Journal of Cognition最新文献

The Flexibility of Working Memory in Drawing on Episodic Long-Term Memory Representations in Serial Recall. 工作记忆在连续回忆中利用情景长时记忆表征的灵活性。

Journal of Cognition Pub Date : 2025-07-18 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.5334/joc.451

Ana Rodriguez, Philipp Musfeld, Lea M Bartsch

{"title":"The Flexibility of Working Memory in Drawing on Episodic Long-Term Memory Representations in Serial Recall.","authors":"Ana Rodriguez, Philipp Musfeld, Lea M Bartsch","doi":"10.5334/joc.451","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/joc.451","url":null,"abstract":"Prior episodic long-term memory (LTM) can enhance working memory (WM) by improving recall of WM representations that match pre-learnt information and by freeing up capacity for new information. In this study, we investigated the flexibility of WM in doing so. Specifically, we tested whether WM can make use of pre-learnt item-item associations in a serial recall task, which typically requires the formation of item-positional bindings. We examined whether any benefits arise from accessing full episodic representations or from item activation, and assess whether the observed benefits are best explained by compression accounts during encoding (e.g., chunking, offloading) or by redintegration at test. Furthermore, we tested whether the benefits for pre-learnt and novel words depended on the position within the lists. Across three experiments, we consistently found that incorporating pre-learnt word pairs into a serial recall task facilitated immediate memory for words that matched pre-learnt representations - speaking against an item activation account. However, the benefit on new words within lists that included pre-learnt pairs depended on whether the words could be easily submitted to encoding strategies, such as chunking or offloading, which was facilitated by providing matching grouping structures during encoding. Overall, our results expand our understanding of how prior experiences can benefit WM processes, demonstrating that such benefits mainly result from the retrieval of prior episodes, rather than enhanced item activation in episodic memory.","PeriodicalId":32728,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognition","volume":"8 1","pages":"40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12273690/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144675940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A State-Transition-Free Delayed-Feedback Task Elicits Heterogeneous Human Responses. 一个无状态转移的延迟反馈任务引发了异质的人类反应。

Journal of Cognition Pub Date : 2025-07-14 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.5334/joc.453

Satoshi Hirata, Yutaro Sato, Hika Kuroshima, Yutaka Sakai

{"title":"A State-Transition-Free Delayed-Feedback Task Elicits Heterogeneous Human Responses.","authors":"Satoshi Hirata, Yutaro Sato, Hika Kuroshima, Yutaka Sakai","doi":"10.5334/joc.453","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/joc.453","url":null,"abstract":"Humans and nonhuman animals learn to perform actions by associating actions with outcomes. In everyday life, outcomes sometimes occur only after a delay, and at an unexpected moment. The ability to connect actions and delayed outcomes has received less attention than performance in tasks where rewards follow the most recent action. Here, following a previous study (Sato et al. 2023), we designed a learning task to investigate humans' ability to link actions and outcomes which occurred after intervening choices. We prepared a total of six visual stimuli for use in three types of trials: A vs B, where choosing A immediately led to reward and choosing B was never rewarded, C vs D, where neither choice was immediately rewarded but choice of C led to reward in a later E vs F trial, and E vs F, where neither stimulus was associated with reward but a reward was given based on choice of C in the past. Results showed that nine individuals learned to choose C, thereby receiving a delayed reward. Among them, one participant subsequently correctly described the task structure in words, while the remaining eight did so with misunderstandings. We also observed large individual differences in participants' action selection (e.g., an irrational bias for D, a possible superstitious bias for either E or F) and explicit/implicit understanding of the link between action and delayed outcome expressed in words. Our results offer new insights into the ability to cognitively link actions and outcomes following a time lag.","PeriodicalId":32728,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognition","volume":"8 1","pages":"39"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12273688/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144675939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Tracking Reactivation of Location Information during Memory Strategies: Insights from Eye Movements. 在记忆策略中追踪位置信息的再激活：来自眼球运动的见解。

Journal of Cognition Pub Date : 2025-07-02 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.5334/joc.449

Ruhi Bhanap, Lea M Bartsch, Agnes Rosner

{"title":"Tracking Reactivation of Location Information during Memory Strategies: Insights from Eye Movements.","authors":"Ruhi Bhanap, Lea M Bartsch, Agnes Rosner","doi":"10.5334/joc.449","DOIUrl":"10.5334/joc.449","url":null,"abstract":"Memory strategies such as visual imagery and rehearsal are widely reported by participants as means to enhance recall. Their underlying mechanisms are thought to differ. Visual imagery is believed to engage both visual and spatial aspects of memoranda, while rehearsal is thought to reactivate only the item-specific information, excluding spatial information. In this study, we employed the Looking at Nothing (LAN) effect - in which individuals make eye movements towards the original location of the memorized item during retrieval - to investigate the reactivation of spatial location in both visual imagery and rehearsal. Our findings demonstrate that LAN occurs with both strategies, indicating that spatial information is reactivated during rehearsal as well. Notably, we observed higher immediate as well as delayed memory performance with visual imagery compared to rehearsal. However, the amount of LAN observed for both these strategies remained the same. To further explore whether these differences in the amount of LAN and memory performance were driven by a modulation of the strength of long-term memory (LTM) traces we introduced proactive interference (PI) in a second experiment. PI is known to impact LTM traces, while leaving working memory (WM) intact. While PI led to a decline in WM for visual imagery, the amount of LAN remained the same. These results indicate that visual imagery and rehearsal both reactivate location information and additionally, visual imagery drives eye movements and memory benefits through distinct mechanisms.","PeriodicalId":32728,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognition","volume":"8 1","pages":"38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12227092/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144576478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Does the Level of Temporal Demand Affect Activation of the Mental Timeline? 时间需求水平是否影响心理时间轴的激活？

Journal of Cognition Pub Date : 2025-05-28 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.5334/joc.448

Katharina Kühne, Alex Miklashevsky, Anastasia Malyshevskaya

{"title":"Does the Level of Temporal Demand Affect Activation of the Mental Timeline?","authors":"Katharina Kühne, Alex Miklashevsky, Anastasia Malyshevskaya","doi":"10.5334/joc.448","DOIUrl":"10.5334/joc.448","url":null,"abstract":"The space-time congruency effect indicates faster processing of past-/future-related words with the left/right response key, suggesting the presence of the horizontal Mental Time Line (MTL). Typically, this effect is observed in the tasks with high temporal demand (i.e., past versus future categorization), but not in those with the low relevance of the time dimension (i.e., sensicality judgments). However, it remains unclear whether intermediate levels of temporal demand are sufficient to activate the MTL. To address this, we conducted three experiments in which participants categorized the same set of temporal words based on their relation to living entities (Experiment 1), space (Experiment 2), and general time (Experiment 3). In individual analyses of the experiments, the space-time congruency effect was absent in Experiment 1. In Experiment 2, the effect emerged in reaction times but not in accuracy. In Experiment 3, it was observed in both measures. Subsequent comparisons across experiments suggested reliable differences between Experiments 2 and 3 in reaction times and between Experiment 3 and the other two experiments in accuracy. Our results provide evidence that MTL activation depends on the level of temporal demand required by the task. The findings support the notion that mental representations are context-sensitive rather than fixed.","PeriodicalId":32728,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognition","volume":"8 1","pages":"37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12124278/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144200249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Tulving's (1989) Doctrine of Concordance Revisited. 图尔文（1989）《重新审视和谐主义》。

Journal of Cognition Pub Date : 2025-05-23 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.5334/joc.447

Bennett L Schwartz, Anne M Cleary

{"title":"Tulving's (1989) Doctrine of Concordance Revisited.","authors":"Bennett L Schwartz, Anne M Cleary","doi":"10.5334/joc.447","DOIUrl":"10.5334/joc.447","url":null,"abstract":"The Doctrine of Concordance is the implicit assumption that cognitive processes, behavior, and phenomenological experience are highly correlated (Tulving, 1989). Tulving challenged this assumption, pointing to domains in which conscious experience did not accompany a particular measured cognitive process and to situations in which consciousness did not correlate with the observable behavior. Schwartz (1999) extended this view, asserting that the underlying cognitive processes that produce conscious experience may differ from those that produce observable behavior. Though research on conscious experience blossomed during the last quarter century and progress has been made in moving past the Doctrine of Concordance, we argue that some subdomains within memory research remain hampered by an implicit endorsement of it. We outline two areas of memory research in which current research and interpretations appear to fall prey to the Doctrine today: research on the dual- vs. single-process theory in recognition memory, including work on remember/know judgments, and research on retrospective memory confidence. We then describe four areas of research that show progress in understanding conscious experience by rejecting the Doctrine of Concordance: These are 1) metacognitive disconnects in the science of learning, 2) recognition illusions, 3) déjà vu experiences, and 4) aha experiences. We claim that there is often a dissociation between the mechanisms that create conscious experience and the underlying cognitive processes that contribute to behaviors, which may seem causally correlated with conscious experience. Disentangling the relations between process, behavior, and conscious experience in the human mind's operation are important to understanding it.","PeriodicalId":32728,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognition","volume":"8 1","pages":"36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12101318/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144143109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Tip-of-the-Tongue and Feeling-of-Knowing Experiences Enhance Metacognitive Sensitivity of Confidence Evaluation of Semantic Memory. 舌尖和知感体验增强语义记忆信心评价的元认知敏感性。

Journal of Cognition Pub Date : 2025-04-28 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.5334/joc.442

Ali Pournaghdali, Bennett L Schwartz, Fabian A Soto

{"title":"Tip-of-the-Tongue and Feeling-of-Knowing Experiences Enhance Metacognitive Sensitivity of Confidence Evaluation of Semantic Memory.","authors":"Ali Pournaghdali, Bennett L Schwartz, Fabian A Soto","doi":"10.5334/joc.442","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/joc.442","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we used a multidimensional extension of signal detection theory called general recognition theory (GRT) to evaluate the influence of tip-of-the-tongue states (TOT) and feeling-of-knowing (FOK) experiences on the metacognitive sensitivity of recognition confidence judgments. In two experiments, we asked participants to recall names of famous individuals (Experiment 1) or to recall correct answers to a series of general-knowledge questions (Experiment 2). If recall failed for any trial, participants provided metacognitive judgments of TOT and FOK, memory recognition responses, and metacognitive judgments of confidence on those recognition responses. To evaluate the influence of TOT and FOK on the metacognitive sensitivity of confidence judgments, we fit two different GRT models and constructed two sensitivity vs. metacognition curves, each representing changes in metacognitive sensitivity of confidence, as a function of the strength of TOT or FOK. The results showed that experiencing a TOT or a high FOK is associated with an increase in metacognitive sensitivity of confidence judgments. These results are the first report of influence of TOT and FOK on metacognitive sensitivity of confidence.","PeriodicalId":32728,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognition","volume":"8 1","pages":"33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12047626/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144027130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Brain Representation in Conscious and Unconscious Vision. 有意识和无意识视觉中的大脑表征。

Journal of Cognition Pub Date : 2025-04-28 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.5334/joc.443

Ning Mei, David Soto

{"title":"Brain Representation in Conscious and Unconscious Vision.","authors":"Ning Mei, David Soto","doi":"10.5334/joc.443","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/joc.443","url":null,"abstract":"The development of robust frameworks to understand how the human brain represents conscious and unconscious perceptual contents is paramount to make progress in the neuroscience of consciousness. Recent functional MRI studies using multi-voxel pattern classification analyses showed that unconscious contents could be decoded from brain activity patterns. However, decoding does not imply a full understanding of neural representations. Here we re-analysed data from a high-precision fMRI study coupled with representational similarity analysis based on convolutional neural network models to provide a detailed information-based approach to neural representations of both unconscious and conscious perceptual content. The results showed that computer vision model representations strongly predicted brain responses in ventral visual cortex and in fronto-parietal regions to both conscious and unconscious contents. Moreover, this pattern of results generalised when the models were trained and tested with different participants. Remarkably, these observations results held even when the analysis was restricted to observers that showed null perceptual sensitivity. In light of the highly distributed brain representation of unconscious information, we suggest that the functional role of fronto-parietal cortex in conscious perception is unlikely to be related to the broadcasting of information, as proposed by the global neuronal workspace theory, and may instead relate to the generation of meta-representations as proposed by higher-order theories.","PeriodicalId":32728,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognition","volume":"8 1","pages":"34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12047638/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144049592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Tracking the Effects of Eccentricity on the Integration of Orthographic Information From Multiple Words. 跟踪偏心率对多词正字法信息整合的影响。

Journal of Cognition Pub Date : 2025-04-28 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.5334/joc.446

Christophe Cauchi, Martijn Meeter

{"title":"Tracking the Effects of Eccentricity on the Integration of Orthographic Information From Multiple Words.","authors":"Christophe Cauchi, Martijn Meeter","doi":"10.5334/joc.446","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/joc.446","url":null,"abstract":"In adult readers, the perceptual span is approximately 14-15 characters to the right of the fixated word, corresponding to approximately 5° of visual angle. However, the extent of information processing within this area remains unclear. In the present study, we address this question using a novel adaptation of the flankers task in which the eccentricity of the flankers with respect to the central target word is increased. Fifty-four participants performed a lexical decision task on a central four-letter word flanked by two words of equal length. The flankers were either orthographically related (rock - rock) or unrelated (path - rock) to the target, and their eccentricity varied from 1.65° to 4.29° (center-to-center) in 0.33° steps. Participants' fixation was controlled by an eye-tracker using the fixation point as a trigger, and stimuli were displayed for 170 ms to avoid any eye movement. Results showed that the effect of unrelated flankers decreased with increasing eccentricity, while there was no effect of eccentricity of related flankers. In particular, the unrelated flankers affected central word processing up to the end of the parafovea. This observation provides evidence that the outer limits of the parafovea are engaged beyond prelexical processing. Lexical frequency influenced the magnitude of both reaction times (RTs) and accuracy rates, but did not interact with any variables. This novel adaptation of the flankers task has potential advantages for investigating the spatial integration of orthographic information across the perceptual span.","PeriodicalId":32728,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognition","volume":"8 1","pages":"35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12047632/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144050652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Listening to Foreign Languages: Pump Up the Volume! 听外语：加大音量！

Journal of Cognition Pub Date : 2025-04-23 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.5334/joc.445

Boris New, Clément Guichet, Elsa Spinelli, Julien Barra

引用次数: 0

Issues in Grounded Cognition and How to Solve Them - the Minimalist Account. 基础认知中的问题及其解决方法——极简主义的解释。

Journal of Cognition Pub Date : 2025-04-21 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.5334/joc.444

Jannis Friedrich, Martin H Fischer, Markus Raab

{"title":"Issues in Grounded Cognition and How to Solve Them - the Minimalist Account.","authors":"Jannis Friedrich, Martin H Fischer, Markus Raab","doi":"10.5334/joc.444","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/joc.444","url":null,"abstract":"The field of grounded cognition is concerned with how concepts are represented by re-activation of the bodily modalities. Considerable empirical work supports this core tenet, but the field is rife with meta-theoretical issues which prevent meaningfully progressing beyond this. We describe these issues and provide a solution: an overarching theoretical framework. The two most commonly cited grounded cognition theories are perceptual symbol systems and conceptual metaphor theory. Under perceptual symbol systems, concepts are represented by integrating fragments of multi-modal percepts in a simulator. Conceptual metaphor theory involves a limited number of image schemas, primitive structural regularities extracted from interaction with the environment, undergoing a limited number of transformations into a concept. Both theories constitute important developments to understanding mental representations, yet we argue that they currently impede progress because they are prematurely elaborate. This forces them to rely on overly specific assumptions, which generates a lack of conceptual clarity and unsystematic testing of empirical work. Our minimalist account takes grounded cognition 'back to basics' with a common-denominator framework supported by converging evidence from other fields. It postulates that concepts are represented by simulation, re-activating mental states that were active when experiencing this concept, and by metaphoric mapping, when concrete representations are sourced to represent abstract concepts. This enables incremental theory development without uncertain assumptions because it allows for descriptive research while nonetheless enabling falsification of theories. Our proposal provides the tools to resolve meta-theoretical issues and encourages a research program that integrates grounded cognition into the cognitive sciences.","PeriodicalId":32728,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognition","volume":"8 1","pages":"31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12023178/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144040257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0