examples, including both transient thermal loading and dynamic wave excitation, are presented to demonstrate the accuracy, robustness, and computational efficiency of the proposed approach. The results confirm that the integrated time-spectral SCT-BEM framework provides a powerful and reliable numerical tool for long-time dynamic analysis of composite ultra-thin coating structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 128501"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147385061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coupled thermo–electrochemical performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cells with micro-encapsulated phase change material suspension: A 3D multiphysics simulation study","authors":"Hao Hu ,&nbsp;Jie Xu ,&nbsp;Jinsong Liu ,&nbsp;Yang Qiu ,&nbsp;Qihao Deng ,&nbsp;Ke Chen ,&nbsp;Ben Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2026.128465","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2026.128465","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Efficient thermal management is crucial for maintaining the durability and electrochemical stability of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). A three-dimensional (3D) multiphysics model was developed to investigate the coupled heat–fluid–electrochemical behavior of PEMFCs using a micro-encapsulated phase change material suspension (MePCS) as coolant. The effects of micro-encapsulated phase change material (MePCM) volume fraction (<span><math><msub><mi>φ</mi><mi>v</mi></msub></math></span>), coolant velocity (<span><math><msub><mi>V</mi><mtext>coolant</mtext></msub></math></span>), and inlet temperature (<span><math><msub><mi>T</mi><mrow><mi>i</mi><mi>n</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>) on thermal and electrochemical performance were systematically analyzed. Results show that incorporating MePCS effectively enhances temperature uniformity and suppresses local overheating. Compared with pure water, the maximum membrane temperature difference (<span><math><mrow><mstyle><mi>Δ</mi></mstyle><msub><mi>T</mi><mrow><mi>m</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>x</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span>) and temperature uniformity index (<em>TUI</em>) decreased by 68.2% and 42.3%, respectively. The optimal operating parameters were identified as <span><math><msub><mi>φ</mi><mi>v</mi></msub></math></span> = 15%, <span><math><msub><mi>V</mi><mtext>coolant</mtext></msub></math></span> = 0.05 m/s, and <span><math><msub><mi>T</mi><mrow><mi>i</mi><mi>n</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> = 340.15 K, achieving a net power density of 0.518 <span><math><mrow><mi>W</mi><mo>·</mo><mi>c</mi><msup><mrow><mi>m</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span>. Moreover, the co-flow configuration of the reaction gas and coolant improved power density by 1.41% over counter-flow, attributed to better heat–water–gas coupling. These findings demonstrate that MePCS based coolants provide an effective approach to improving PEMFCs water and thermal uniformity and overall efficiency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 128465"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147385065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functionally-graded drug delivery systems with binding reactions: Analytical and stochastic approaches for the fraction of drug released","authors":"Obi A. Carwood,&nbsp;Elliot J. Carr","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2026.128455","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2026.128455","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mathematical modelling and computer simulation are increasingly being used alongside experiments to help optimise and guide the design of drug delivery systems. Recent drug delivery research has (i) highlighted the advantages of drug delivery systems constructed using functionally-graded materials to achieve target release rates and desired dosage levels over time; and (ii) revealed how it is possible for drug to bind to the carrier material and become irreversibly immobilised within the system, reducing the amount of drug delivered. In this paper, we consider the effect of functionally-graded materials and binding reactions on drug release from common slab, cylinder and sphere devices. In particular, two key contributions are presented. First, we outline a deterministic-continuum approach that develops exact analytical expressions for calculating the total fraction of drug released from the device based on a partial differential equation model of the release process. Second, we develop a stochastic-discrete approach for calculating the fraction of drug released over time based on a random-walk model that captures the randomness of the release process and resulting variability in the total fraction of drug released. Both approaches are numerically validated and provide tools for exploring how the fraction of drug released depends on system parameters (e.g. diffusivity and reaction-rate functions induced by the functionally-graded material and binding reactions), insight which may be useful for designers of drug delivery systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 128455"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147385708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adsorption kinetics of difluoromethane on biomass-derived activated carbon through experimental and modeling approaches","authors":"Huiyuan Bao ,&nbsp;Md. Amirul Islam ,&nbsp;Sixu Zhang ,&nbsp;Yuetuo Lu ,&nbsp;Bidyut Baran Saha","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2026.128471","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2026.128471","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigated the adsorption kinetics of difluoromethane (R32) on mangrove-derived activated carbon (MAC) over 30–90°C and 0–3000 kPa using a thermogravimetric (TGA) setup. To capture the transient uptake and investigate the equilibrium pressure effects on adsorption kinetics, a dual pseudo-first-order (dual-PFO) model was adopted, in which total uptake is expressed as the sum of two branches with distinct rate constants (<span><math><msub><mi>k</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></math></span>, <span><math><msub><mi>k</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></math></span>); their contributions to total uptake are characterized by the fractional capacity <span><math><mi>α</mi></math></span>. The model fitted all the experiments with high accuracy (average <em>R²</em> = 0.9976). Parameter analysis showed that <span><math><mi>α</mi></math></span> and <span><math><msub><mi>k</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></math></span> decrease as the equilibrium pressure increases, whereas <span><math><msub><mi>k</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></math></span> is nearly pressure-invariant. Applying the dual-PFO model to literature datasets (Maxsorb III/R32 and MAC/CO₂), <span><math><mrow><mi>α</mi><mo>,</mo><mspace></mspace><msub><mi>k</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mrow></math></span> and <span><math><msub><mi>k</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></math></span> exhibited the same pressure dependence trend as MAC/R32. Comparison of fitted parameters across three working pairs together with pore-structure differences between MAC and Maxsorb III indicates a mesopore-associated fast branch and a micropore-controlled slow branch. Parameters (<span><math><mrow><mi>α</mi><mo>,</mo><mspace></mspace><msub><mi>k</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo>,</mo><msub><mi>k</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></math></span>) were regressed as functions of pressure and temperature, yielding a global correlation formula that reproduces representative curves with high accuracy. Embedding the correlation in a dynamic two-bed R32/MAC adsorption cooling model yielded a coefficient of performance (COP) of 0.173 and a cooling power (CP) of 1.47 kW under representative conditions (<em>T_evap</em> = 10°C, <em>T_cond</em> = 30°C, <em>T_des</em> = 75°C), suggesting that MAC/R32 is a promising working pair and that the dual-PFO kinetics can facilitate system-level performance evaluation under the examined conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 128471"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147385793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}