Therapeutic Advances in Vaccines and Immunotherapy最新文献

{"title":"Factors associated with tetanus toxoid vaccine utilization among reproductive-age women in Debre Markos town, Ethiopia, 2021: a cross-sectional study.","authors":"Yihunnie Dessie Tamiru, Endalew Gemechu Sendo, Jembere Tesfaye Deressa","doi":"10.1177/25151355241305855","DOIUrl":"10.1177/25151355241305855","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The risk of neonatal tetanus infection will be reduced when the pregnant woman takes two doses of the maternal tetanus toxoid vaccine. In Ethiopia, however, low immunization coverage levels, mostly due to missed opportunities, are a concern. The study's main objective of the study was to assess tetanus toxoid immunization utilization coverage and associated factors among postnatal mothers in Debre Markos town, Ethiopia.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 505 mothers who had given birth in the last 12 months. A two-stage stratified sampling technique was applied, and the The participants were selected using a systematic random sampling technique. Data were entered into EpiData manager version 4.6.0 and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 25 software. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed. Adjusted odds ratios (AORs) at 95% CIs were used to identify factors associated with tetanus toxoid immunization utilization.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The total tetanus vaccine intake (TT+2) doses were 71.2% (95% CI: 67.4-76.2). Mothers who attended primary school (AOR: 0.07, 95% CI: (0.01-0.6)), mothers whose husbands had secondary education (AOR: 0.26, 95% CI: (0.08-0.84)), mothers who attended 2-3 times antenatal care (ANC) visit (AOR: 0.05, 95% CI: (0.01-0.3)), good quality service (AOR: 2.8, 95% CI: (1.05-7.5)), appropriate behavior of health workers (AOR: 6.2, 95% CI: (2.2-18.7)), and who visited health extension workers (AOR: 7.6, 95% CI: (2.3-25.3)) were significantly associated with TT vaccine utilization.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Only three out of four pregnant women received the current TT vaccine during their previous pregnancy. The most influencing factors in TT vaccine utilization were the mother and her husband's low educational level, 2-3 times ANC visits during pregnancy, the standard of healthcare service, the healthcare provider's behavior, and the mother's visits with health extension staff.</p>","PeriodicalId":33285,"journal":{"name":"Therapeutic Advances in Vaccines and Immunotherapy","volume":"12 ","pages":"25151355241305855"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11645717/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142830162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insight into pharmacy students' perspectives on mandatory COVID-19 vaccines in schools and healthcare settings.","authors":"Fahamina Ahmed, Saja Ottallah, Azeem Siddiqui, Candice Smith, Amne Borghol","doi":"10.1177/25151355241303628","DOIUrl":"10.1177/25151355241303628","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The COVID-19 pandemic has had an extreme global impact, transforming our daily lives, educational systems, and healthcare systems. Healthcare workers' views on mandatory vaccination and experience with vaccines may play a pivotal role in vaccination rates and public health policy.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The purpose of this study is to uncover the perspectives of pharmacy students, at Xavier University of Louisiana, concerning COVID-19 vaccination mandates in educational institutions and healthcare environments, specifically the ethical, legal, and logistical dimensions. Furthermore, it will also assess the varying perceptions of vaccine safety and its impact on herd immunity while analyzing demographic characteristics.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>A questionnaire survey.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study was conducted among students at Xavier University of Louisiana College of Pharmacy. Data were collected from the students using an online, anonymous questionnaire system named Qualtrics^XM. The survey was distributed to all 291 XULACOP students through email, text message, and GroupMe as a web link or QR code from August 25th to August 31st, 2023. Demographic data collected in the survey included age range, gender, and race/ethnicity. The 16-question survey assessed the students' understanding, opinions, and experiences regarding COVID-19 vaccines and mandates.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study sample included 151 students, reflecting a 52% response rate. Approximately, half of the study respondents believe the vaccine should be mandatory for the public, which was associated with opinions about students believing COVID-19 vaccines should be mandatory for school admissions were seven times more likely (OR = 7.33) and students believing mandatory vaccination infringes on personal freedom were 26% less likely (OR = 0.26) to support mandatory COVID-19 vaccines for the public(<i>p</i> = 0.000). When analyzing demographic characteristics, there was a significant difference in outcome between Black and non-Black students in their belief about mandatory vaccination for herd immunity (<i>p</i> = 0.016).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The findings of this study indicate that half of the students support making the vaccine mandatory for the public. However, significant concerns about personal freedom and individual rights were expressed by those who opposed this view. Varying pharmacy student opinions among demographic groups on vaccine mandates and understanding the factors influencing these differences can offer valuable insights into public health policy.</p>","PeriodicalId":33285,"journal":{"name":"Therapeutic Advances in Vaccines and Immunotherapy","volume":"12 ","pages":"25151355241303628"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11624546/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142802260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Timeliness and coverage of childhood vaccination in the Philippines: evaluating delays and disparities in immunization uptake.","authors":"Jeff Clyde G Corpuz","doi":"10.1177/25151355241305848","DOIUrl":"10.1177/25151355241305848","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":33285,"journal":{"name":"Therapeutic Advances in Vaccines and Immunotherapy","volume":"12 ","pages":"25151355241305848"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11625405/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142802268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing Tdap vaccine uptake: key insights for Filipino maternal health.","authors":"John Patrick C Toledo","doi":"10.1177/25151355241303631","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/25151355241303631","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":33285,"journal":{"name":"Therapeutic Advances in Vaccines and Immunotherapy","volume":"12 ","pages":"25151355241303631"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11608444/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142772510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pediatric asthma and COVID-19 vaccination: unveiling patterns of hesitancy and acceptance.","authors":"Marzieh Tavakol, Saber Gharagozlou, Mohammad Abbasi, Zahra Zamani, Mohammad Gharagozlou","doi":"10.1177/25151355241297874","DOIUrl":"10.1177/25151355241297874","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The global COVID-19 pandemic, declared in January 2020, necessitated urgent preventive measures, with vaccination as a key strategy. Despite progress in vaccine development and distribution, widespread hesitancy persists, impeding global disease control efforts. This study specifically explores COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and acceptance among Iranian children with asthma, aiming to understand factors unique to this subgroup.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A cross-sectional investigation was carried out in an allergy clinic in Iran, including a total of 522 asthmatic children between the ages of 5 and 18 years. A comprehensive questionnaire, built upon previous studies, investigated the factors that influence vaccine hesitation and acceptance. Data pertaining to demographics, vaccination status, and factors influencing hesitancy or acceptance were collected.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among the participants, 27.5% were administered the COVID-19 vaccine. Decisions were greatly influenced by family dynamics, with a notable association between parent and child vaccination. Children's vaccination rates were associated with their age and the frequency of COVID-19 diagnosis among their parents. The primary factors motivating individuals to get vaccinated were safety concerns (67.1%) and a strong belief in the severity of COVID-19 (43.4%). On the other hand, vaccine hesitancy resulted from concerns about potential adverse effects (77%), lack of confidence (28.3%), and a belief that children who had already contracted COVID-19 did not require vaccination (22.5%).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study highlights COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and acceptance among asthmatic children in Iran, emphasizing parental decision-making factors. Tailored interventions are required due to the lower vaccination rate in this specific group. Healthcare providers play a vital role in influencing opinions, urging actions against misinformation, enhancing vaccine understanding, and promoting positive attitudes.</p>","PeriodicalId":33285,"journal":{"name":"Therapeutic Advances in Vaccines and Immunotherapy","volume":"12 ","pages":"25151355241297874"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11561997/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142629546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mapping changes in the utilization of childhood immunization over 5 years in a south Indian tertiary care hospital.","authors":"Merrin Mathew, Savitha Rajapur Sanathan, Juny Sebastian, Mandyam Dhati Ravi, Taniya Joy, Rovin Mathew Theempalangad, Panchaksharappa Gowda","doi":"10.1177/25151355241287705","DOIUrl":"10.1177/25151355241287705","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Altered vaccine demands and uneven utilization patterns in childhood immunization are evident nationwide. These variabilities may stem from a range of internal and external factors influencing parental preferences. Regular checks and balances are necessary to ensure equal accessibility for all sections of society.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To assess the usage trends of childhood vaccines for 5 years (2018-2022) and to monitor instances of delayed/incomplete immunization status within the community.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>This study recorded the utilization trends of all recommended childhood vaccines over a 5-year period using an ambispective design. The immunization details from 3 years (2018, 2019 and 2020) were retrieved retrospectively, while those from 2 years (2021-2022) were collected prospectively through the immunization registry. Trends in childhood vaccine utilization were recorded across different years, and delays and incomplete vaccine utilization among children, along with factors resulting in deviated immunization timelines, were analysed and compared. The association of factors with deviated immunization utilization was determined using the chi-square test, and a two-way ANOVA analysed utilization variabilities over 5 years.</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>Overall, the study profiled 32,085 children's (who utilized 87,782 vaccine doses) vaccine utilization pattern for 5 years. Optional vaccines were less utilized (18.12% doses by 25.14% children) compared to mandatory vaccines (81.88% doses utilized by 74.86%). The most utilized mandatory vaccine was oral polio (17.48%) and for optional vaccines, it was measles mumps rubella (MMR; 28.31%). Boys had the highest utilization (55.97%) with a significant male preponderance in optional vaccine utilization (<i>p</i> value <0.05). Overall, there was a 26.12% decline (percent change) in vaccine utilization in 2022 compared to 2018. Among children with delayed immunization timelines (6.02%), 3.38% were on catch-up, and 2.45% were not. The most commonly delayed vaccines were diphtheria + tetanus + pertussis boosters (30.90%), Tdap (26.19%) and MMR vaccines (20.65%). Influenza vaccines (28.08%) were the most partially utilized optional vaccine, followed by varicella vaccines (20.92%). Factors such as gender (female), age over 1 year, rural residence and low- to middle-income families were significant predictors of deviated immunization status in children.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study mapped the utilization trends of immunizations at a tertiary care hospital in south India over the past 5 years, including the COVID-19 years. Gender inequality in the utilization of optional vaccines is a concern that warrants further research and redressal. Timely administration of childhood vaccinations is crucial for reducing susceptibility to vaccine-preventable diseases and promoting overall well-being.</p>","PeriodicalId":33285,"journal":{"name":"Therapeutic Advances in Vaccines and Immunotherapy","volume":"12 ","pages":"25151355241287705"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11528648/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142569778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"COVID-19 vaccination in children aged 5-11: a systematic review of parental barriers and facilitators in Western countries.","authors":"Stephanie A Davey, Daniel Gaffiero","doi":"10.1177/25151355241288115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/25151355241288115","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Parental decision-making regarding vaccination, particularly for coronavirus-19 (COVID-19) where significant debate surrounds children aged 5-11, is influenced by various factors. Understanding the motivations behind parents' vaccination choices for their children is crucial for maintaining vaccine uptake, in line with the National Health Service United Kingdom vaccination strategy.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The present systematic review aims to identify the barriers and facilitators affecting parents' decisions to vaccinate children aged 5-11 against COVID-19 in Western countries.</p><p><strong>Data sources and methods: </strong>The first search was conducted using PsychINFO, MEDLINE and Google Scholar in June 2023 with an additional follow-up search a year later in June 2024 for full-text papers focusing on COVID-19 vaccine decision-making among parents or caregivers of children aged 5-11. The language of the included studies was set as English and originating from Western countries specifically examining barriers and facilitators to COVID-19 vaccination, excluding children with chronic conditions. The risk of bias was independently assessed by both authors using the JBI Checklist for Prevalence Studies, with disagreements resolved through discussion.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of four cross-sectional questionnaire studies involving a total of 5,812 participants from Western countries (the United States and Europe) were included in the present review. Only 46.35% of parents intended to vaccinate their children aged 5-11 against COVID-19. The primary barriers identified were concerns about side effects and distrust in institutions. Key facilitators included recommendations from healthcare professionals and parents' own COVID-19 vaccination status. Demographic factors including ethnicity and gender showed mixed influence.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Persistent concerns about side effects and institutional distrust have reduced parental intention to vaccinate their children. However, healthcare professionals play an important role in increasing vaccine uptake through recommendations to their patients. Future interventions should focus on equipping healthcare professionals with the necessary tools to effectively promote vaccination and address parental concerns about side effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":33285,"journal":{"name":"Therapeutic Advances in Vaccines and Immunotherapy","volume":"12 ","pages":"25151355241288115"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11483841/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142476427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predictors of Tdap vaccine acceptance in pregnancy before and after delivery.","authors":"David Toubiyan, Joshua Fogel, Allan J Jacobs","doi":"10.1177/25151355241287689","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/25151355241287689","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Tdap vaccine receipt in the immediate postpartum period has not been well studied.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>We study factors associated with Tdap vaccine receipt during both pregnancy and the immediate postpartum period.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Retrospective study of 2844 pregnant patients that delivered.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Factors from demographics, medical history, previous obstetric history, prenatal care, and previous vaccination history were included.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>39.7% of patients received the Tdap vaccine, 39.5% received the Tdap vaccine prior to delivery, and 20.8% received the Tdap vaccine between delivery and discharge. Increased age (relative risk ratio (RRR): 0.98, 95% CI: 0.96, 0.99, <i>p</i> = 0.01) and lower number of prenatal care visits of fewer than 11 (RRR: 0.51, 95% CI: 0.41, 0.64, <i>p</i> < 0.001) were associated with decreased likelihood of vaccine receipt before delivery. Spanish language (before: RRR: 2.35, 95% CI: 1.69, 3.25, <i>p</i> < 0.001; after: RRR: 1.68, 95% CI: 1.13, 2.49, <i>p</i> = 0.01) and South Asian languages (before: RRR: 1.55, 95% CI: 1.03, 2.32, <i>p</i> = 0.04; after: RRR: 1.69, 95% CI: 1.06, 2.69, <i>p</i> = 0.03) had similar patterns for increased likelihood of Tdap vaccine receipt before and after delivery. Race/ethnicity of Hispanic (RRR:1.84, 95% CI: 1.31, 2.59, <i>p</i> = 0.001), Asian (RRR:1.65, 95% CI: 1.22, 2.22, <i>p</i> = 0.001), and receipt of influenza vaccine during current pregnancy (RRR: 1.58, 95% CI: 1.31, 1.91, <i>p</i> < 0.001) were associated with increased likelihood before delivery.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Prenatal Tdap vaccination is the best way to prevent infection with <i>B. pertussis</i>. Postpartum Tdap vaccination provides some protection for those declining prenatal vaccination. We recommend that clinicians recognize that there are different patterns for Tdap vaccine receipt before and after delivery and tailor Tdap vaccine counseling based on these patterns.</p>","PeriodicalId":33285,"journal":{"name":"Therapeutic Advances in Vaccines and Immunotherapy","volume":"12 ","pages":"25151355241287689"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11472253/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142476429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vaccine skepticism and vaccine development stages; inoculation from \"cowpox\" lesion to the current mRNA vaccine of COVID-19: review.","authors":"Chernet Tafere, Desalegn Getnet Demsie, Bereket Bahiru Tefera, Adane Yehualaw, Kebede Feyisa, Malede Berihun Yismaw, Ashagrachew Tewabe Yayehrad","doi":"10.1177/25151355241288135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/25151355241288135","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Global pandemics can be tackled by two means: lockdowns and vaccinations. As vaccination has a low impact on economic outcomes and better acceptance by people, it is the preferred method by most governments as a medium- to long-term solution. Vaccines have played a significant role in reducing the global burden of infectious diseases. They are designed to teach the immune system how to fight a particular infection before it causes a disease in subsequent exposures by creating a memory. Although vaccines effectiveness is well known, anti-vaccination movements pose significant challenges, even in high-income settings, leading to outbreaks of life-threatening infectious diseases. Hesitancy to take vaccines is not new and began with the first vaccination of smallpox. At that time, the problem was solved by a regulatory obligation to take vaccines, declared in England and Wales in 1853, which eventually led to its eradication in 1980. Different studies show that there is a decline in awareness of vaccines, hesitancy to take them, and concerns and trust issues regarding healthcare professionals. These problems have been rising over the past few decades for several reasons, notably, because of misinformation spread by social media. Therefore, the objective of this review is to provide a brief overview about vaccine hesitancy and attributable factors, illustrate the different types of vaccines, show the major challenges of vaccine development, and illustrate the pros and cons of each type.</p>","PeriodicalId":33285,"journal":{"name":"Therapeutic Advances in Vaccines and Immunotherapy","volume":"12 ","pages":"25151355241288135"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11471007/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142476430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multiple myeloma and the potential of new checkpoint inhibitors for immunotherapy.","authors":"Ali N Kamali, Haleh Hamedifar, Michael Eisenhut, Jose M Bautista","doi":"10.1177/25151355241288453","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/25151355241288453","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Multiple myeloma (MM), a cancer of the bone marrow, is categorized as the second most common hematological malignancy of adults in the Western world. Despite dramatic improvements in immunotherapies in the field of cancers, MM immunotherapy has not been promising until now. Recent clinical studies of immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy, either alone or in combination with anticancer drugs, showed excessive side effects or low efficacy, particularly in advanced MM patients. In this context, lymphocyte levels of exhaustion markers play a pivotal role in the MM tumor microenvironment (TME). Hence in the present review, the mechanisms relevant to MM of five inhibitory molecules including T-cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains (TIGIT), T-cell immunoglobulin, and mucin domain 3 (Tim-3), lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3), V-domain Ig Suppressor of T-cell activation and killer immunoglobulin-like receptors along with bispecific T-cell antibodies (BsAbs) will be discussed. Further, we summarized the underlying biology of these checkpoints in cancer and their rapidly emerging role in pathways in MM along with presenting recent clinical trials in context.</p>","PeriodicalId":33285,"journal":{"name":"Therapeutic Advances in Vaccines and Immunotherapy","volume":"12 ","pages":"25151355241288453"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11467827/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142476428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}