Sports Medicine and Health Science最新文献

{"title":"Exercise-induced cardioprotection: From endogenous to exogenous mechanisms","authors":"John C. Quindry,&nbsp;Ronald E. Michalak","doi":"10.1016/j.smhs.2025.03.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.smhs.2025.03.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) remains the leading form of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, while exercise is a preventative and therapeutic countermeasure. The collective benefits of exercise on the heart are called cardioprotection. Exercise-induced cardioprotection encompasses four broad areas: 1) cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor improvement, 2) anatomical remodeling of the heart, 3) improved cardiac physiologic function, and 4) mechanisms of exercise preconditioning.</div></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><div>With respect to the latter area of cardioprotection, research indicates that a few days of moderate intensity aerobic exercise preconditions the heart against cardiac dysrhythmias, ventricular pump dysfunction, and tissue death. The short duration protective timeframe, hours to days after exercise, indicates that the mechanisms are biochemical in nature. Protective mechanisms within exercised hearts include endogenous antioxidant enzymes, better regulation of cytosolic Ca²⁺, and more efficient bioenergetics. However, a formative body of work conducted over the last decade indicates that additional exogenous mechanisms may be receptor mediated, presumably providing cardioprotection via circulating factors. Preliminary findings indicate that tissue-to-tissue cross talk involves cardioprotective paracrine factors derived from muscle or autocrine factors originating from the heart itself. This protection is termed exogenous (or remote) cardiac preconditioning, and appears to include δ-opioid receptors, IL-6 receptors, and perhaps other surface receptors on exercised cardiac tissue.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The current review outlines existing knowledge on exercise and factors of cardiac preconditioning, and highlights the avenues for next-step scientific advances to understanding treatments against AMI.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":33620,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine and Health Science","volume":"7 5","pages":"Pages 366-374"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144914093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Episodic denervation as a driver of loss of skeletal muscle redox homeostasis and muscle weakness in sarcopenia: Possible amelioration by exercise","authors":"Malcolm J. Jackson","doi":"10.1016/j.smhs.2025.02.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.smhs.2025.02.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Substantial reductions in muscle motor unit numbers accompany ageing and occur in parallel the age-related changes in skeletal muscle mass and fibre number. These motor unit changes are reflected in reduced motor neuron numbers and size, axonal integrity and disrupted pre-and post-synaptic neuromuscular junctions (NMJ). Conversely, data indicate that the effects of ageing on neuromuscular transmission are relatively minor. Some authors have therefore argued that structural degeneration of motor axons and NMJ are unimportant in the pathogenesis of sarcopenia and for a non-neurogenic origin for ageing-induced muscle loss. Increased Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) activities and changes in redox status are a feature of ageing and may play a key role in muscle loss through increased mitochondrial peroxide generation. This article will review the changes in motor units and NMJ seen during ageing and develop the argument that the changes in muscle mitochondrial peroxide generation and redox status may be caused by age-related changes in neuromuscular structure, but are not directly related to neuromuscular transmission. This provides an alternative explanation on how age-related changes in neural tissue might drive skeletal muscle fibre loss and weakness. Exercise interventions are known to reduce muscle loss and weakness in the elderly, but studies of such interventions on age-related changes in motor units, motor neurons or NMJ structure and function provide conflicting data. A further aim is therefore to identify areas where there is a need for novel research to understand whether, and how, targeted or long-term exercise might influence neuromuscular changes in ageing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":33620,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine and Health Science","volume":"7 5","pages":"Pages 341-350"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144914090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perspectives on enhancing human performance in the heat: Is the solution to simply “just add water”?","authors":"M.L. Millard-Stafford ,&nbsp;M.B. Brown ,&nbsp;M.T. Wittbrodt","doi":"10.1016/j.smhs.2024.12.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.smhs.2024.12.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Human exercise performance is influenced by factors related to inherent individual characteristics along with other modifiable factors. During exercise in the heat, sweating provides the major avenue for cooling. When body water losses exceed 2% body mass, changes in physiological responses are observed in a dose-response manner. Human sweat varies in electrolyte content due to differences in ion channel re-absorption in the sweat duct. Moderate hypohydration (&gt; 2% body mass) is associated with physical and mental performance impairments, although this depends on the environment (e.g., warm to hot) and type of exercise (e.g., endurance) or cognitive task (e.g., sustained attention, executive function, motor coordination) involved. This begs the question: Is simply adding water the optimal “solution” to improving human performance during events eliciting dehydration? This review focuses on literature applicable to athletes and military personnel during exertion in the heat. Historically, optimally formulating a sports drink to ingest during exercise has focused on appropriate levels of carbohydrate, with more recent interest spanning from higher electrolyte concentrations to amino acid formulations. Evidence to support recommendations regarding beverage bioavailability during exercise comes from studies comparing the appearance of heavy water (tagged within a beverage) in blood. Fluid delivery appears enhanced with moderately concentrated carbohydrate while electrolyte composition plays a lesser role. Despite the robust historical scientific literature related to fluid replacement, the quest for the optimal sports drink during exercise in the heat continues to generate interest considering global warming trends and the increasing numbers of new hydration-related products for exercising individuals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":33620,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine and Health Science","volume":"7 5","pages":"Pages 317-328"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144913838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Two-legged medicine: Exercise-mediated health benefits","authors":"Barry A. Franklin","doi":"10.1016/j.smhs.2025.07.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.smhs.2025.07.004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":33620,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine and Health Science","volume":"7 5","pages":"Pages 303-307"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144913885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolution of resistance training in women: History and mechanisms for health and performance","authors":"William J. Kraemer ,&nbsp;Maren S. Fragala ,&nbsp;Nicholas A. Ratamess","doi":"10.1016/j.smhs.2025.01.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.smhs.2025.01.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Throughout history, cultural norms and stereotypes have discouraged resistance training in women. Today, as awareness and acceptance of resistance training in women has grown, supported by scientific research and advocacy, more women are achieving health and performance benefits from resistance training. This narrative review discusses the current scientific literature on sexual dimorphisms, the mechanisms underlying health and performance adaptations of resistance training in women, with implications for program design. In general, the physiological adaptations to resistance training in women are mediated largely by the neuroendocrine and immune systems, similar to in men albeit via some distinct predominant pathways involving sex hormones estrogen, testosterone, growth hormone (GH), and insulin-like growth factor- I (IGF-I). As a result, women may have unique adaptations in terms of muscle hypertrophy, substrate utilization, fatiguability, and recovery. Despite subtle physiological differences, women achieve measurable increases in strength, power and athletic performance via engaging in resistance training programs of sufficient frequency, intensity, and duration. Moreover, beyond performance, resistance training has a favorable impact on women’s health including metabolic health, body composition, bone health, cardiovascular health, mental health, self-esteem, and body image. Resistance training recommendations for men and women are highly similar and goal-dependent, with some specific caveats that need to be addressed in women. As resistance training has become regarded as a key element of programs for achieving performance and health improvements in women, additional research may further our understanding.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":33620,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine and Health Science","volume":"7 5","pages":"Pages 351-365"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144914092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Health benefits of physical activity: What role does skeletal muscle-organ crosstalk play?","authors":"Scott K. Powers ,&nbsp;Erica Goldstein ,&nbsp;Ronette Lategan-Potgieter ,&nbsp;Matthew Schrager ,&nbsp;Michele Skelton ,&nbsp;Haydar Demirel","doi":"10.1016/j.smhs.2025.02.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.smhs.2025.02.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The observation that physical activity (PA) reduces the risk of coronary heart disease dates back more than 70 years ago and it is now established that regular PA reduces all-cause mortality, in part, by reducing the risk of numerous chronic diseases including coronary heart disease, stroke, cancer, type 2 diabetes, and Alzheimer's disease. During the past decade the increased use of activity tracking devices has significantly improved our understanding of the dose-response relationships between PA and all-cause mortality. Further, our appreciation of the impact that prolonged sitting has on all-cause mortality has increased. Moreover, new research provides key insight into the signaling mechanisms that connect PA to the reduced risk of disease in multiple organ systems. Therefore, given the recent advances in the study of PA and all-cause mortality, it is an appropriate time to review the latest evidence on this topic as well as the mechanisms responsible for the PA-induced protection against all-cause mortality. Therefore, this review will summarize recent data on the dose-response association between PA on all-cause mortality and the negative impact that sedentary behavior has on all-cause mortality. Further, we also highlight potential mechanisms linking PA with the reduced risk of developing several chronic diseases. Finally, we conclude with a brief discussion of the emerging evidence that the health benefits associated with PA are derived, in part, from skeletal muscle-organ crosstalk involving muscle produced hormones (myokines) that exert their effects in either an autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine manner.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":33620,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine and Health Science","volume":"7 5","pages":"Pages 329-340"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144914089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of amount, intensity, and mode of exercise training on the metabolic syndrome: A narrative review","authors":"Garrett A. Moseley ,&nbsp;Katherine A. Collins-Bennett ,&nbsp;William E. Kraus ,&nbsp;Leanna M. Ross","doi":"10.1016/j.smhs.2025.03.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.smhs.2025.03.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>The purpose of this narrative review is to: 1) summarize findings from the three Studies of a Targeted Risk Reduction Intervention through Defined Exercise (STRRIDE) randomized trials regarding the differential effects of exercise amount, intensity, and mode on metabolic syndrome (MetS); and 2) compare the STRRIDE findings with other published randomized exercise trials related to changes in MetS.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A literature review was performed to investigate the effects of exercise on composite measures of MetS. PubMed was searched between October 2023 and December 2023. To be included in this review, studies must have employed a randomized study design, whereby exercise amount, intensity, or mode was varied.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Findings from the STRRIDE trials and other randomized exercise trials suggest: 1) there is a relationship between exercise energy expenditure (ExEE) and improvements in composite measures of MetS; 2) there may be an asymptotic effect for ExEE beyond which further improvements in MetS are negligible or counterproductive; 3) improvements in composite measures of MetS are closely linked to insulin sensitivity; and 4) without controlling for total ExEE, combined aerobic and resistance training interventions offer the most robust improvements for composite MetS outcomes compared to either mode alone.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Additional, large-scale, randomized exercise trials should be designed to investigate the potential asymptotic effect and associated threshold for ExEE, the interaction between exercise intensity and baseline insulin sensitivity, and the independent effects of exercise mode on MetS.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":33620,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine and Health Science","volume":"7 5","pages":"Pages 393-403"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144912378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strength development following a six-week risk reduction athletic development training program in men and women","authors":"Christopher J. Cleary ,&nbsp;Krisha Crane ,&nbsp;Lisa M. Vopat ,&nbsp;Bryan G. Vopat ,&nbsp;Ashley A. Herda","doi":"10.1016/j.smhs.2024.09.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.smhs.2024.09.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study retrospectively evaluated data from an athlete management system on the impact of a 6-week, 12-session risk-reduction athletic development training program on maximal isometric strength in post-rehabilitative and healthy men and women. Maximal isometric quadriceps and hamstrings strength were evaluated bilaterally before and after the training program. Out of 55 athletes that had participated in the program, a total of 37 athletes' (13–28 years old) recorded outcomes were utilized in analyses. Thirty-one athletes had undergone rehabilitation (post-rehabilitative athletes) after orthopedic knee surgeries. Six athletes with no previous surgeries performed (healthy athletes) also completed the 6-week program. Repeated measures analyses of variance (leg × time) assessed changes in quadriceps and hamstrings strength at an alpha of <em>p</em> ​≤ ​0.05. There was a main effect for time where the post-rehabilitative athletes’ quadriceps and hamstrings strength increased by (mean difference ​± ​standard error) (4.2 ​± ​0.7) kg (<em>p</em> ​&lt; ​0.01) and (4.5 ​± ​0.9) kg (<em>p</em> ​&lt; ​0.01) respectively, with legs (operative [OP]) and non-operative [NOP]) combined. With time points combined, the OP limb was weaker than the NOP limb for quadriceps strength by (2.9 ​± ​0.7) kg (<em>p</em> ​&lt; ​0.01) with no differences in hamstrings strength. For the healthy athletes, there were no changes for quadriceps strength and hamstring strength improved across time by (5.3 ​± ​1.4) kg (<em>p</em> ​= ​0.01) with legs combined.</div><div>In conclusion, there were improvements in post-rehabilitative and healthy athletes’ isometric strength after the training program. However, between-limb strength asymmetries were still apparent in the post-rehabilitation cohort.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":33620,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine and Health Science","volume":"7 4","pages":"Pages 280-284"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143820848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exercise self-efficacy in older adults with metabolic-associated fatty liver disease: A latent profile analysis","authors":"Huimin Zhou ,&nbsp;Haiyan Chen ,&nbsp;Di Wu ,&nbsp;Hanxiao Lu ,&nbsp;Bo Wu ,&nbsp;Zhixia Dong ,&nbsp;Jun Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.smhs.2024.05.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.smhs.2024.05.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>China has a high prevalence rate of Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), and there is currently limited understanding of the levels of exercise self-efficacy (ESE) among individuals with MAFLD. The objective was to explore the potential ESE patterns in older adults with MAFLD. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 800 older adults with fatty liver disease from five communities from April 20, 2023 to August 15, 2023. Latent profile analysis (LPA) and <em>k</em>-means clustering were used to determine the optimal number of ESE groups. Using univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression to investigate the factors influencing profiles of ESE. A sample of 775 subjects met the diagnostic criteria for MAFLD. LPA yielded three profiles: the low-ESE, mild-ESE, and high-ESE groups, which comprised 25%, 28%, and 47% of the sample, respectively. <em>K</em>-means clustering further supported the categorization of ESE into three distinct classes. The multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that diabetes, arthritis and/or arthrosis, as well as companionship during PA were significant influencing factors for the different profiles (<em>p</em> ​&lt; ​0.05). Our findings suggest that the ESE of older patients with MAFLD is primarily at a moderate level or above. There was population heterogeneity in ESE among older patients with MAFLD. Diabetes mellitus, arthritis, and/or arthrosis, as well as companionship during PA were significant factors in influencing the likelihood of having high ESE.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":33620,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine and Health Science","volume":"7 4","pages":"Pages 285-291"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141039301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Objectively measured 24-h movement behaviours of child-guardian pairs in low-to-middle income households in Nairobi City County, Kenya","authors":"Lucy-Joy Wachira ,&nbsp;Nils Swindell ,&nbsp;Noora Kanerva ,&nbsp;Muhoro Munuhe ,&nbsp;Timo Vuorimaa ,&nbsp;Tiina Laiho ,&nbsp;Sophie Ochola ,&nbsp;Maijaliisa Erkkola ,&nbsp;George Owino ,&nbsp;Gareth Stratton ,&nbsp;Mikael Fogelholm ,&nbsp;Vincent Onywera","doi":"10.1016/j.smhs.2025.01.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.smhs.2025.01.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The decreasing prevalence of physical activity (PA) among urban children in Sub-Saharan Africa is a growing public health concern. More emphasis should focus on examining the influence of parental PA behaviour on the children’s PA patterns. We explored associations of 24 ​hour (h) accelerometer-measured movement behaviours of guardian-child pairs in Nairobi City County, Kenya.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This cross-sectional study assessed 80 pairs consisting of children aged 9–14 years and their guardians in one area of low and one area of middle socioeconomic status (SES) (Embakasi Sub-County and Lang’ata Sub-County), in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The study used waist worn Tri-axial Actigraph (GT3X+ and ActiSleep+) accelerometers to quantify PA and sedentary time (SED). Association between guardians' and children’s PA was examined using linear regression, adjusting for guardians' educational attainment and household wealth.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Of the children, 42 (52.5%) and 76 (96.2%) of the guardians were women. Children in low SES areas spent more time (<em>p</em> ​&lt; ​0.001) in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity compared to children from middle SES area. The guardians in low SES area were younger and spent more time in light PA (<em>p</em> ​= ​0.036) while their counterparts had higher daily SED (<em>p</em> ​= ​0.049). Guardian’s SED associated with higher children’s SED (<em>p</em> ​= ​0.033) even after adjusting for guardians' educational attainment (<em>p</em> ​= ​0.032) and wealth (<em>p</em> ​= ​0.05). There was no association between guardians' and children’s MVPA.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Considered alongside the extant literature, these results suggest that health promotion strategies should aim to reduce parental SED time while also planning to increase children’s PA.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":33620,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine and Health Science","volume":"7 4","pages":"Pages 263-271"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143820905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}