International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control最新文献

{"title":"Monitoring CO2 mineralisation and dissolution at CarbFix2 using inherent isotopes of CO2, H2O and noble gases","authors":"C.M. Holdsworth ,&nbsp;B. Chen ,&nbsp;L. Tamraz ,&nbsp;S.Ó. Snæbjörnsdóttir ,&nbsp;M.J. Voigt ,&nbsp;B. Sigfússon ,&nbsp;G. Johnson ,&nbsp;F.M. Stuart ,&nbsp;A.J. Boyce ,&nbsp;R.S. Haszeldine ,&nbsp;S.M.V. Gilfillan","doi":"10.1016/j.ijggc.2026.104584","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijggc.2026.104584","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mineralising CO₂ in mafic and ultramafic geological reservoirs is a rapid and durable means of CO₂ storage. To date, verification of mineralisation storage has primarily relied upon externally added or indirect geochemical tracers. Here, we use changes in inherent CO_2, H₂O and noble gas isotope ratios to monitor CO₂ dissolution and mineralisation at the CarbFix2 carbon capture and storage (CCS) project in Iceland. Reductions in CO₂/³He ratios between gas inlet and outlet samples of the CarbFix2 scrubbing tower indicate 49 ± 4 % CO₂ dissolution in water. We calculate that dissolved CO₂ has a CO₂/³He of 1.0 ± 0.1 × 10¹⁰ and a carbon isotope ratio (δ¹³C) of -5.0 ± 0.2 ‰ VPDB. CarbFix2 monitoring well isotope data record lower CO₂/³He and higher δ¹³C_CO2 than predicted by a baseline scenario where no mineralisation occurs. We model the evolution of injectate CO₂/³He and δ¹³C_CO2 for different chronologies of mineralisation and mixing at the reservoir temperature of 265 °C. Oxygen isotope ratios of H₂O (δ¹⁸O) are key for distinguishing between the remaining injectate and background CO₂ in monitoring wells because the combined effects of fractionation and CO₂ loss make injectate and background CO₂/³He and δ¹³C indistinguishable. Monitoring well data intersect modelled mineralisation scenarios at similar extents of mineralisation previously recorded. Uncertainties regarding background reservoir fluids and temporal variation of isotope data necessitate additional sampling to further validate this mineralisation verification at CarbFix2. Nevertheless, these initial results are promising for the wider application of inherent isotope tracers to monitor and verify in-situ CO₂ mineralisation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":334,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control","volume":"151 ","pages":"Article 104584"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146076722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimating the multi-scale distribution of CO2 using seismic data at Sleipner","authors":"Philip Ringrose ,&nbsp;Ricardo Martinez ,&nbsp;Vetle Vinje ,&nbsp;Joachim Mispel","doi":"10.1016/j.ijggc.2026.104581","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijggc.2026.104581","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Seismic data at the Sleipner CO₂ storage project are used to gain insights into the spatial distribution of CO₂, revealing the fraction of the pore volume occupied by CO₂ at different scales. The CO₂ storage capacity coefficient (C_c) is determined and then scaled by estimates of the fractional area and fractional volume occupied by CO₂ to determine a volume storage coefficient, V_c. Estimates of V_c are close to the independently determined maximum layer saturations for the case of CO₂ columns under conditions of gravity equilibrium. The analysis is useful for understanding the nature of CO₂ storage efficiency measures and for storage capacity estimates in general.</div><div>The methods were applied to a dataset derived from time-lapse RMS amplitude difference maps for 9 repeat surveys (1999–2020) and then compared to an FWI velocity model of the 2010 survey, which allowed a layer-by-layer analysis. The macroscopic storage efficiency at Sleipner is found be in the range of 1–6% depending on the reference pore volume used in the analysis, while the fraction of the within-plume pore space occupied by CO₂ within each layer is found to lie in range of 30% and 60%. The methods proposed here have the potential to significantly improve the quantitative analysis of seismic data used for monitoring other CO₂ storage sites.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":334,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control","volume":"151 ","pages":"Article 104581"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146057323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Organic-inorganic carbon cycling: Implications for CO2 mineralization of brucite-bearing mine tailings","authors":"Justin A. Lockhart ,&nbsp;Ian M. Power ,&nbsp;Kwon Rausis ,&nbsp;Shaheen Akhtar ,&nbsp;Robert Caldwell ,&nbsp;David French","doi":"10.1016/j.ijggc.2026.104591","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijggc.2026.104591","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Enhanced weathering and mineralization of ultramafic tailings permanently stores carbon dioxide (CO₂) within stable carbonate minerals. Brucite [Mg(OH)₂], a minor phase (up to ∼13 wt.%) of ultramafic tailings, offers substantial potential for CO₂ sequestration, yet its carbonation is limited by CO₂ supply. Here, we propose coupling organic and inorganic carbon cycling to accelerate brucite carbonation by amending ultramafic tailings with waste organics, a strategy often employed for remediation. This study aimed to understand the influence of tailings grain size and organics content on brucite carbonation and tailings cementation. Column experiments (∼20 cm height, 10 weeks) involved layering waste organics and brucite-bearing tailings (2 wt.%) of different grain sizes (&lt;63, 63–125, and 125–250 μm) and were compared to controls of organics and tailings only. Average carbonation rates for amended columns (102 kg CO₂/t tailings/yr) were ∼8 × faster than tailings controls (13 kg CO₂/t tailings/yr) that were only exposed to laboratory CO₂ concentrations. Reacted tailings had depleted ¹³C compositions (δ¹³C = −10.9‰ to −9.9‰ VPDB) relative to initial tailings (−6.4‰), indicating incorporation of respired CO₂. Cylindrical tests using compacted mixtures of tailings and organic matter exhibited 16–63% brucite carbonation along with unconfined compressive strengths of 0.08–0.51 MPa, a co-benefit of brucite carbonation. Our study demonstrates that using waste organics significantly accelerates brucite carbonation, which has implications for the remediation of ultramafic tailings. This proposed passive remediation system exploits an inexpensive CO₂ source for rapid carbonation, which can reduce net CO₂ emissions after mine closure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":334,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control","volume":"151 ","pages":"Article 104591"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146057324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of pore-scale heterogeneity on continuum-scale multiphase flow properties: Insights from Indiana limestone","authors":"Nihal Darraj ,&nbsp;Sojwal Manoorkar ,&nbsp;Catherine Spurin ,&nbsp;Sajjad Foroughi ,&nbsp;Steffen Berg ,&nbsp;Ronny Pini ,&nbsp;Martin J. Blunt ,&nbsp;Samuel Krevor","doi":"10.1016/j.ijggc.2026.104623","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijggc.2026.104623","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microscale heterogeneity in porous media can influence larger-scale multiphase flow behaviour, particularly in the context of CO₂ storage. We conducted a multiphase steady-state flooding experiments on Indiana limestone, a carbonate with millimetre-scale heterogeneity, at two flow rates with capillary numbers of <em>N_c</em> = 5 × 10⁻⁸ and 1 × 10⁻⁷. Micro-CT at a 4.9 µm resolution was used to image nitrogen–brine displacement: the analysis included the whole sample and six representative sub-volumes from distinct regions.</div><div>The analysis shows that doubling the capillary number produced a more homogeneous saturation profile, reflecting the greater influence of viscous forces even within a predominantly capillary-controlled regime. Moreover, the relative permeabilities shifted upward and to higher brine saturation with decreasing flow rate; this indicated that the non-wetting phase benefits from enhanced connectivity through preferential pathways. As the flow rate increases, however, viscous forces begin to override local capillary entry barriers, enabling the non-wetting phase to invade smaller and previously uninvaded pores. The sub-volume analysis showed two distinct regions with different entry pressures: the regions with higher entry pressure exhibit a higher gas invasion at the higher flow rate, whereas low capillary entry pressure regions showed minimal change.</div><div>These observations show that modest increases in capillary number can change relative permeability, saturation, and trapping. This underlines the need to represent capillary heterogeneity when upscaling flow properties for reservoir-scale simulation of subsurface CO₂ storage. Relative permeability models that neglect sub-grid variability may bias simulated plume migration and trapping efficiency, and therefore the inferred storage performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":334,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control","volume":"151 ","pages":"Article 104623"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147400207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CO2LOGIX: A first-order model of pressure-constrained CO2 geological storage growth at the basin scale","authors":"Iain de Jonge-Anderson ,&nbsp;Gareth Johnson ,&nbsp;Juan Alcalde ,&nbsp;Jennifer J. Roberts","doi":"10.1016/j.ijggc.2026.104608","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijggc.2026.104608","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Subsurface pressure increases from CO₂ injection can constrain injectivity and operating margins, reducing the dynamic capacity of CO₂ geological storage systems. Engineered pressure management approaches are effective but carry additional cost and risk. Understanding the magnitude, interaction and evolution of these effects at the regional and multi-project scale is limited by computational demands and uncertainty over future deployment trajectories. This presents a limitation for climate-policy-informing frameworks such as Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs), which typically consider only static capacity in carbon capture and storage technology growth. We present CO2LOGIX, a new model which evaluates the scale of subsurface pressure buildup under different growth trajectories with computational efficiency. The model combines well-established analytical solutions describing pressure diffusion in the subsurface with a flexible logistic growth model, which informs well deployment rates and can be adjusted to reflect realistic development scenarios. We demonstrate the value of CO2LOGIX through a UK case study. In a modelled scenario based on historic industry growth rates, unmitigated pressure reaches upper bounds after 83 years, with ∼ 12 GtCO₂ stored by 2100 – well above national targets of 4–6 GtCO₂. However, short-term storage rates remain low (5 MtCO₂/year by 2030 and 30 MtCO₂/year by 2050), below recommended targets. Faster growth scenarios cause earlier pressure limit breaches, reducing available unmitigated capacity or requiring costly mitigation. Our findings underscore the importance of incorporating realistic pressure feedbacks between injection rates and long-term storage capacity into IAMs. CO2LOGIX provides a new first-order framework to anticipate and manage pressure limits in large-scale CO₂ storage deployment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":334,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control","volume":"151 ","pages":"Article 104608"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147400310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determining the extent of potential fugitive fluid migration from geologic carbon storage in hydrocarbon-bearing reservoirs: Insights from one-dimensional numerical modeling","authors":"Christine Doughty,&nbsp;Omotayo Omosebi","doi":"10.1016/j.ijggc.2026.104617","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijggc.2026.104617","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Numerical modeling of Geologic Carbon Sequestration in permeable reservoirs initially containing hydrocarbons is conducted using the multi-phase, multi-component thermohydrologic simulator TOGA (<strong>T</strong>OUGH <strong>O</strong>il, <strong>G</strong>as, <strong>A</strong>queous; TOUGH stands for <strong>T</strong>ransport <strong>O</strong>f <strong>U</strong>nsaturated <strong>G</strong>roundwater and <strong>H</strong>eat), to determine how phase and composition of the original fluids influence the extent of the zone where upward fugitive fluid migration could potentially occur, denoted <em>R_f</em>. The area within <em>R_f</em> comprises regions of substantially elevated pressure and free-phase CO₂ saturation, where a breach in reservoir sealing capacity would lead to upward fugitive fluid migration. The model examines the conditions within the storage reservoir that could lead to fugitive flow, but does not model the fugitive flow itself. A one-dimensional radial model of the storage reservoir is used, and three initial phase conditions are considered: single-phase aqueous, two-phase gas-aqueous, and three-phase oil-gas-aqueous. Components that may be present are H₂O, CO₂, CH₄, C₄H₁₀, and C₁₀H₂₂. The most important factors controlling <em>R_f</em> are (1) the initial gas-phase saturation within the reservoir, and (2) the lateral extent of multi-phase initial conditions, particularly CO₂. The composition of liquid and gas phases has a secondary effect. The impact of reservoir depth, thickness, injection rate, and hydrologic properties are also briefly examined, with thickness (or equivalently injection rate) having the biggest effect. These results can help to understand important trends in potential response of CO₂-EOR fields being considered for dedicated CO₂ storage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":334,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control","volume":"151 ","pages":"Article 104617"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147400206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Assessing the geological storage potential of CO2 in Baltic Basin: A case study of Lithuanian hydrocarbon and deep saline reservoirs” [International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control 133 (2024) 104097]","authors":"Shruti Malik ,&nbsp;Pijus Makauskas ,&nbsp;Viltė Karaliūtė ,&nbsp;Mayur Pal ,&nbsp;Ravi Sharma","doi":"10.1016/j.ijggc.2026.104601","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijggc.2026.104601","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":334,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control","volume":"151 ","pages":"Article 104601"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147400210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Screening CO2 storage potential of petroleum reservoirs on the Norwegian Continental Shelf","authors":"Alexey Khrulenko ,&nbsp;Trine S. Mykkeltvedt ,&nbsp;Sarah E. Gasda","doi":"10.1016/j.ijggc.2026.104607","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijggc.2026.104607","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aims to assess the CO₂ storage potential of petroleum fields on the Norwegian Continental Shelf (NCS) using publicly available well and reservoir data. A set of indicators is proposed to infer CO₂ storage capacity, injectivity, remaining production time, and other relevant parameters. The original and enriched data, along with the derived indicators, have been compiled into a database covering 134 Norwegian fields. The total storage capacity indicator is estimated at ∼18 Gt, with 64 % attributed to the ten largest fields and 69 % to gas production.</div><div>The presented approach is simple, transparent, reproducible, and relies solely on open data. It enables screening, highlighting knowledge gaps and key areas for further detailed studies, and consistently comparing candidate reservoirs. The proposed methodology is illustrated by two case studies.</div><div>The findings and data from this study have broader applications, such as hydrogen storage, demonstrating significant potential for further reuse of data from petroleum reservoirs. The data and codes are openly accessible at <span><span>https://github.com/cssr-tools/SubCSeT</span><svg><path></path></svg></span>, and a web application for visualization and screening is available at <span><span>https://subcset-35e143428f88.herokuapp.com</span><svg><path></path></svg></span>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":334,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control","volume":"151 ","pages":"Article 104607"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147400222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dissolution behavior of interacting CO2 microbubbles analyzed using Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian approach","authors":"Takuro Sunouchi ,&nbsp;Tomochika Tokunaga","doi":"10.1016/j.ijggc.2026.104593","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijggc.2026.104593","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>CO₂ microbubble (MBCO₂) injection may broaden the applicability and reduce the injectivity-related risks of carbon capture and storage. However, the MBCO₂ dissolution process is complex and difficult to experimentally quantify. MBCO₂ dissolution was numerically analyzed using the arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) method to quantitatively examine dissolution phenomena, including bubble shrinkage, gas migration between phases, and bubble interference using simulations. A single MBCO₂ quickly dissolves and disappears under bottom-hole conditions. One MBCO₂ with a diameter of 20 or 50 µm disappears in approximately 50 or 260 ms, respectively. This difference in dissolution time arises from increases in interfacial surface area and interfacial CO₂ flux per unit area as the bubble size decreases. Furthermore, sensitivity analyses show that the CO₂ solubility and dissolution rates are slightly lower in saline water (3.5 wt.% salinity), and the dissolution still occurs within tens of milliseconds. The main dissolution behavior of MBCO₂ is robust to various bubble sizes and salinity conditions, suggesting the injection conditions are less prone to drying out. Although bubble interference produces residual CO₂ with a high void ratio, the system reaches CO₂ saturation at a similar speed. The dissolved N₂ and O₂ in the liquid phase has limited effects on CO₂ dissolution. These findings suggest that MBCO₂ injection promotes rapid CO₂ dissolution and effectively increases CO₂ storage efficiency. This study provides quantitative insights into bubble dissolution considering the effects of bubble interference and dissolved gas, which are difficult to experimentally observe.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":334,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control","volume":"151 ","pages":"Article 104593"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147400308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What does it take for large-scale CCS projects to reach final investment decision? Evidence from Porthos in the Netherlands","authors":"Julius Wesche ,&nbsp;Markus Steen","doi":"10.1016/j.ijggc.2026.104590","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijggc.2026.104590","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Porthos project in the port of Rotterdam (Netherlands) is the EU’s first large-scale CO₂ transport and offshore storage system to reach Final Investment Decision (FID), marking a major step toward industrial decarbonization in the EU. Earlier Dutch CCS initiatives, including Barendrecht and the ROAD project, were cancelled or stalled, highlighting persistent challenges related to permitting, public acceptance, policy uncertainty, and business-case formation. This paper provides an empirical analysis of the enabling conditions that allowed Porthos to progress where earlier projects failed. The results show that four factors were decisive for advancing the project. First, a robust climate-policy framework reduced commercial and regulatory uncertainty. Second, a lean governance structure involving state-owned infrastructure firms and a limited group of industrial emitters enabled efficient coordination. Third, early identification of permitting and regulatory constraints, including the Dutch nitrogen ruling, allowed targeted government intervention to sustain project momentum. Fourth, the project benefited from cross-project learning from earlier Dutch CCS efforts, which provided technical knowledge, regulatory templates, and stakeholder-engagement experience, forming what we term <em>project scaffolding</em>. These findings offer practical insights for policymakers, regulators, and project developers seeking to design and support large scale CO₂ transport and storage infrastructure in Europe and beyond.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":334,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control","volume":"151 ","pages":"Article 104590"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147400313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}