Acta Epileptologica最新文献

{"title":"Surgical outcomes of drug-refractory infantile epileptic spasms syndrome and related prognostic factors: a retrospective study.","authors":"Xueyan Cao, Xin Ding, Fengjun Zhu, Li Chen, Yan Chen, Yang Sun, Lin Li, Zeshi Tan, Cong Li, Yi Yao, Qiru Su, Dezhi Cao","doi":"10.1186/s42494-024-00176-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42494-024-00176-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In this study, we aimed to assess the efficacy of surgical treatment in children with drug-refractory infantile epileptic spasms syndrome (IESS) and examine the factors influencing the post-surgical outcomes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The clinical data of 30 children (18 males and 12 females) with epileptic spasms (ES) who underwent surgery at the Epilepsy Center of Shenzhen Children's Hospital between June 2018 and June 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. Post-surgical outcomes were evaluated using the Engel Epilepsy Surgery Outcome Scale. Scalp electroencephalography and developmental quotient were assessed preoperatively and postoperatively. Univariate analysis and exact logistic regression analyses were used to identify the factors affecting the postoperative efficacy.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 30 patients who underwent surgical resection, 22 (73.3%) achieved Engel's class I-II outcomes. Additionally, motor and cognitive functions improved in 14 patients (46.7%). The development of 12 (40%) patients remained at the preoperative development level. The median number of antiseizure medications taken preoperatively was 5.27 (range 2-10), which decreased to 1.90 (range 0-4) at the last follow-up. Seizure duration, etiology, positive positron emission tomography-magnetic resonance imaging (PET-MRI), surgery type, and lesion location were significantly correlated with the postoperative efficacy (P < 0.05). Positive PET/MRI findings and lesion location predicted independently the postoperative outcomes. Permanent impairments of motor or language function were rare, with only two cases reporting hydrocephalus and one reporting hemiplegia.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Surgery is an effective treatment option for children with IESS. Early referral and comprehensive preoperative evaluation are essential for identification of surgically treatable structural lesions. The primary surgically treatable cause is cortical malformation, followed by perinatal brain injury. Hemispheric disconnection is a preferred surgical approach. Positive PET/MRI findings and lesion location predicted the postoperative outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":33628,"journal":{"name":"Acta Epileptologica","volume":"6 1","pages":"36"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11960351/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144015190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"\"Catch me if you can\" - locating the \"Black Sheep\" neurons after early-life seizures.","authors":"Yingying Tang, Xiongfeng Guo, Mengqi Yan, Cenglin Xu","doi":"10.1186/s42494-024-00174-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42494-024-00174-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Unprovoked seizures in early life are one of the most severe conditions in pediatric neurology, and are often associated with long-lasting cognitive and behavioral deficits, as well as pharmacoresistant epilepsy in adulthood in some conditions. Unillustrated mechanisms greatly restrict the development of preventive strategies for early-life seizures (ELSs) related neuronal impairments. The recent groundbreaking study published in The Journal of Clinical Investigation represents a giant leap forward in understanding the complex pathogenesis mechanism and developing targeted therapies for ELS related neuronal impairments. The authors conducted elegant experiments to locate the activated pyramidal neuron subpopulation in the hippocampus and demonstrated the altered functions of (α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid)-type glutamate receptors (AMPARs). And we believe that the conclusions of this study may assist in further translational efforts to identify preventive targets for neurological disorders associated with early life seizures and propose new avenues for further exploration in this field.</p>","PeriodicalId":33628,"journal":{"name":"Acta Epileptologica","volume":"6 1","pages":"29"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11960280/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144054228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impulsivity and epilepsy: a bidirectional mendelian randomization study.","authors":"Tao Chen, Yuqi Liao, Peiwei Hong","doi":"10.1186/s42494-024-00181-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42494-024-00181-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Previous studies have found that patients with epilepsy are more likely to suffer impulsivity. However, the causal relationship between impulsivity and epilepsy is unknown. In this study, we conduct a bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) study to explore the causal relationship between impulsivity and epilepsy with recurrent seizure.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data of the genome-wide association studies (GWAS) on 14 impulsivity traits and epilepsy were obtained from the GWAS catalog and UK Biobank. Inverse-variance weighted (IVW) and weighted median (WM) methods were utilized for MR estimates. IVW, MR-Egger regression, and MR-pleiotropy residual sum and outlier (MR-PRESSO) methods were used to assess heterogeneity and pleiotropy.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) related to the lack of perseverance were associated with a decreased risk of epilepsy with recurrent seizures according to the results of IVW (odd ratio [OR] = 0.93, 95% confident interval [CI] = 0.90-0.97, P = 0.001) and WM (OR = 0.93, 95%CI = 0.87-0.98, P = 0.007). Meanwhile, heterogeneity was not observed with a Cochran Q-derived P value of 0.819 for MR egger and a P value of 0.808 for IVW. Pleiotropy was not found according to the MR-PRESSO (P = 0.273). The other 13 impulsivity traits had no causal effect on epilepsy with recurrent seizures. Meanwhile, SNPs related with epilepsy with recurrent seizures had no causal effect on the 14 impulsivity traits.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This MR study suggests that lack of perseverance may be a protective factor against epilepsy with recurrent seizures. However, epilepsy with recurrent seizures does not affect impulsivity.</p>","PeriodicalId":33628,"journal":{"name":"Acta Epileptologica","volume":"6 1","pages":"32"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11960367/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143989369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Face and face pareidolia in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy indicates different neural processing: an event-related potential study.","authors":"Gülsüm Akdeniz, Sadiye Gumusyayla, Gonul Vural, Orhan Deniz, Pınar Özışık","doi":"10.1186/s42494-024-00175-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42494-024-00175-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Visual perception of face images or face pareidolia can be evaluated with event-related potentials (ERP) for healthy subjects and patients with neurological conditions. In this study, we aimed to analyse event-related potential components such as P100, N100, N170, and vertex-positive potential (VPP) in response to face pareidolia perception in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) patients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>ERPs were recorded during the pareidolia test. Waveforms were analzyed and current source density (CSD) maps were generated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>CSD profiles were shown to be interpretable when face and face pareidolia conditions. N100, P100, and N170 components showed larger amplitudes and longer latency in epilepsy patients in response to face pareidolia stimuli compared to real face images. However, the N170 component latency did not differ significantly between epilepsy patients and healthy participants, while the larger amplitude and longer latency of N100 and P100 responses were evoked in healthy patients.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our results indicate a difference in the neural mechanisms of processing real face information and pareidolia face-like information in TLE patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":33628,"journal":{"name":"Acta Epileptologica","volume":"6 1","pages":"34"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11960347/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144019487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Precision diagnosis and treatment of vitamin metabolism-related epilepsy.","authors":"Yajing Gan, Guoyan Li, Zihan Wei, Yan Feng, Yuqing Shi, Yanchun Deng","doi":"10.1186/s42494-024-00169-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42494-024-00169-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Epilepsy is a chronic disorder of the nervous system caused by abnormal discharges from brain cells. Structural, infectious, metabolic, immunologic, and unknown causes can contribute to the development of seizures. In recent years, there has been increasing attention on epilepsy caused by genetic metabolic disorders. More than two hundred inherited metabolic disorders have been identified as potential cause of seizures, and they are mainly associated with energy deficiency in the brain, accumulation of toxic substances, abnormal neurotransmitter transmission, and deficiency of cofactors. Vitamins play a crucial role as components of several enzymes or coenzymes. Impaired metabolism of thiamine, biotin, vitamin B6, vitamin B12 and folic acid can contribute to early-onset seizures and developmental abnormalities in infants. However, timely supplementation therapy can significantly improve patient prognosis of affected patients. Therefore, a thorough understanding and investigation of the metabolic basis of epilepsy is essential for the development of precise therapeutic approaches, which could provide significant therapeutic benefits for patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":33628,"journal":{"name":"Acta Epileptologica","volume":"6 1","pages":"27"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11960229/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144064947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hippocampal sclerosis in women with temporal lobe epilepsy: seizure and pregnancy outcomes.","authors":"Yujie Chen, Nanya Hao, Weixi Xiong, Hesheng Zhang, Enhui Zhang, Zhujing Ou, Lei Chen, Xintong Wu, Dong Zhou","doi":"10.1186/s42494-024-00166-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42494-024-00166-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis (TLE-HS) is typically resistant to pharmacological interventions; however, achieving seizure freedom is possible through surgery. Our objective was to focus on the pregnancy and seizure outcomes during pregnancy of women with TLE-HS, and aim to identify predictors of seizure control.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The West China Registry of Pregnancy of Women with Epilepsy (WCPR_EPi) was a monocentric prospective cohort study of women with epilepsy (WWE). We screened women with TLE-HS in this database. Their clinical profile, anti-seizure medication (ASM) use, and pregnancy outcomes were extracted from the records of the registry (2010-2023).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Out of 2320 WWE followed up, 47 pregnancies in women with TLE-HS were identified and analyzed. Seizure exacerbation occurred in 40.4% of pregnancies, and seizure freedom was present in 34.0% of these during pregnancy. Factors associated with seizure exacerbation during pregnancy was ASM non-adherence (odds ratio [OR] =7.00, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.43-34.07, P=0.016). The surgery group showed a significantly higher seizure freedom rate (OR = 6.87, 95% CI 1.02-46.23, P=0.016) and lower rate of induced labor (0.0% vs 26.5%, P=0.047) compared to the medically-treated group alone. Caesarean section was chosen in 77.1% of cases due to seizure concerns, with comparable in epilepsy-related (n=20) and obstetric causes (n=24). No major congenital malformations were reported.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Surgical treatment before pregnancy appears to offer a higher chance of seizure freedom compared to medication alone. Most of women with TLE-HS can deliver healthy offspring regardless of suboptimal seizure control and unwarranted concerns.</p>","PeriodicalId":33628,"journal":{"name":"Acta Epileptologica","volume":"6 1","pages":"21"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11960266/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144031751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mesial temporal sclerosis and epilepsy: a narrative review.","authors":"Daniel Villamizar-Torres, Andrea Carolina Cepeda Trillos, Alejandro Vargas-Moreno","doi":"10.1186/s42494-024-00172-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42494-024-00172-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS) stands out as a prevalent etiology of medically intractable temporal lobe epilepsy. Understanding the pathological alterations, clinical manifestations and risk factors of MTS is crucial for the recognition and suspicion of this condition. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive narrative review on the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and treatment options for MTS. By doing so, we aim to provide an up-to-date understanding of this condition.</p>","PeriodicalId":33628,"journal":{"name":"Acta Epileptologica","volume":"6 1","pages":"28"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11960268/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144037502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of autosomal dominant lateral temporal epilepsy caused by a novel mutation in RELN in China: a case report.","authors":"Yan Chen, Yanmei Zhu, Wenqiang Zhong, Jia He, Haiyan Gou, Yulan Zhu","doi":"10.1186/s42494-024-00179-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42494-024-00179-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Temporal lobe epilepsy is the most common type of focal epilepsy, but hereditary factors are usually overlooked. Reelin (RELN) is considered to be the second most common pathogenic gene implicated in autosomal dominant lateral temporal epilepsy (ADLTE). However, this mutation is not frequently discovered in the Chinese population. Additionally, there are few clinical studies regarding the connection between RELN and glioma.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>The healthcare records of an 8-year-old child who experienced generalized tonic-clonic seizures (GTCS) during sleep for 7 years were retrospectively analyzed. In addition to experiencing his first seizure at the age of one, his mother also suffered from GTCS during her pregnancy, and a glioma was discovered. An investigation involving gene sequencing was conducted on the proband and his parents. He was diagnosed with ADLTE once a missense mutation in RELN (c.1799 C > T) was identified as the causal factor. The mutation was inherited from his mother. He was taking levetiracetam (500 mg twice a day) to avoid seizures, but his mother died of status epilepticus caused by glioma recurrence two years earlier.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Genetic issues should be given more consideration in cases of temporal lobe epilepsy. If the source of the seizures is determined to be inherited, anti-seizure medications should be used for prolonged periods. Furthermore, more research is required to determine whether mutations in RELN are related to the occurrence and progression of gliomas.</p>","PeriodicalId":33628,"journal":{"name":"Acta Epileptologica","volume":"6 1","pages":"31"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11960336/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144048233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electroencephalogram and phenotype patterns in neuronopathic Gaucher disease patients - ten years of experience in a single center.","authors":"Xiying Yang, Yan Meng, Jian Chen, Qian Lu, Linyan Hu, Xiuyu Shi, Jing Wang, Guang Yang, Liping Zou","doi":"10.1186/s42494-024-00168-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42494-024-00168-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This study aimed to investigate the unique electroencephalography (EEG) patterns in neuronopathic Gaucher disease (GD) patients and explore the correlations between EEG findings and neurological phenotypes so as to optimize clinical outcomes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective analysis was conducted on 74 EEG recordings from 50 GD patients between January 2012 and July 2022.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Twenty-three patients exhibited abnormal EEG recordings, including 11 of the GD1 type (the transitional type) and 12 with neuronopathic GD. Of the 12 neuronopathic GD patients, 9 patients with epilepsy were analysed specifically in terms of the clinical course. The primary waveform observed in the neuronopathic EEG recordings was the spike-and-wave complex (SWC) during both awake and sleep states. This was significantly different from sharp waves observed only during sleep in the patients of the transitional type (P = 0.0230). The abnormal discharges in the neuronopathic patients were most commonly located in the bilateral Rolandic areas, while the transitional type commonly involved the bilateral frontal regions. Three patients with an epileptic EEG pattern reported their initial seizures years later. Seizures in the neuronopathic patients were effectively controlled with anti-seizure medications (ASMs), despite the ongoing presence of abnormal EEG patterns. The EEG patterns during ocular symptoms were characterized by sporadic or continuous unilateral SWC during sleep.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Patients with neuronopathic GD exhibit distinct EEG patterns that can help differentiate them from GD1 patients. Early treatment with ASMs can effectively control seizures. EEG plays a crucial role in monitoring seizures and can facilitate prompt intervention for GD patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":33628,"journal":{"name":"Acta Epileptologica","volume":"6 1","pages":"30"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11960211/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144043914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differences and potential mechanisms of theta oscillation and temporoparietal and temporal-central networks in temporal lobe epilepsy patients with unilateral hippocampal sclerosis.","authors":"Chenxi Qiu, Chenxi Zhong, Ying Liu, Liju Wang, Yingying Tang, Zhiyi Liu, Sijia Guo, Yingqi Jiang, Enzhi Li, Jing Lu, Bo Yan, Xiaoting Hao, Dong Zhou","doi":"10.1186/s42494-024-00170-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42494-024-00170-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>There is a lack of further exploration of the epileptogenic network of specific types of epilepsy, such as unilateral hippocampal sclerosis (HS), and there is an urgent need to find exact evidence to confirm the consistency of its brain network changes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We enrolled 22 mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis (mTLE-HS) patients to compare the differences in brain activity between 22 healthy controls (HCs) and them. Resting-state electroencephalography (EEG) was also measured. Then, we calculated the power spectral density and phase locking values in and between these electrodes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results showed the increased theta power was related to the high severity of epilepsy in the temporal, parietal, and central regions in mTLE-HS patients, and there were positive correlations between theta power in the contralateral temporal region and seizure frequency. Theta power in the ipsilateral parietal lobe is positively correlated with the number of anti-seizure medications (ASMs), but not with the usage of third-generation ASMs. Meanwhile, the temporal lobe of mTLE-HS patients had more connectivity with parietal lobe and central region.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Theta power is an important EEG indicator of mTLE-HS, positively correlates with epilepsy severity and seizure frequency, and has network properties that can be observed outside the lesion. Moreover, the usage of third-generation ASMs did not affect the risk of increased theta power. Lastly, the temporoparietal and temporal-central networks are likely to be causative pathways in epilepsy patients with cognitive impairment. This study provides a potential guideline for the treatment of mTLE-HS in clinical practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":33628,"journal":{"name":"Acta Epileptologica","volume":"6 1","pages":"26"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11960361/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144054243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}