Journal of Cognition最新文献

Intrinsic Reward Modulates Word Learning in Both Oral and Written Contexts. 内在奖励调节口头和书面语境下的单词学习。

IF 2.3

Journal of Cognition Pub Date : 2026-04-30 eCollection Date: 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.5334/joc.499

Haniya Zaka, Samuel Evans, Pablo Ripollés, Saloni Krishnan

{"title":"Intrinsic Reward Modulates Word Learning in Both Oral and Written Contexts.","authors":"Haniya Zaka, Samuel Evans, Pablo Ripollés, Saloni Krishnan","doi":"10.5334/joc.499","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/joc.499","url":null,"abstract":"Previous studies show that word learning from context can be intrinsically rewarding, even in the absence of external feedback or incentives. Intrinsic reward activates the brain's reward-memory circuit, leading to enhanced memory for words people enjoyed learning. Existing studies have tested the link between contextual word learning and reward in the written domain (i.e., through reading). However, word learning from context often occurs in the oral domain, where conversations provide a rich source for acquiring vocabulary in both first and second language learning. In this online behavioral study, we investigate whether word learning triggers enjoyment across modalities, focusing on listening, reading, and listening and reading in combination. In all the modalities, we found that when words are successfully learned from context, people report greater levels of enjoyment. We also found that words that were associated with higher enjoyment during learning were recognised more accurately than those associated with lower enjoyment 24 hours later. Our results demonstrate the relevance of intrinsic reward for language learning and suggest that the link between contextual word learning and reward operates on higher-level word representations, rather than on modality-specific ones.","PeriodicalId":32728,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognition","volume":"9 1","pages":"28"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13131340/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147821689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Centre-of-Mass Confounds Contribute to Familiar Size Stroop Effects with Boger and Firestone's 'Visual Anagrams'. 质量中心混淆有助于Boger和Firestone的“视觉字谜”产生熟悉的大小Stroop效应。

IF 2.3

Journal of Cognition Pub Date : 2026-04-28 eCollection Date: 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.5334/joc.500

Gregory Davis

{"title":"Centre-of-Mass Confounds Contribute to Familiar Size Stroop Effects with Boger and Firestone's 'Visual Anagrams'.","authors":"Gregory Davis","doi":"10.5334/joc.500","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/joc.500","url":null,"abstract":"'Visual Anagrams' are images that are recognised as one familiar object from one angle, but another object, when rotated (Geng et al., 2024). Boger and Firestone's (2025) ingenious application of them uses examples that appear to be a large object from one angle, a small object at another. They report Familiar-Size Stroop Effects using those stimuli, claiming they must have reflected high-level recognition processes, as each visual anagram comprised identical visual features, just rotated. However, rotating visual anagrams introduces a range of subtle potential confounds. For example, in B&F's stimuli, anagrams perceived as small objects had lower centres of mass (CoMs), those perceived as large objects, higher CoMs. CoM confounds might therefore account for those Stroop Effects. To assess this, a new experiment used stimuli with similar overall shapes (and CoM confounds) to B&F's stimuli but designed to be less recognisable. The new experiment revealed Stroop effects, smaller than those observed by B&F, but consistent with a partial contribution to B&F's findings. These results highlight important considerations when using visual anagrams in future research.","PeriodicalId":32728,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognition","volume":"9 1","pages":"27"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13131337/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147821657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

When Attention Fails Memory: Voluntary Orienting Deficits and Visual Short-Term Memory in Intellectual Disability. 当注意力失去记忆：智障患者的自主定向缺陷和视觉短期记忆。

IF 2.3

Journal of Cognition Pub Date : 2026-04-20 eCollection Date: 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.5334/joc.498

Andria Shimi, Christina Charalambidou

{"title":"When Attention Fails Memory: Voluntary Orienting Deficits and Visual Short-Term Memory in Intellectual Disability.","authors":"Andria Shimi, Christina Charalambidou","doi":"10.5334/joc.498","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/joc.498","url":null,"abstract":"Individuals with intellectual disability (ID) exhibit deficits in both selective attention and visual short-term memory (VSTM). However, whether attentional deficits directly constrain VSTM performance in ID remains unknown. Here, we examined the interplay between these two processes in ID and their correlates with fluid intelligence across individuals with varying levels of intellectual functioning. Nineteen adults with ID and twenty-two chronologically matched neurotypical adults (TDA) carried out the Attentional Orienting Task (AOT), in which they briefly viewed a memory array, followed by a probe and indicated whether the probe was previously presented in the memory array. Visuospatial attention cues were shown before (pre-cues) or after (retro-cues) the memory array to assess attentional orienting in service of VSTM encoding and maintenance, respectively, compared to neutral, baseline attention cues. Additionally, participants completed Raven's 2, a non-verbal reasoning test. TDA adults outperformed individuals with ID across all conditions. Importantly, while TDA demonstrated clear attentional orienting benefits in service of VSTM, individuals with ID showed no cueing benefits either before encoding into VSTM or during VSTM maintenance. Correlation and regression analyses showed that attentional orienting abilities predicted fluid intelligence beyond baseline VSTM performance. Current results show for the first time that attentional deficits constrain VSTM performance in ID, whereas individual differences in attentional orienting in service of VSTM predict non-verbal reasoning abilities. These findings speak to the overall functioning difficulties individuals with ID face and highlight the need to consider the dynamic relation between these cognitive processes when designing assessments and interventions for intellectual disabilities.","PeriodicalId":32728,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognition","volume":"9 1","pages":"26"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13109914/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147783355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Forget For Now, but Remember Later: Can People Selectively Remove Information From Working Memory While Keeping it in Long-Term Memory? 现在忘记，但以后记得：人们可以选择性地从工作记忆中删除信息而将其保留在长期记忆中吗？

IF 2.3

Journal of Cognition Pub Date : 2026-04-07 eCollection Date: 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.5334/joc.497

Hannah Dames, Vencislav Popov, Klaus Oberauer

{"title":"Forget For Now, but Remember Later: Can People Selectively Remove Information From Working Memory While Keeping it in Long-Term Memory?","authors":"Hannah Dames, Vencislav Popov, Klaus Oberauer","doi":"10.5334/joc.497","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/joc.497","url":null,"abstract":"When instructed to remove a just-encoded item from working memory, people can do that very effectively. Here we investigate the side effects for episodic long-term memory of removing an item from working memory. Participants encoded lists of words into working memory, and each word was followed by a cue to remember or to forget that word. In a subsequent test of long-term memory, words to be maintained in working memory were remembered better than words to be removed. This was the case regardless of whether participants expected the long-term-memory test. In the final experiment we cued participants after each word to either remove it from working memory while keeping it in long-term memory, or to maintain it in working memory but forget it for the upcoming long-term memory test. Participants could not selectively remember information for one kind of memory test but not the other. Instead, they compromised, removing words less effectively from working memory than in the preceding experiments, and yet failing to remember those words better in the long-term memory test than the words they were told to forget for the long term. People cannot remove information from working memory and maintain it in long-term memory, or vice versa.","PeriodicalId":32728,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognition","volume":"9 1","pages":"25"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13068088/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147676696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Playing With Matches: Preparatory Cognitive Processing Shapes Affective Evaluation. 玩火柴：预备认知加工塑造情感评价。

IF 2.3

Journal of Cognition Pub Date : 2026-03-31 eCollection Date: 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.5334/joc.496

Patrick P Weis, Wilfried Kunde, Robert Wirth

{"title":"Playing With Matches: Preparatory Cognitive Processing Shapes Affective Evaluation.","authors":"Patrick P Weis, Wilfried Kunde, Robert Wirth","doi":"10.5334/joc.496","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/joc.496","url":null,"abstract":"Cognition and affect are closely intertwined: identifying a task-relevant object can elicit positive affect, and successfully solving the associated task can enhance it further. Beyond stimulus-driven processing, theories of proactive control and predictive coding suggest that task-related cognition already unfolds before stimulus onset. We propose that such preparatory processes shape affective responses to task completion. In preregistered Experiment 1, participants categorized digit pairs as either \"match\" (e.g., 3 and 3) or \"sequence\" (e.g., 3 and 4). Affective responses were assessed via affective priming. Surveys indicated that most participants prepared for matches (\"match seekers\"), thus implicitly recoding sequences to \"no match.\" As predicted, correct responses to matches were faster and more positively valenced than responses to sequences. This pattern reversed for the subsample that prepared for sequences (\"sequence seekers\"). When participants were asked to categorize digits by color-which rendered preparatory processing for matches or sequences task-irrelevant-no affective differences emerged. In Experiment 2, we manipulated preparatory processing via instructions and response categories. Again, match seekers showed an affective advantage for matches, sequence seekers for sequences. Taken together, our findings imply that to understand affective responses to task completions, it is imperative to understand the preparatory processes the performer engaged in.","PeriodicalId":32728,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognition","volume":"9 1","pages":"24"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13045795/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147623893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

No Effects of Predictability on Word-Meaning Priming and Incidental Memory. 可预见性对词义启动和偶然记忆无影响。

IF 2.3

Journal of Cognition Pub Date : 2026-03-31 eCollection Date: 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.5334/joc.495

Vanessa G Keller, Matthew H C Mak, Scott A Cairney, M Gareth Gaskell

{"title":"No Effects of Predictability on Word-Meaning Priming and Incidental Memory.","authors":"Vanessa G Keller, Matthew H C Mak, Scott A Cairney, M Gareth Gaskell","doi":"10.5334/joc.495","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/joc.495","url":null,"abstract":"Encountering a homonym in a sentential context that biases interpretation towards its subordinate meaning makes that meaning easier to access later. This word-meaning priming effect is not restricted to homonyms and may be supported by general episodic memory processes. Such an account predicts that word-meaning priming may be affected by factors that affect episodic learning (e.g., predictability). Specifically, the contextual predictability of an incoming stimulus has been shown to affect episodic memory in that both highly expected as well as highly unexpected input leads to better memory for that input, via two different underlying neurocognitive mechanisms. We hypothesised that if word-meaning priming is supported by episodic memory processes, both highly expected as well as highly unexpected target words should lead to stronger word-meaning priming effects than target words of intermediate predictability. Four pre-registered online experiments tested whether contextual predictability affects word-meaning priming and incidental memory for language. We exposed participants to sentences that emphasised a particular aspect of a sentence-final target word's meaning. Importantly, target words differed in how predictable they were based on the sentence context (e.g., \"You can get in a good workout by riding / lifting a bicycle\"). Associate production and semantic relatedness judgement assessed the strength of word-meaning priming. Contrary to our hypotheses, while there was evidence for priming across experiments, we found no significant effects of contextual predictability in any experiments. Our findings suggest that predictability-guided updating is rarely triggered during language comprehension, and we outline the theoretical implications of these results for the architecture of the language system.","PeriodicalId":32728,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognition","volume":"9 1","pages":"23"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13045792/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147623900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Negative Feedback Does Not Reverse Observationally Acquired Binding and Retrieval Effects: A Failed Replication. 负反馈不能逆转观测获得的结合和检索效应：一个失败的复制。

IF 2.3

Journal of Cognition Pub Date : 2026-03-27 eCollection Date: 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.5334/joc.494

Kira Franke, Klaus Rothermund, Bernhard Hommel, Carina G Giesen

{"title":"Negative Feedback Does Not Reverse Observationally Acquired Binding and Retrieval Effects: A Failed Replication.","authors":"Kira Franke, Klaus Rothermund, Bernhard Hommel, Carina G Giesen","doi":"10.5334/joc.494","DOIUrl":"10.5334/joc.494","url":null,"abstract":"In the present study, we ran a replication of the experiment by Giesen et al. (2017) who found reversed observationally acquired stimulus-response binding and retrieval (oSRBR) effects after negative feedback and standard oSRBR effects after positive feedback. This suggests that feedback was used to infer action goals from observed actions, implying that oSRBR effects represent propositional information. However, their findings stand in contrast to recent studies on the influence of affective consequences like feedback on SR bindings stemming from self-performed actions. These studies consistently demonstrate that SR binding and retrieval effects emerge independently of feedback. This raises the question whether the findings by Giesen et al. (2017) reflect an alpha error. In our replication, we found no evidence for a modulatory influence of feedback on oSRBR effects. A meta-analysis with the data from Giesen et al. (2017) and our experiment revealed no significant modulatory effect of vicarious feedback on retrieval of observationally acquired SR bindings. In concert with recent literature, this implies that feedback information was not used to infer action goals, providing no evidence that oSRBR effects represent propositional information.","PeriodicalId":32728,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognition","volume":"9 1","pages":"22"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13025250/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147575631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

When Do Generics Feel Justifiable? A Registered Report Bridging Key Theories. 什么时候仿制药是合理的？连接关键理论的注册报告。

IF 2.3

Journal of Cognition Pub Date : 2026-03-05 eCollection Date: 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.5334/joc.493

Felix Hermans, Walter Schaeken, Susanne Bruckmüller, Vera Hoorens

{"title":"When Do Generics Feel Justifiable? A Registered Report Bridging Key Theories.","authors":"Felix Hermans, Walter Schaeken, Susanne Bruckmüller, Vera Hoorens","doi":"10.5334/joc.493","DOIUrl":"10.5334/joc.493","url":null,"abstract":"Bare plural generics ('generics' for short) attribute a feature to members of a category without specifying how many actually possess the feature (e.g., 'Belgians love fries'). Generics are often used to perpetuate stereotypes and misinformation, yet researchers from many different fields disagree about how people decide what justifies a generic. This has led to a wide variety of theories on how people reason with generics. Pragmatic theories state that people find generics justifiable if they express knowledge that is useful (e.g., for survival or efficient transmission of knowledge). Statistical theories state that people find generics justifiable if the distribution of the features in the involved categories satisfies certain criteria. We compared the predictions of several influential theories in a registered study where participants, in each trial, saw the distribution of a feature in two fictitious groups. Participants then judged the justifiability of a generic that attributes the feature to one of the two groups. We independently manipulated the dangerousness of the features (a factor of relevance in pragmatic theories), absolute prevalence in the target group, and relative prevalence in the target group (factors of relevance in statistical theories). All experimental manipulations were within-participants. The order of conditions and the combinations of stimulus materials were fully randomized. Because our design allowed to predict specific, divergent patterns of main and interaction effects from each theory, this registered study allowed us to examine their relative merit and to further elucidate the cognitive mechanisms underlying generic justifiability.","PeriodicalId":32728,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognition","volume":"9 1","pages":"21"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12962254/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147378787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Subtle Gaze and Pupil Dynamics: Detecting Recognition of Familiar Faces with Moving Serial Visual Presentation. 微妙凝视和瞳孔动态：通过移动的连续视觉呈现检测熟悉面孔的识别。

IF 2.3

Journal of Cognition Pub Date : 2026-03-04 eCollection Date: 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.5334/joc.492

Ivory Y Chen, Sebastiaan Mathôt, Elkan G Akyürek

{"title":"Subtle Gaze and Pupil Dynamics: Detecting Recognition of Familiar Faces with Moving Serial Visual Presentation.","authors":"Ivory Y Chen, Sebastiaan Mathôt, Elkan G Akyürek","doi":"10.5334/joc.492","DOIUrl":"10.5334/joc.492","url":null,"abstract":"A major limitation of the traditional concealed information test (CIT) is its susceptibility to countermeasures. Rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) paradigms improve resilience against countermeasures, and pupil dilation has been shown to indicate recognition of personally familiar information in the RSVP paradigm. Here, we introduce a novel variation of the RSVP paradigm, Moving Serial Visual Presentation (MSVP), that aims to improve individual detection by incorporating eye gaze and pupil dilation. We combined serial visual presentation with lateral movements to capitalize on pursuit eye movements and pupil size for detecting involuntary recognition and goal-driven suppression of familiar information. Across two experiments, either a target face, a personally familiar face (the participant's parent), or one of two control faces appeared in a stream. In Experiment 1, participants were required to maintain fixation at a central dot and suppress gaze shifts except toward the task-relevant target face. In Experiment 2, participants were free to move their gaze and responded via keypress. Results indicated that while eye movement measures contributed little to detecting familiar-face processing, both pupil dilation and its rate of change exhibited a noticeable increase in response to familiar faces. At the individual level, classification based on the rate of pupil size change yielded detection rates of 55.2% (Experiment 1) and 33.3% (Experiment 2), exceeding those of previous RSVP-based approaches (22.6%). These findings indicate that MSVP, particularly when eye movements are constrained, enhances the diagnostic value of pupil-based measures for detecting task-irrelevant familiarity, though further work is needed to reach applied standards.","PeriodicalId":32728,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognition","volume":"9 1","pages":"20"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12962246/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147378774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Underlying Sources of Response-Response Contingency Learning. 反应-反应应变学习的潜在来源。

IF 2.3

Journal of Cognition Pub Date : 2026-02-19 eCollection Date: 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.5334/joc.491

Klaus Rothermund, Anna Martini, Philipp Sprengholz, Birte Moeller

{"title":"Underlying Sources of Response-Response Contingency Learning.","authors":"Klaus Rothermund, Anna Martini, Philipp Sprengholz, Birte Moeller","doi":"10.5334/joc.491","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/joc.491","url":null,"abstract":"We examined contingency learning of response sequences (response-response contingency learning, RR-CL) in a serial reaction time task (SRTT), in which keys were pressed corresponding to the spatial position of dots appearing successively on a screen. First-order contingencies between pairs of successive responses were introduced into the task by biasing the transition probabilities between the spatial positions of subsequently appearing dots, rendering specific response sequences more likely than others. A pre-registered study (n = 40) revealed evidence for robust RR-CL effects, indicated by shorter (longer) response times for responses that were preceded by a likely (unlikely) preceding response. Part of this RR-CL effect was due to episodic retrieval of the most recent response sequence that started with the same response as the current sequence. Yet, a robust genuine RR-CL effect remained after controlling for recency-based episodic retrieval. This residual RR-CL effect was dependent on contingency awareness, with stronger residual RR-CL effects for sequences that were correctly identified as high or low in frequency, indicating that learning of response sequence contingencies partly reflects propositional knowledge. A reliable residual RR-CL effect, however, was obtained also in the absence of contingency awareness, indicating that another part of the learning of response sequence contingencies operates automatically and outside of awareness.","PeriodicalId":32728,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognition","volume":"9 1","pages":"19"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12922669/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147272182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0