Open Mind最新文献_第3页

Experience Alone Can Generate Human Face Specialization: Evidence From Deep Learning Models. 经验本身可以产生人脸专业化：来自深度学习模型的证据。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2026-07-07 eCollection Date: 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/OPMI.a.363

Nitzan Guy, Mandy Rosemblaum, Galit Yovel

{"title":"Experience Alone Can Generate Human Face Specialization: Evidence From Deep Learning Models.","authors":"Nitzan Guy, Mandy Rosemblaum, Galit Yovel","doi":"10.1162/OPMI.a.363","DOIUrl":"10.1162/OPMI.a.363","url":null,"abstract":"The specialization of human face recognition for upright own-race faces is well-established. While experience is thought to play a key role in face specialization, establishing its direct causal contribution in humans is difficult, as natural experience cannot be systematically controlled. Recent advances in deep learning algorithms offer a solution: these algorithms were shown to generate human-like face specialization effects, including the face inversion and other-race effects. Critically, deep neural networks allow precise manipulation of their training experience, allowing us to test its sole contribution to human-like face expertise in artificial systems. In the present study, we systematically manipulated the amount of face experience provided to deep neural networks and examined its effect on the face inversion, the other-race and other-age effects. Mirroring human development, the magnitude of the other-group and face inversion effects increased with greater own-group upright face experience. These effects were primarily driven by a steep improvement in recognition of upright, own-group faces, with much shallower gains for other-group or inverted faces. These findings demonstrate that increased exposure to upright own-group faces selectively improves performance for this category, establishing that experience alone is sufficient to produce human-like face specialization effects in artificial systems.","PeriodicalId":32558,"journal":{"name":"Open Mind","volume":"10 ","pages":"908-922"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13379305/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148498176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Do Language Models Know Who Did What to Whom? 语言模型知道谁对谁做了什么吗？

Open Mind Pub Date : 2026-07-07 eCollection Date: 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/OPMI.a.365

Joseph M Denning, Xiaohan Hannah Guo, Bryor Snefjella, Idan A Blank

引用次数: 0

Tracking Visual Statistical Learning with Steady-State Visual Evoked Potentials: Effects of Exemplar and Category Information. 用稳态视觉诱发电位跟踪视觉统计学习：范例和类别信息的影响。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2026-06-17 eCollection Date: 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/OPMI.a.358

Natasa Ganea, Dominik Garber, Richard N Aslin, David J Lewkowicz

{"title":"Tracking Visual Statistical Learning with Steady-State Visual Evoked Potentials: Effects of Exemplar and Category Information.","authors":"Natasa Ganea, Dominik Garber, Richard N Aslin, David J Lewkowicz","doi":"10.1162/OPMI.a.358","DOIUrl":"10.1162/OPMI.a.358","url":null,"abstract":"This study examined visual statistical learning using EEG-based steady-state visual evoked potentials (SSVEP). Fifty-one adults were exposed to image sequences organized into triplets across three conditions (n = 17 per condition) in which the alignment of category-level and exemplar-level information was manipulated. Neural entrainment at the triplet frequency (1.11 Hz) differed significantly across conditions (η p 2 = .13), with stronger responses in the Single-Category and No-Category conditions than in the Mixed-Category condition. There were no differences at the image frequency (3.33 Hz; η p 2 = .05). Behavioral reaction times mirrored this pattern, showing faster responses to the last exemplar in the triplet in the Single-Category (η p 2 = .71) and No-Category (η p 2 = .22) conditions, but not in the Mixed-Category (η p 2 = .10) condition. Both signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and inter-trial coherence (ITC) captured neural entrainment across fronto-central and parietal-occipital electrode clusters. These findings validate SSVEP as an online measure of visual statistical learning and demonstrate that category-exemplar mismatch interfered with statistical learning.","PeriodicalId":32558,"journal":{"name":"Open Mind","volume":"10 ","pages":"808-826"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13327787/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148377247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Incipient Constituents: Phonesthemes Facilitate Word Processing in English. 早期成分：电话主题促进英语文字处理。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2026-06-17 eCollection Date: 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/OPMI.a.360

David A Haslett, Bo Yao, Xufeng Duan, Zhenguang G Cai

{"title":"Incipient Constituents: Phonesthemes Facilitate Word Processing in English.","authors":"David A Haslett, Bo Yao, Xufeng Duan, Zhenguang G Cai","doi":"10.1162/OPMI.a.360","DOIUrl":"10.1162/OPMI.a.360","url":null,"abstract":"Phonesthemes are sound clusters that recur in words with related meanings. For example, glow, gleam, and glitter begin with the phonestheme /gl/. Experiments with pseudowords provide evidence that phonesthemes affect how people retrieve and represent meanings, which suggests that phonesthemes capture language evolution in action, namely the emergence of compositionality. However, there is little evidence that phonesthemes affect how people process familiar words with established meanings. We therefore investigated whether phonesthemes facilitate visual word recognition and affect semantic representations in English. In two lexical decision experiments, people recognized words that contain phonesthemes faster and more accurately than control words, and phonesthemes amplified N170 ERPs; and in four lexical decision megastudies, phonesthemes predicted faster visual word recognition (but not faster auditory recognition). In two semantic relatedness experiments, we found only limited evidence that phonesthemes affect interpretation: Decisions were slower and less accurate for words containing incongruent phonesthemes (e.g., /gl/ misled people about the meaning of glove), but only in the online experiment, with a marginal effect of accuracy in the lab-based experiment and an amplified N400 ERP in frontal sites (but not the expected centroparietal sites). Our findings demonstrate that people process words which contain phonesthemes differently than they process controls, consistent with the hypothesis that phonesthemes inhabit a middle ground between morphemes and meaningless strings of letters, but our findings also demonstrate that, unsurprisingly, these quasi-meaningful constituents have only small effects in how people represent the meanings of familiar words. We discuss implications for morphology, language evolution, and natural language processing.","PeriodicalId":32558,"journal":{"name":"Open Mind","volume":"10 ","pages":"827-856"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13327789/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148377252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Luck and Intentional Action: A Causal Account. 运气和故意行为：因果关系。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2026-06-17 eCollection Date: 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/OPMI.a.361

Tadeg Quillien

引用次数: 0

Resolving the Vagueness of Quantifiers With Explicit Expectations. 用明确期望消解量词的模糊性。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2026-06-02 eCollection Date: 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/OPMI.a.356

Skyler Jove Reese, Masoud Jasbi, Emily Morgan

{"title":"Resolving the Vagueness of Quantifiers With Explicit Expectations.","authors":"Skyler Jove Reese, Masoud Jasbi, Emily Morgan","doi":"10.1162/OPMI.a.356","DOIUrl":"10.1162/OPMI.a.356","url":null,"abstract":"Vague quantifiers like many, few, and several may vary considerably with respect to the quantity they denote. Depending on the context, many may indicate different quantities in \"many students\" versus \"many cups of coffee.\" The vagueness and context sensitivity of such quantifiers pose a challenge for semantic theories that aim to formally characterize quantifier meaning. We address this challenge by extending and experimentally testing a Bayesian model proposed by Schöller and Franke (2017), which represents quantifiers as cumulative density thresholds over probability distributions of expected values. We hypothesized that each quantifier has a stable semantic threshold, with contextual variability arising from differences in expected value distributions. To test this, we conducted two experiments: one eliciting contextual expectations, and another collecting cardinality judgments for quantified utterances. We then fit five hierarchical Bayesian models and used model comparison (via WAIC and DIC) to evaluate whether thresholds generalize across contexts. Our results reveal conflicting evidence. While estimated thresholds are highly overlapping across contexts-suggesting some stability-models with individualized thresholds consistently outperform the context-stable alternative. Moreover, semantically motivated bounds do appear more stable than pragmatically motivated ones, as expected.","PeriodicalId":32558,"journal":{"name":"Open Mind","volume":"10 ","pages":"754-786"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13249466/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148219985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Expectations of Reciprocal Generosity Are Specific to Equal Relationships. 互惠慷慨的期望只存在于平等的关系中。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2026-06-02 eCollection Date: 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/OPMI.a.357

Alicia M Chen, Rebecca Saxe

引用次数: 0

Curriculum Learning in Humans and Neural Networks. 人类与神经网络的课程学习。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2026-05-29 eCollection Date: 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/OPMI.a.355

Younes Strittmatter, Stefano Sarao Mannelli, Miguel Ruiz-Garcia, Sebastian Musslick, Markus Wolfgang Hermann Spitzer

引用次数: 0

Response Time as a Proxy for Decision Confidence: Insights From Type-2 ROC Analysis. 反应时间作为决策信心的代理：来自2型ROC分析的见解。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2026-05-29 eCollection Date: 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/OPMI.a.352

Kiyofumi Miyoshi, Dobromir Rahnev, Hakwan Lau

{"title":"Response Time as a Proxy for Decision Confidence: Insights From Type-2 ROC Analysis.","authors":"Kiyofumi Miyoshi, Dobromir Rahnev, Hakwan Lau","doi":"10.1162/OPMI.a.352","DOIUrl":"10.1162/OPMI.a.352","url":null,"abstract":"This study explores the use of response time (RT) data in type-2 receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, a method traditionally used to examine the relationship between confidence and response correctness. Analyses of 16 perceptual decision-making datasets revealed that: (1) RT data contains roughly two-thirds as much information about response correctness as confidence; (2) RT carries unique predictive power for response correctness, independent of confidence; (3) RT and confidence interact synergistically, with confidence becoming a stronger predictor of response correctness when RT is short; (4) Despite these unique properties of RT, type-2 sensitivity (meta-d') derived from RT and confidence showed a reasonably high correlation across subjects. These findings carry two key implications. First, in the absence of confidence data, RT can serve as a viable proxy, incurring minimal cognitive and logistical costs. This makes type-2 analysis feasible across various settings, potentially including infant and animal studies. Second, when both RT and confidence data are available, their combined use in type-2 analysis offers complementary insights into the processes underlying subjects' behavior. To illustrate this, we present a simulation showing how the observed behavioral patterns align with the two-stage dynamic signal detection model. We propose that RT-based type-2 analysis is a valuable tool for researchers, helping to uncover previously underexplored aspects of decision-making behavior.","PeriodicalId":32558,"journal":{"name":"Open Mind","volume":"10 ","pages":"673-695"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13233096/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148164818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Impact of Education and Music Training on the Development of Abstract Thinking in the First Years of Schooling. 教育和音乐训练对小学一年级抽象思维发展的影响。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2026-05-29 eCollection Date: 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/OPMI.a.354

Théo Morfoisse, Séverine Becuwe, Marie Palu, Cassandra Potier Watkins, Ghislaine Dehaene-Lambertz, Stanislas Dehaene

{"title":"Impact of Education and Music Training on the Development of Abstract Thinking in the First Years of Schooling.","authors":"Théo Morfoisse, Séverine Becuwe, Marie Palu, Cassandra Potier Watkins, Ghislaine Dehaene-Lambertz, Stanislas Dehaene","doi":"10.1162/OPMI.a.354","DOIUrl":"10.1162/OPMI.a.354","url":null,"abstract":"Plato's Republic, Einstein's Theory of relativity, Vivaldi's Four Seasons are all remarkable examples of humans' unique ability to create and manipulate complex abstract structures, whether in language, mathematics, or music. Yet the mechanisms by which children develop such abstract thinking, and the role of education and structured experiences such as musical practice in shaping these abilities remains unclear. To explore these questions, we conducted cross-sectional behavioral experiments with 528 children aged 4 to 8, spanning four educational grades, half of whom participated in a violin training program, from age four. Two experiments examined how children encode, process, and compress auditory sequences and visual patterns, while a third examined their sensitivity to geometric regularities. Our results reveal the emergence of symbolic reasoning as early as the start of formal schooling, with deeper abstraction as a function of grade. By first grade, children encoded complex auditory sequences within a Language of Thought (LoT) similar to adults. Additionally, when confronted with quadrilaterals, children showed increasing sensitivity to geometric regularities, suggesting a developmental transition from perceptual to symbolic reasoning. However, we did not observe significant impact of musical practice on abstraction abilities across any of the domains tested. We discuss whether and how the impact of education and extracurricular activities such as music could be enhanced.","PeriodicalId":32558,"journal":{"name":"Open Mind","volume":"10 ","pages":"707-738"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13233093/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148164770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0