Journal of Cognition最新文献_第10页

The Intensity of Internal and External Attention Assessed with Pupillometry 用瞳孔测量法评估内外注意力的强度

Journal of Cognition Pub Date : 2024-01-09 DOI: 10.5334/joc.336

Damian Koevoet, M. Naber, Christoph Strauch, Stefan Van der Stigchel

{"title":"The Intensity of Internal and External Attention Assessed with Pupillometry","authors":"Damian Koevoet, M. Naber, Christoph Strauch, Stefan Van der Stigchel","doi":"10.5334/joc.336","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/joc.336","url":null,"abstract":"Not only is visual attention shifted to objects in the external world, attention can also be directed to objects in memory. We have recently shown that pupil size indexes how strongly items are attended externally, which was reflected in more precise encoding into visual working memory. Using a retro-cuing paradigm, we here replicated this finding by showing that stronger pupil constrictions during encoding were reflective of the depth of encoding. Importantly, we extend this previous work by showing that pupil size also revealed the intensity of internal attention toward content stored in visual working memory. Specifically, pupil dilation during the prioritization of one among multiple internally stored representations predicted the precision of the prioritized item. Furthermore, the dynamics of the pupillary responses revealed that the intensity of internal and external attention independently determined the precision of internalized visual representations. Our results show that both internal and external attention are not all-or-none processes, but should rather be thought of as continuous resources that can be deployed at varying intensities. The employed pupillometric approach allows to unravel the intricate interplay between internal and external attention and their effects on visual working memory.","PeriodicalId":32728,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognition","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139443701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Language Analytic Ability, Print Exposure, Memory and Comprehension of Complex Syntax by Adult Native Speakers 成年母语使用者的语言分析能力、印刷接触、记忆力和对复杂句法的理解能力

Journal of Cognition Pub Date : 2024-01-09 DOI: 10.5334/joc.333

Elodie Winckel, Ewa Dąbrowska

{"title":"Language Analytic Ability, Print Exposure, Memory and Comprehension of Complex Syntax by Adult Native Speakers","authors":"Elodie Winckel, Ewa Dąbrowska","doi":"10.5334/joc.333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/joc.333","url":null,"abstract":"Nativist theories of language development assume that all native speakers of a particular language ultimately converge on (more or less) the same grammar, and argue that this is only possible because they are born with a genetic blueprint for language. However, a number of recent studies have found that there are, in fact, considerable individual differences in adult native speakers’ grammatical attainment. In this study, we examine some possible reasons for these differences. We examine both learner internal cognitive factors (implicit and explicit memory for sequences, non-verbal working memory, and language analytic ability) as well as an experiential factor (print exposure). In contrast to many earlier studies which focused on the temporal aspects of language processing, we are interested in the extent to which individuals are able to use grammatical cues to extract meaning from complex sentences. To minimize the effect of performance factors, sentences remained on screen while participants responded to comprehension questions (thus easing working memory load) and participants were given as much time as they needed to respond. Our findings revealed large effects of language analytic ability and print exposure, and a much smaller effect of implicit learning. While the effect of implicit learning fits in well with current theories of language acquisition and processing, the first two findings do not. The strong relationship between print exposure and comprehension suggests that the ability to process complex syntax may depend on a particular type of language experience which is not available to all speakers. Finally, the effect of language analytic ability challenges the wide-held conviction that the ability to identify and explicitly reason about linguistic patterns is only relevant in adult second language learning.","PeriodicalId":32728,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognition","volume":"19 17","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139443423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Mini-ACE: Validation Study Among Older People in Long-Term Care 迷你ACE：长期护理老年人验证研究

Journal of Cognition Pub Date : 2024-01-09 DOI: 10.5334/joc.330

A. Grasina, H. Espírito-Santo, L. Lemos, Maria Manuela Vilar, Luís Simões-Cunha, Fernanda Daniel

{"title":"Mini-ACE: Validation Study Among Older People in Long-Term Care","authors":"A. Grasina, H. Espírito-Santo, L. Lemos, Maria Manuela Vilar, Luís Simões-Cunha, Fernanda Daniel","doi":"10.5334/joc.330","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/joc.330","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The Mini-Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination (M-ACE) is a valid and reliable tool that accurately differentiates various types of cognitive impairment from Normal-cognition assessed in multiple settings. However, its validity among older individuals in long-term care (LTC) was not yet established. Therefore, we sought to assess the Portuguese M-ACE’s validity, reliability, and accuracy in detecting cognitive impairment no-dementia (CIND) in LTC users. Methods: A comprehensive assessment was performed on 196 LTC Portuguese users aged ≥ 60 years, among whom 71 had Normal-cognition, and 125 had CIND. Results: The M-ACE was found to be reliable (McDonald’s ω = .86, Cronbach’s α = .85) and consistent over time (r = .72; ICC = .83) and between raters (k = .92). Strong correlations with related measures supported construct validity (both r = .67). The M-ACE accurately distinguished CIND from Normal-cognition with a cut-off of 17 points (AUC = 0.81, Sensitivity = 81.7%, Specificity = 74.4%). Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the Portuguese M-ACE is a valid and reliable cognitive assessment tool for LTC users, allowing for accurate differentiation between CIND and Normal-cognition. Thus, the M-ACE’s use could contribute to the early detection and intervention of cognitive disorders, especially among older adults in LTC.","PeriodicalId":32728,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognition","volume":"16 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139444028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Visual Intuitions in the Absence of Visual Experience: The Role of Direct Experience in Concreteness and Imageability Judgements 缺乏视觉经验时的视觉直觉：直接经验在具体性和形象性判断中的作用

Journal of Cognition Pub Date : 2024-01-09 DOI: 10.5334/joc.328

M. Petilli, Marco Marelli

{"title":"Visual Intuitions in the Absence of Visual Experience: The Role of Direct Experience in Concreteness and Imageability Judgements","authors":"M. Petilli, Marco Marelli","doi":"10.5334/joc.328","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/joc.328","url":null,"abstract":"The strongest formulations of grounded cognition assume that perceptual intuitions about concepts involve the re-activation of sensorimotor experience we have made with their referents in the world. Within this framework, concreteness and imageability ratings are indeed of crucial importance by operationalising the amount of perceptual interaction we have made with objects. Here we tested such an assumption by asking whether visual intuitions about concepts are provided accurately even when direct visual experience is absent. To this aim, we considered concreteness and imageability intuitions in blind people and tested whether these judgments are predicted by Image-based Frequency (IF, i.e. a data-driven estimate approximating the availability of the word referent in the visual environment). Results indicated that IF predicts perceptual intuitions with a larger extent in sighted compared to blind individuals, thus suggesting a role of direct experience in shaping our judgements. However, the effect of IF was significant not only in sighted but also in blind individuals. This indicates that having direct visual experience with objects does not play a critical role in making them concrete and imageable in a person’s intuitions: people do not need visual experience to develop intuition about the availability of things in the external visual environment and use this intuition to inform concreteness/imageability judgments. Our findings fit closely the idea that perceptual judgments are the outcome of introspection/abstraction tasks invoking high-level conceptual knowledge that is not necessarily acquired via direct perceptual experience.","PeriodicalId":32728,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognition","volume":"13 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139443940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Negative Space: An Alternative Framework for Archaeoacoustics 负空间：考古声学的另一种框架

Journal of Cognition Pub Date : 2024-01-09 DOI: 10.5334/joc.331

Victoria Anh-Vy Pham, Roland Fletcher

引用次数: 0

High-dimensional Metaverse Platforms and the Virtually Extended Self 高维元宇宙平台与虚拟扩展的自我

Journal of Cognition Pub Date : 2024-01-09 DOI: 10.5334/joc.327

Thomas D. Parsons

{"title":"High-dimensional Metaverse Platforms and the Virtually Extended Self","authors":"Thomas D. Parsons","doi":"10.5334/joc.327","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/joc.327","url":null,"abstract":"The study of cognition has traditionally used low-dimensional measures and stimulus presentations that emphasize laboratory control over high-dimensional (i.e., ecologically valid) tools that reflect the activities and interactions in everyday living. Although controlled experimental presentations in laboratories have enhanced our understanding of cognition for both healthy and clinical cohorts, high dimensionality may extend reality and cognition. High-dimensional Metaverse approaches use extended reality (XR) platforms with dynamic stimulus presentations that couple humans and simulation technologies to extend cognition. The plan for this paper is as follows: The “Extending from low to high-dimensional studies of cognition” section discusses current needs for high-dimensional stimulus presentations that reflect everyday cognitive activities. In the “Algorithmic devices and digital extension of cognition” section, technologies of the extended mind are introduced with the Metaverse as a candidate cognitive process for extension. Next, in the “A neurocognitive framework for understanding technologies of the extended mind” section, a framework and model are proposed for understanding the neural correlates of human technology couplings in terms of automatic algorithmic processes (limbic-ventral striatal loop); reflective cognition (prefrontal-dorsal striatal loop); and algorithmic processing (insular cortex). The algorithmic processes of human-technology interactions can, over time, become an automated and algorithmic coupling of brain and technology. The manuscript ends with a brief summary and discussion of the ways in which the Metaverse can be used for studying how persons respond to high-dimensional stimuli in simulations that approximate real-world activities and interactions.","PeriodicalId":32728,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognition","volume":"44 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139442487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Processing of Synonyms and Homographs in Bilingual and Monolingual Speakers 双语和单语使用者对同义词和同形词的处理

Journal of Cognition Pub Date : 2024-01-09 DOI: 10.5334/joc.329

Clara D. Martin, Romain Pastureau, Emilia Kerr, Angela de Bruin

引用次数: 0

Allocation of Space-Based Attention is Guided by Efficient Comprehension of Spatial Direction 空间方向的有效理解引导了基于空间的注意力分配

Journal of Cognition Pub Date : 2024-01-08 DOI: 10.5334/joc.325

Adam J. Barnas, Natalie C. Ebner, Steven M. Weisberg

{"title":"Allocation of Space-Based Attention is Guided by Efficient Comprehension of Spatial Direction","authors":"Adam J. Barnas, Natalie C. Ebner, Steven M. Weisberg","doi":"10.5334/joc.325","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/joc.325","url":null,"abstract":"Spatial navigation is supported by visual cues (e.g., scenes, schemas like arrows, and words) that must be comprehended quickly to facilitate effective transit. People comprehend spatial directions faster from schemas and words than scenes. We hypothesize that this occurs because schemas and words efficiently engage space-based attention, allowing for less costly computations. Here, participants completed a spatial cueing paradigm, and we calculated cue validity effects – how much faster participants responded to validly than invalidly cued locations – for each cue format. We pre-registered Experiment 1 and found significant cue validity effects with schemas and words, but not scenes, suggesting space-based attention was allocated more efficiently with schemas and words than scenes. In Experiment 2, we explicitly instructed participants to interpret the scenes from an egocentric perspective and found that this instruction manipulation still did not result in a significant cue validity effect with scenes. In Experiment 3, we investigated whether the differential effects between conditions were due to costly computations to extract spatial direction and found that increasing cue duration had no influence. In Experiment 4, significant cue validity effects were observed for orthogonal but not non-orthogonal spatial directions, suggesting space-based attention was allocated more efficiently when the spatial direction precisely matched the target location. These findings confirm our hypothesis that efficient allocation of space-based attention is guided by faster spatial direction comprehension. Altogether, this work suggests that schemas and words may be more effective supports than scenes for navigation performance in the real-world.","PeriodicalId":32728,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognition","volume":"41 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139448145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Consensus Paper: Current Perspectives on Abstract Concepts and Future Research Directions. 共识文件：抽象概念的当前视角和未来的研究方向。

Journal of Cognition Pub Date : 2023-10-10 eCollection Date: 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.5334/joc.238

Briony Banks, Anna M Borghi, Raphaël Fargier, Chiara Fini, Domicele Jonauskaite, Claudia Mazzuca, Martina Montalti, Caterina Villani, Greg Woodin

{"title":"Consensus Paper: Current Perspectives on Abstract Concepts and Future Research Directions.","authors":"Briony Banks, Anna M Borghi, Raphaël Fargier, Chiara Fini, Domicele Jonauskaite, Claudia Mazzuca, Martina Montalti, Caterina Villani, Greg Woodin","doi":"10.5334/joc.238","DOIUrl":"10.5334/joc.238","url":null,"abstract":"concepts are relevant to a wide range of disciplines, including cognitive science, linguistics, psychology, cognitive, social, and affective neuroscience, and philosophy. This consensus paper synthesizes the work and views of researchers in the field, discussing current perspectives on theoretical and methodological issues, and recommendations for future research. In this paper, we urge researchers to go beyond the traditional abstract-concrete dichotomy and consider the multiple dimensions that characterize concepts (e.g., sensorimotor experience, social interaction, conceptual metaphor), as well as the mediating influence of linguistic and cultural context on conceptual representations. We also promote the use of interactive methods to investigate both the comprehension and production of abstract concepts, while also focusing on individual differences in conceptual representations. Overall, we argue that abstract concepts should be studied in a more nuanced way that takes into account their complexity and diversity, which should permit us a fuller, more holistic understanding of abstract cognition.","PeriodicalId":32728,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognition","volume":"6 1","pages":"62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10573588/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41239332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Embodied Processing at Six Linguistic Granularity Levels: A Consensus Paper. 六个语言粒度层次的具体处理：一篇共识论文。

Journal of Cognition Pub Date : 2023-10-10 eCollection Date: 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.5334/joc.231

Anita Körner, Mauricio Castillo, Linda Drijvers, Martin H Fischer, Fritz Günther, Marco Marelli, Olesia Platonova, Luca Rinaldi, Samuel Shaki, James P Trujillo, Oksana Tsaregorodtseva, Arthur M Glenberg

{"title":"Embodied Processing at Six Linguistic Granularity Levels: A Consensus Paper.","authors":"Anita Körner, Mauricio Castillo, Linda Drijvers, Martin H Fischer, Fritz Günther, Marco Marelli, Olesia Platonova, Luca Rinaldi, Samuel Shaki, James P Trujillo, Oksana Tsaregorodtseva, Arthur M Glenberg","doi":"10.5334/joc.231","DOIUrl":"10.5334/joc.231","url":null,"abstract":"Language processing is influenced by sensorimotor experiences. Here, we review behavioral evidence for embodied and grounded influences in language processing across six linguistic levels of granularity. We examine (a) sub-word features, discussing grounded influences on iconicity (systematic associations between word form and meaning); (b) words, discussing boundary conditions and generalizations for the simulation of color, sensory modality, and spatial position; (c) sentences, discussing boundary conditions and applications of action direction simulation; (d) texts, discussing how the teaching of simulation can improve comprehension in beginning readers; (e) conversations, discussing how multi-modal cues improve turn taking and alignment; and (f) text corpora, discussing how distributional semantic models can reveal how grounded and embodied knowledge is encoded in texts. These approaches are converging on a convincing account of the psychology of language, but at the same time, there are important criticisms of the embodied approach and of specific experimental paradigms. The surest way forward requires the adoption of a wide array of scientific methods. By providing complimentary evidence, a combination of multiple methods on various levels of granularity can help us gain a more complete understanding of the role of embodiment and grounding in language processing.","PeriodicalId":32728,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognition","volume":"6 1","pages":"60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10573585/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41239335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0