Journal of Cognition最新文献_第6页

Two Attentional Processes Subserving Working Memory Differentiate Gifted and Mainstream Students 两种服务于工作记忆的注意过程区分了资优学生和主流学生

Journal of Cognition Pub Date : 2024-05-23 DOI: 10.5334/joc.370

Janice Johnson, Steven J. Howard, J. Pascual-Leone

引用次数: 0

Putting the Spotlight Back Onto the Flanker Task in Autism: Autistic Adults Show Increased Interference from Foils Compared with Non-autistic Adults 重新关注自闭症患者的侧翼任务：与非自闭症成人相比，自闭症成人受到的箔片干扰更多

Journal of Cognition Pub Date : 2024-05-23 DOI: 10.5334/joc.369

Daniel Poole, James A. Grange, Elizabeth Milne

{"title":"Putting the Spotlight Back Onto the Flanker Task in Autism: Autistic Adults Show Increased Interference from Foils Compared with Non-autistic Adults","authors":"Daniel Poole, James A. Grange, Elizabeth Milne","doi":"10.5334/joc.369","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/joc.369","url":null,"abstract":"Autistic people may have a less focused spotlight of spatial selective attention than non-autistic people, meaning that distracting stimuli are less effectively suppressed. Previous studies using the flanker task have supported this suggestion with observations of increased congruency effects in autistic participants. However, findings across studies have been mixed, mainly based on research in children and on response time measures, which may be influenced by differences in response strategy between autistic and non-autistic people rather than differences in selective attention. In this pre-registered study, 153 autistic and 147 non-autistic adults completed an online flanker task. The aims of this study were to test whether increased congruency effects replicate in autistic adults and to extend previous work by fitting a computational model of spatial selective attention on the flanker task to the data. Congruency effects were increased in the autistic group. The modelling revealed that the interference time from the foils was increased in the autistic group. This suggests that the activation of the foils was increased, meaning suppression was less effective for autistic participants. There were also differences in non-interference parameters between the groups. The estimate of response caution was increased in the autistic group and the estimate of perceptual efficiency was decreased. Together these findings suggest inefficient suppression, response strategy and perceptual processing all contribute to differences in performance on the flanker task between autistic and non-autistic people.","PeriodicalId":32728,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognition","volume":"18 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141107107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Interindividual Differences in Cognitive Variability Are Ubiquitous and Distinct From Mean Performance in a Battery of Eleven Tasks 认知变异性的个体间差异无处不在，且与十一项任务的平均成绩不同

Journal of Cognition Pub Date : 2024-05-21 DOI: 10.5334/joc.371

N. Judd, Michael Aristodemou, T. Klingberg, R. Kievit

引用次数: 0

When Load is Low, Working Memory is Shielded From Long-Term Memory’s Influence 负荷低时，工作记忆不受长时记忆的影响

Journal of Cognition Pub Date : 2024-05-15 DOI: 10.5334/joc.368

L. Bartsch, Gidon T. Frischkorn, P. Shepherdson

{"title":"When Load is Low, Working Memory is Shielded From Long-Term Memory’s Influence","authors":"L. Bartsch, Gidon T. Frischkorn, P. Shepherdson","doi":"10.5334/joc.368","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/joc.368","url":null,"abstract":"Previous studies found that episodic long-term memory (eLTM) enhances working memory (WM) performance when both novel and previously learnt word pairs must be retained on a short-term basis. However, there is uncertainty regarding how and when WM draws on eLTM. Three possibilities are (a) that people draw on eLTM only if WM capacity is exceeded; (b) that there is always a contribution of eLTM to WM performance, irrespective of whether prior knowledge is helpful or not; or (c) benefits of prior knowledge are specific to comparisons between conditions which are similarly ambiguous concerning whether LTM may be useful. We built on the assumption that under conditions of a contribution from LTM, these LTM traces of memoranda could benefit or hamper performance in WM tasks depending on the match between the traces stored in LTM and the ones to-be stored in WM in the current trial, yielding proactive facilitation (PF) and proactive interference (PI), respectively. Across four experiments, we familiarized participants with some items before they completed a separate WM task. In accordance with possibility (a) we show that there are indeed conditions in which only WM contributes to performance. Performance deteriorated with the addition of stimuli from eLTM when WM load was low, but not when it was high; and an exchange of information between LTM and WM occurred only when WM capacity was exceeded, with PI and PF effects affecting immediate memory performance in verbal and visual tasks only at higher set sizes.","PeriodicalId":32728,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognition","volume":"12 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140976707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

I Won’t Forget to Do It If It’s Important: A Multinomial Processing Tree Analysis of Social Importance and Monetary Reward on Event-Based Prospective Memory 如果重要，我就不会忘记：社会重要性和金钱奖励对基于事件的前瞻性记忆的多叉处理树分析

Journal of Cognition Pub Date : 2024-05-15 DOI: 10.5334/joc.367

Geoffrey Blondelle, V. Quaglino, Y. Gounden, Anais Dethoor, Harmony Duclos, Mathieu Hainselin

{"title":"I Won’t Forget to Do It If It’s Important: A Multinomial Processing Tree Analysis of Social Importance and Monetary Reward on Event-Based Prospective Memory","authors":"Geoffrey Blondelle, V. Quaglino, Y. Gounden, Anais Dethoor, Harmony Duclos, Mathieu Hainselin","doi":"10.5334/joc.367","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/joc.367","url":null,"abstract":"While previous research has suggested that prospective memory may be enhanced by providing a social motive (i.e., social importance) or by promising a monetary reward for successful performance, to the best of our knowledge, the underlying mechanisms responsible for these effects are still largely unexplored. In a sample of 96 younger adults, this study investigated how social importance and promising a monetary reward influence the prospective component and the retrospective component of event-based prospective memory separately, with the application of a multinomial modeling approach. Results revealed enhanced prospective memory performance for all importance conditions compared to a standard condition. This improvement was characterized by an increased allocation of resource-demanding attentional processes in performing the prospective memory task at the expense of the ongoing task without an increase in the perceived importance of the prospective memory task. The model-based analyses showed that the beneficial effects of importance arise from an increased engagement of the prospective component, leaving the estimates for the retrospective component unaffected.","PeriodicalId":32728,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognition","volume":"11 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140974904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Baseline Pupil Size Seems Unrelated to Fluid Intelligence, Working Memory Capacity, and Attentional Control. 基线瞳孔大小似乎与流体智力、工作记忆能力和注意力控制无关。

Journal of Cognition Pub Date : 2024-05-10 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.5334/joc.365

Veera Ruuskanen, Thomas Hagen, Thomas Espeseth, Sebastiaan Mathôt

{"title":"Baseline Pupil Size Seems Unrelated to Fluid Intelligence, Working Memory Capacity, and Attentional Control.","authors":"Veera Ruuskanen, Thomas Hagen, Thomas Espeseth, Sebastiaan Mathôt","doi":"10.5334/joc.365","DOIUrl":"10.5334/joc.365","url":null,"abstract":"Over the past few years, several studies have explored the relationship between resting-state baseline pupil size and cognitive abilities, including fluid intelligence, working memory capacity, and attentional control. However, the results have been inconsistent. Here we present the findings from two experiments designed to replicate and expand previous research, with the aim of clarifying previous mixed findings. In both experiments, we measured baseline pupil size while participants were not engaged in any tasks, and assessed fluid intelligence using a matrix task. In one experiment we also measured working memory capacity (letter-number-sequencing task) and attentional control (attentional-capture task). We controlled for several personal and demographic variables known to influence pupil size, such as age and nicotine consumption. Our analyses revealed no relationship between resting-state pupil size (average or variability) and any of the measured constructs, neither before nor after controlling for confounding variables. Taken together, our results suggest that any relationship between resting-state pupil size and cognitive abilities is likely to be weak or non-existent.","PeriodicalId":32728,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognition","volume":"7 1","pages":"41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11086595/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140912862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Statistical Relationships Between Phonological Form, Emotional Valence and Arousal of Spanish Words. 西班牙语单词的语音形式、情感价值和唤醒之间的统计关系。

Journal of Cognition Pub Date : 2024-05-10 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.5334/joc.366

Greig I de Zubicaray, José A Hinojosa

引用次数: 0

Semantic and Syntactic Predictions in Reading Aloud: Are Good Predictors Good Statistical Learners? 朗读中的语义和句法预测：好的预测者是好的统计学习者吗？

Journal of Cognition Pub Date : 2024-05-09 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.5334/joc.363

Elisa Gavard, Johannes C Ziegler

{"title":"Semantic and Syntactic Predictions in Reading Aloud: Are Good Predictors Good Statistical Learners?","authors":"Elisa Gavard, Johannes C Ziegler","doi":"10.5334/joc.363","DOIUrl":"10.5334/joc.363","url":null,"abstract":"Recent research suggests that becoming a fluent reader may partially rely on a domain-general statistical learning (SL) mechanism that allows a person to automatically extract predictable patterns from the sensory input. The goal of the present study was to investigate a potential link between SL and the ability to make linguistic predictions. All previous studies investigated quite general levels of reading ability rather than the dynamic process of making linguistic predictions. We thus used a recently developed predictive reading task, which consisted of having participants read aloud words that were preceded by either semantically or syntactically predictive contexts. To measure the componential nature of SL, we used a visual and an auditory SL task (VSL, ASL) and the classic serial reaction time task (SRT). General reading ability was assessed with a reading speed/comprehension test. The study was conducted online on a sample of 120 participants to make it possible to explore interindividual differences. The results showed only weak and sometimes even negative correlations between the various SL measures. ASL correlated positively and predicted general reading ability but neither semantic nor syntactic prediction effects. Similarly, one of the SRT measures was significantly associated with reading level and reading speed but not with linguistic prediction effects. In sum, there is little evidence that domain-general SL is a good predictor of people's ability to make domain-specific linguistic predictions. In contrast, SL shows a weak but significant association with general reading ability.","PeriodicalId":32728,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognition","volume":"7 1","pages":"40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11086592/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140912836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Just-in-Time Encoding Into Visual Working Memory Is Contingent Upon Constant Availability of External Information. 及时编码进入视觉工作记忆取决于外部信息的持续可用性

Journal of Cognition Pub Date : 2024-05-03 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.5334/joc.364

Alex J Hoogerbrugge, Christoph Strauch, Sanne Böing, Tanja C W Nijboer, Stefan Van der Stigchel

{"title":"Just-in-Time Encoding Into Visual Working Memory Is Contingent Upon Constant Availability of External Information.","authors":"Alex J Hoogerbrugge, Christoph Strauch, Sanne Böing, Tanja C W Nijboer, Stefan Van der Stigchel","doi":"10.5334/joc.364","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/joc.364","url":null,"abstract":"Humans maintain an intricate balance between storing information in visual working memory (VWM) and just-in-time sampling of the external world, rooted in a trade-off between the cost of maintaining items in VWM versus retrieving information as it is needed. Previous studies have consistently shown that one prerequisite of just-in-time sampling is a high degree of availability of external information, and that introducing a delay before being able to access information led participants to rely less on the external world and more on VWM. However, these studies manipulated availability in such a manner that the cost of sampling was stable and predictable. It is yet unclear whether participants become less reliant on external information when it is more difficult to factor in the cost of sampling that information. In two experiments, participants copied an example layout from the left to the right side of the screen. In Experiment 1, intermittent occlusion of the example layout led participants to attempt to encode more items per inspection than when the layout was constantly available, but this did not consistently result in more correct placements. However, these findings could potentially be explained by inherent differences in how long the example layout could be viewed. Therefore in Experiment 2, the example layout only became available after a gaze-contingent delay, which could be constant or variable. Here, the introduction of any delay led to increased VWM load compared to no delay, although the degree of variability in the delay did not alter behaviour. These results reaffirm that the nature of when we engage VWM is dynamical, and suggest that any disruption to the continuous availability of external information is the main driver of increased VWM usage relative to whether availability is predictable or not.","PeriodicalId":32728,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognition","volume":"7 1","pages":"39"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11067970/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140869646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Lexical Feedback in the Time-Invariant String Kernel (TISK) Model of Spoken Word Recognition. 时间不变字符串内核（TISK）口语词汇识别模型中的词汇反馈。

Journal of Cognition Pub Date : 2024-04-26 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.5334/joc.362

James S Magnuson, Heejo You, Thomas Hannagan

{"title":"Lexical Feedback in the Time-Invariant String Kernel (TISK) Model of Spoken Word Recognition.","authors":"James S Magnuson, Heejo You, Thomas Hannagan","doi":"10.5334/joc.362","DOIUrl":"10.5334/joc.362","url":null,"abstract":"The Time-Invariant String Kernel (TISK) model of spoken word recognition (Hannagan, Magnuson & Grainger, 2013; You & Magnuson, 2018) is an interactive activation model with many similarities to TRACE (McClelland & Elman, 1986). However, by replacing most time-specific nodes in TRACE with time-invariant open-diphone nodes, TISK uses orders of magnitude fewer nodes and connections than TRACE. Although TISK performed remarkably similarly to TRACE in simulations reported by Hannagan et al., the original TISK implementation did not include lexical feedback, precluding simulation of top-down effects, and leaving open the possibility that adding feedback to TISK might fundamentally alter its performance. Here, we demonstrate that when lexical feedback is added to TISK, it gains the ability to simulate top-down effects without losing the ability to simulate the fundamental phenomena tested by Hannagan et al. Furthermore, with feedback, TISK demonstrates graceful degradation when noise is added to input, although parameters can be found that also promote (less) graceful degradation without feedback. We review arguments for and against feedback in cognitive architectures, and conclude that feedback provides a computationally efficient basis for robust constraint-based processing.","PeriodicalId":32728,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognition","volume":"7 1","pages":"38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11049678/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140865272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0