Acta Epileptologica最新文献

{"title":"The efficacy of cannabidiol for seizures reduction in pharmacoresistant epilepsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Vinícius Gabino de Oliveira, Natália Brito de Almeida, Guilherme Corrêa Radmann, Bruno Fernandes de Oliveira Santos","doi":"10.1186/s42494-024-00191-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42494-024-00191-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Epilepsy is a neurological syndrome caused by excessive neuronal discharges, with a part of the patients being pharmacoresistant to the traditional treatment. Cannabidiol, a non-psychoactive component of Cannabis Sativa, shows promise as an alternative, but further research is needed to quantify its efficacy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This literature systematic review was made following the PRISMA protocol guidelines. The Google Scholar, Scielo, and PubMed/MEDLINE databases were included using the descriptors \"Cannabidiol\", \"Epilepsy\", and \"Drug Resistant Epilepsy\". This research was registered in the Prospero platform with the identification (CRD42024479643).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 1448 results were identified from the PubMed, Virtual Health Library, and Google Scholar databases. After applying exclusion criteria, six studies met the criteria for full-text evaluation and eligibility. The compiled analysis showed that the patients who received cannabidiol experienced a 41.0875% reduction in the total number of seizures, compared to an average reduction of 18.1% in placebo groups. This represents a 127% higher response rate for patients who received the intervention.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Given these results, it is possible to conclude that the therapeutic response of cannabidiol is worthy of consideration in new protocols and of being added to public healthcare systems for its antiepileptic potential. However, the high efficacy rate observed in the placebo group suggests that other methods of data collection analysis may be employed.</p>","PeriodicalId":33628,"journal":{"name":"Acta Epileptologica","volume":"7 1","pages":"20"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11960345/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144038160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research progress of connexins in epileptogensis.","authors":"Jiaqi Wang, Suhui Kuang, Zhirong Wei, Shuli Liang","doi":"10.1186/s42494-025-00203-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42494-025-00203-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Epilepsy, a chronic neurological disorder, is characterized by dysfunction in neural networks. Gap junctions and hemichannels, which are integral to the astrocyte connection network, play a critical role in epilepsy. Connexins, the components of astrocyte gap junctions and hemichannels, can be activated to transfer glutamate, adenosine triphosphate, and other chemicals, potentially leading to seizures. Connexins therefore hold significant potential for epilepsy treatment. This review focuses on connexin 43 and provides a brief overview of other connexins and pannexin 1. Understanding the relationship between connexins and epilepsy offers theoretical support for developing new antiseizure medications.</p>","PeriodicalId":33628,"journal":{"name":"Acta Epileptologica","volume":"7 1","pages":"14"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11960343/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144052511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inhalation of 5% CO₂ and activation of ASIC1a: a potential therapeutic approach for Dravet syndrome.","authors":"Qian Lu, Qi Zhang, Yangyang Wang, Jia Wang, Haiqing Zhao, Qiuhong Wang, Liping Zou","doi":"10.1186/s42494-025-00204-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42494-025-00204-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Preferential activation of Acid-sensing ion channel 1a (ASIC1a) by acidosis promotes seizure termination. Studies have found that CO₂ can reduce neuronal excitability and inhibit seizure activity. Dravet syndrome (DS) is a severe and catastrophic form of epilepsy primarily caused by monoallelic loss-of-function mutations in the SCN1A gene. Patients with DS suffer from frequent seizures, which can be triggered by fever and are often resistant to anti-seizure medications. Thus, this study aimed to explore the effect of inhaling 5% CO₂ and activating ASIC1a against hyperthermia-induced seizures in a mouse model of DS (Scn1a^+/-).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Mice aged postnatal day 18-28 were divided into four groups: wild type (WT) + air, Scn1a^+/- + air, WT + CO₂, and Scn1a^+/- + CO₂. Hyperthermia-induced seizures were performed 60 min after gas inhalation. Neuronal damage was assessed using Nissl staining, whereas ASIC1a expression was evaluated through Western blot and immunofluorescence staining.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In the hyperthermia-induced seizure tests, no seizures occurred in WT mice. All mice in the Scn1a^+/- + air groups experienced seizures. In the Scn1a^+/- + CO₂ group, all but one mouse had seizures. CO₂ inhalation shortened the duration of seizures in Scn1a^+/- mice, improved electroencephalogram discharge patterns, and reduced neuronal damage in the hippocampus. The ASIC1a protein was mainly expressed in hippocampal neurons, with minor expression observed in astrocytes. The level of hippocampal ASIC1a increased in the Scn1a^+/- + CO₂ mice.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>After CO₂ inhalation, the expression of the ASIC1a protein in the hippocampus increased, the duration of hyperthermia-induced seizures was reduced in Scn1a^+/- mice, and the damage to hippocampal neurons was alleviated.</p>","PeriodicalId":33628,"journal":{"name":"Acta Epileptologica","volume":"7 1","pages":"19"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11960217/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144022351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Whether radiofrequency thermocoagulation guided by stereotactic electroencephalography can benefit drug-resistant epilepsy in the early follow-up stage.","authors":"Jingtao Yan, Yuhao Wang, Le Wang, Weipeng Jin, Chuan Du, Guangfeng Li, Deqiu Cui, Shaoya Yin","doi":"10.1186/s42494-025-00207-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42494-025-00207-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Stereotactic electroencephalography (SEEG) has emerged as a widely utilized diagnostic approach in epilepsy surgery, demonstrating broad clinical applications and a favorable safety profile. SEEG, when combined with radiofrequency thermocoagulation (RF-TC), facilitates the identification of epileptogenic zones and serves as a therapeutic option that eliminates the need for general anesthesia, thus incuring no additional costs for patients. This study aimed to investigate whether SEEG-guided RF-TC provides early therapeutic benefits.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective analysis was performed on 44 patients with drug-resistant epilepsy who underwent RF-TC treatment between April 2019 and December 2022, with complete follow-up data available. RF-TC was administered after the recording three or more habitual epileptic seizures in all patients. Demographic characteristics were retrospectively assessed, and treatment outcomes were evaluated using the Engel classification system.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>SEEG-guided RF-TC treatment was successfully performed in all patients without significant neurological complications. An average of 7.7 ± 0.4 electrodes were implanted per patient, with a SEEG monitoring duration of 7.5 days (range: 6.8-11). Follow-up after thermocoagulation ranged from 9 to 63 months. At the three-month follow-up, 56.8% of patients achieved Engel I (11 cases) and II (14 cases) were included. At the six-month follow-up, 40.9% of patients achieved Engel grades I (9 cases) and II (9 cases), with five patients proceeding to surgical treatment. By the 12-month follow-up, 40.9% of patients reached Engel grades I (5 cases) and II (13 cases), with a cumulative total of 12 patients undergoing surgical intervention. At the 24-month follow-up, 20.5% of patients achieved Engel grades I (3 cases) and II (6 cases), resulting in a cumulative total of 16 patients undergoing surgical treatment. A statistically significant reduction in seizure frequency was observed before and after thermocoagulation in all 44 patients (P = 0.007), although the therapeutic effect of thermocoagulation decreased over time.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>SEEG-guided RF-TC is a safe and effective treatment modality for drug-resistant epilepsy. However, as follow-up duration increases, both seizure-free rates and response rates following RF-TC progressively decline.</p>","PeriodicalId":33628,"journal":{"name":"Acta Epileptologica","volume":"7 1","pages":"16"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11960330/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144064949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dissociative seizures mimicking epileptic seizures: diagnostic challenges in a case with atypical eye movements.","authors":"Shimin Bao, Caleb Onyenaturuchi Egbuta, Jinmei Li","doi":"10.1186/s42494-025-00210-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42494-025-00210-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Dissociative seizures (DS), also known as psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES), often mimic epileptic seizures (ES), leading to misdiagnosis, unnecessary anti-seizure medications (ASMs)/ suboptimal use of ASMs, and delays in appropriate care in approximately one-third of patients. Rare presentations, such as episodes resembling oculogyric crisis (OGC), further complicate differentiation. This report highlights the diagnostic challenges of DS with atypical features and emphasises the role of video-electroencephalogram (VEEG) in early differentiation.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>We present a 16-year-old male with recurrent episodes of upward eye deviation, non-synchronised limb twitching, and bizarre behaviours, initially misdiagnosed as epilepsy and autoimmune encephalitis. Comprehensive investigations, including normal neuroimaging, absence of epileptiform activity on VEEG, and psychological evaluation revealing moderate depression, supported a diagnosis of DS. The patient showed significant improvement with sertraline and cognitive behavioural therapy.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This case underscores the diagnostic challenges posed by atypical DS presentations and highlights the value of/need for VEEG and psychiatric evaluation in differentiation. Early identification of DS can prevent mismanagement and optimize outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":33628,"journal":{"name":"Acta Epileptologica","volume":"7 1","pages":"15"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11960236/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144051075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alternations in morphometric similarity network in mesial temporal epilepsy correlate to neuroinflammatory pathway gene transcriptions.","authors":"Lu Lu, Chenyang Zhao, Weihao Liao, Peiyu Wang, Yingying Zhang, Dongmei An, Xintong Wu, Hesheng Zhang, Ping Jiang, Yaohui He, Jinpeng Niu, Wei Li, Kangjia Chen, Su Lui, Yu Zhao, Qiyong Gong, Bo Wang, Wei Liao, Josemir W Sander, Lin Chen, Dong Zhou","doi":"10.1186/s42494-025-00208-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42494-025-00208-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE) is the most common form of focal epilepsy, often associated with hippocampal sclerosis. Increasing evidence suggests the pivotal role of neuroinflammation in mTLE onset and progression.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We used morphometric similarity network (MSN) analysis and the Allen Human Brain Atlas (AHBA) database to investigate structural changes between mTLE and healthy controls, as well as correlation with inflammation-related gene expression.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We identified widespread alterations across the frontal and parietal lobes and cingulate cortex linked to neuroinflammatory genes such as PRR5, SMAD3, and IRF3. This correlation was even more pronounced in mTLE patients with hippocampal sclerosis compared to those without. Enrichment analysis highlighted pathways related to neurodevelopment and neurodegeneration, supporting a bidirectional link between mTLE and neurodegenerative diseases.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings suggest that brain-wide macroscopic morphometric alternations in mTLE are correlated to the neuroinflammation process. It provides circumstantial evidence from a new perspective to support the bidirectional link between mTLE and neurodegenerative diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":33628,"journal":{"name":"Acta Epileptologica","volume":"7 1","pages":"18"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11960352/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144050953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MDN1 variants cause susceptibility to epilepsy : For the China Epilepsy Gene 1.0 Project.","authors":"Qianru Wen, Dongming Zhang, Yan Ding, Sheng Luo, Qiang Huang, Junhui Zhu, Yongxin Li, Wenhui Liu, Pengyu Wang, Xian Li, Zisheng Lin, Yaying Wang, Xiaoyu Liang, Weiping Liao, Jie Wang, Heng Meng","doi":"10.1186/s42494-025-00209-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42494-025-00209-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The Midasin AAA (ATPase associated with various activities) ATPase 1 (MDN1) gene, a member of the AAA protein family, plays a crucial role in ribosome maturation. MDN1 is expressed in the human brain throughout life, especially during early development and adulthood. However, MDN1 variants have not been previously reported in patients with epilepsy. This study aims to explore the association between MDN1 variants and epilepsy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Trios-based whole-exome sequencing was performed in a cohort of patients with epilepsy susceptibility from the China Epilepsy Gene 1.0 Project. The excess, damaging effects, and molecular subregional implications of variants, as well as the spatio-temporal expression of MDN1, were analyzed to validate the gene-disease association.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Compound heterozygous variants in MDN1 were identified in five unrelated patients with febrile seizures or secondary epilepsy. Three patients presented with febrile seizures/epilepsy with febrile seizures plus, while two patients developed epilepsy secondary to brain damage (five or seven years after). These variants were either absent or present at low frequencies in the control group, and exhibited statistically significant higher frequencies in the case group compared to controls. All the missense variants were predicted to be damaging by at least one in silico tool. In each pair of compound heterozygous variants, one allele was located in the AAA2-AAA3 domains, while the other allele was located in the linker domain or its vicinity. In contrast, most of the variants from the asymptomatic control group were located outside the AAA domains, suggesting a molecular subregional implication of the MDN1 variants.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>MDN1 is potentially a susceptibility gene for epilepsy.</p>","PeriodicalId":33628,"journal":{"name":"Acta Epileptologica","volume":"7 1","pages":"17"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11960335/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144040143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seizure first aid in the community: current situation, suggestions, and the role of the general practitioner in seizure management.","authors":"Mengtian Sun, Fanlong Meng, Zheng-Yan-Ran Xu, Yi Guo","doi":"10.1186/s42494-025-00202-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42494-025-00202-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The unpredictability of seizures underscores the importance of timely recognition and intervention for optimal prognosis. Seizure first aid (SFA) is an essential skill for community members. We reviewed the literature to assess the challenges and explore potential solutions for effective SFA implementation in community settings. The findings reveal that the knowledge of SFA varies significantly among different groups and countries. There are common misunderstandings, such as point therapy, unnecessary ambulance calls, putting objects into the mouth, inappropriate administration of anti-seizure medications, and performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Effective SFA training content includes ensuring the safety of patients, avoiding restraint, using lateral position, clearing the respiratory tract, avoiding placing objects into the mouth, recording details, and seeking for professional help. Training methods range from hospital-based courses to community center workshops and online platforms. General practitioners play a pivotal role in epilepsy management and should be actively involved in SFA training initiatives. Therefore, the development of targeted, diverse, and comprehensive training and evaluation strategies, along with collaborative efforts from the whole society, is essential to improve the level and effectiveness of community SFA.</p>","PeriodicalId":33628,"journal":{"name":"Acta Epileptologica","volume":"7 1","pages":"11"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11960264/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144013856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The use of AI in epilepsy and its applications for people with intellectual disabilities: commentary.","authors":"Madison Milne-Ives, Rosiered Brownson-Smith, Ananya Ananthakrishnan, Yihan Wang, Cen Cong, Gavin P Winston, Edward Meinert","doi":"10.1186/s42494-025-00205-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42494-025-00205-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders, affecting more than 50 million people worldwide. Management is particularly complex in individuals with intellectual disabilities, who are at a much higher risk of having severe seizures compared to the general population. People with intellectual disabilities are regularly excluded from epilepsy research, despite having significantly higher risks of negative health outcomes and early mortality. Recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) have shown great potential in improving the diagnosis, monitoring, and management of epilepsy. Machine learning techniques have been used in analysing electroencephalography data for efficient seizure detection and prediction, as well as individualised treatment, which facilitates timely and customised intervention for individuals with epilepsy. Research and implementation of AI-based solutions for people with intellectual disabilities and epilepsy still remains limited due to a lack of accessible long-term clinical data for model training, difficulties in communicating with people with intellectual disabilities, and ethical challenges in ensuring the safety of the AI systems for this population. This paper presents an overview of recent AI applications in epilepsy and for people with intellectual disabilities, highlighting key challenges and the necessity of including people with intellectual disabilities in research on AI and epilepsy, and potential strategies to promote the development and use of AI applications for this vulnerable population. Given the prevalence and consequences associated with epilepsy in people with intellectual disabilities, the application of AI in epilepsy care has the potential to have a significant positive impact. To achieve this impact and to avoid increasing existing health inequity, there is an urgent need for greater inclusion of people with intellectual disabilities in research around the application of AI to epilepsy care and management.</p>","PeriodicalId":33628,"journal":{"name":"Acta Epileptologica","volume":"7 1","pages":"13"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11960292/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144043734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Focal cortical dysplasia type II: review of neuropathological manifestations and pathogenetic mechanisms.","authors":"Yubao Fang, Yaqian Zhang, Tiancai Huang, Shengyu Yang, Yinchao Li, Liemin Zhou","doi":"10.1186/s42494-024-00195-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42494-024-00195-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) is an important cause of intractable epilepsy, with FCD type II (FCD II) being the most common subtype. FCD II is characterized by cortical dyslamination accompanied by dysmorphic neurons (DNs). Identifying the molecular alterations and targetable biomarkers is pivotal for developing therapies. Here, we provide a detailed description of the neuropathological manifestations of FCD II, including morphological alterations and immunophenotypic profiles, indicating that abnormal cells exhibit a diverse spectrum of mixed differentiation states. Furthermore, we summarize current research on the pathogenetic mechanisms, indicating that gene mutations, epigenetic alterations, cortical developmental protein disturbances, inflammatory processes, and extrinsic damages may lead to abnormal neuronal proliferation and migration, thereby contributing to the emergence and progression of FCD II. These findings not only enhance our understanding of the pathogenesis of FCD II but also offer new directions for clinical diagnosis and treatment. Future research should further explore the interactions among these factors and employ multidisciplinary approaches to advance our understanding of FCD II.</p>","PeriodicalId":33628,"journal":{"name":"Acta Epileptologica","volume":"7 1","pages":"12"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11960379/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143999515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}