Open Mind Pub Date : 2025-04-29 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00198

Johanna Schick, Sabine Stoll

{"title":"Children Learn Best From Their Peers: The Crucial Role of Input From Other Children in Language Development.","authors":"Johanna Schick, Sabine Stoll","doi":"10.1162/opmi_a_00198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/opmi_a_00198","url":null,"abstract":"Language input is crucial for language learning, with child-directed speech being a strong predictor of language development. Yet, in many non-industrialized rural societies, children are less exposed to this type of input. Instead, children encounter frequent child-surrounding speech from third-party interactions. Little is known about whether and how children learn language from this type of input. By analyzing naturalistic data from children growing up in the Shipibo-Konibo community in the Peruvian Amazon, we demonstrate that despite a high prevalence of child-surrounding input, child-directed input best predicts children's production patterns defined as unigrams. We provide first evidence for remarkable similarities between child-surrounding speech and children's own speech patterns. In addition, we demonstrate that a specific type of input best predicts children's production frequencies across the domains of surrounding and directed input: speech from other children. Together, these findings expand our perspective beyond dyadic adult-child interactions, supporting the view that child-surrounding speech and especially speech from other children provide important learning opportunities.","PeriodicalId":32558,"journal":{"name":"Open Mind","volume":"9 ","pages":"665-676"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12058327/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144051001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Decoding Prosodic Information from Motion Capture Data: The Gravity of Co-Speech Gestures. 从动作捕捉数据解码韵律信息：共同语音手势的重力。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2025-04-29 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00196

Jacob P Momsen, Seana Coulson

{"title":"Decoding Prosodic Information from Motion Capture Data: The Gravity of Co-Speech Gestures.","authors":"Jacob P Momsen, Seana Coulson","doi":"10.1162/opmi_a_00196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/opmi_a_00196","url":null,"abstract":"In part due to correspondence in time, seeing how a speaking body moves can impact how speech is apprehended. Despite this, little is known about whether and which specific kinematic features of co-speech movements are relevant for their integration with speech. The current study uses machine learning techniques to investigate how co-speech gestures can be quantified to model vocal acoustics within an individual speaker. Specifically, we address whether kinetic descriptions of human movement are relevant for modeling their relationship with speech in time. To test this, we apply experimental manipulations that either highlight or obscure the relationship between co-speech movement kinematics and downward gravitational acceleration. Across two experiments, we provide evidence that quantifying co-speech movement as a function of its anisotropic relation to downward gravitational forces improves how well those co-speech movements can be used to predict prosodic dimensions of speech, as represented by the low-pass envelope. This study supports theoretical perspectives that invoke biomechanics to help explain speech-gesture synchrony and offers motivation for further behavioral or neuroimaging work investigating audiovisual integration and/or biological motion perception in the context of multimodal discourse.","PeriodicalId":32558,"journal":{"name":"Open Mind","volume":"9 ","pages":"652-664"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12058326/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143989159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Social Contexts Requiring Adjudication Self- and Peer-Interest Differentially Alter Risk Preferences Across Adolescence. 需要评判的社会环境——自我和同伴兴趣对青少年风险偏好的改变存在差异。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2025-04-22 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00201

Yelina Yiyi Chen, Gail M Rosenbaum, Haoxue Fan, John C Flournoy, Tianxiang Li, Laura Cegarra, Deanna A Youssoufian, Melanie J Grad-Freilich, Laurel E Kordyban, Patrick Mair, Leah H Somerville

{"title":"Social Contexts Requiring Adjudication Self- and Peer-Interest Differentially Alter Risk Preferences Across Adolescence.","authors":"Yelina Yiyi Chen, Gail M Rosenbaum, Haoxue Fan, John C Flournoy, Tianxiang Li, Laura Cegarra, Deanna A Youssoufian, Melanie J Grad-Freilich, Laurel E Kordyban, Patrick Mair, Leah H Somerville","doi":"10.1162/opmi_a_00201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/opmi_a_00201","url":null,"abstract":"Adolescence is a period of escalated rates of risk taking and a dynamic social landscape with peers taking on an important role in shaping one's decisions. Choosing to engage in risk rarely impacts only the decision maker, but also those around them. With a cohort of typically developing adolescent and young adult friend dyads (N = 128, 11-22 years), the current study investigates how peer-relevant social contexts influence risk preferences at different ages using a computational decision making task. We adapted a computational expected utility model to account for weighing the friend's outcome as part of one's utility calculation when deciding between assigning the risky option to oneself or one's friend. Compared to participants' baseline risk preferences absent of any friend involvement, we found age-related changes in risk taking when the preferred option can only be assigned to oneself or one's friend but not to both. Exploratory, data-driven analyses using behavioral measures and the computationally derived risk preference parameter revealed that overall, early adolescence is a period in which individuals assigned more weight to their friends' outcomes and were willing to forego personal benefits to a greater extent. Active observation by friends had no additional, age-dependent impact on participants' risky choices. These results indicate early adolescence to be a period of sensitivity to social contexts evoking prosocial gestures that are costly to oneself.","PeriodicalId":32558,"journal":{"name":"Open Mind","volume":"9 ","pages":"540-558"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12058330/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144050651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Inference About Absence as a Window Into the Mental Self-Model. 关于缺席作为心理自我模型窗口的推论。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2025-04-22 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00206

Matan Mazor

引用次数: 0

On the Persistence of Discourse Predictions: The Facilitative Effect of Discourse Markers Diminishes in the Presence of Intervening Material. 论话语预测的持续性：话语标记的促进作用在中介材料的存在下减弱。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2025-04-22 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00203

Merel C J Scholman, Hannah Rohde, Vera Demberg

引用次数: 0

Beliefs About the Development of Mental Life. 关于精神生活发展的信念。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2025-04-22 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00200

Kara Weisman, Lucy S King, Kathryn Humphreys

{"title":"Beliefs About the Development of Mental Life.","authors":"Kara Weisman, Lucy S King, Kathryn Humphreys","doi":"10.1162/opmi_a_00200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/opmi_a_00200","url":null,"abstract":"Caregiving relationships with infants and children are among the most common and most complex human social interactions. Adults' perceptions of children's mental capacities have important consequences for the well-being of children in their care-particularly in the first few years of life, when children's communication skills are limited and caregivers must infer children's rapidly developing thoughts, feelings, and needs. In a series of studies, we assessed how US adults conceptualize the development of the human mind over the first five years of life. Exploratory factor analysis identified four core capacities that anchored participants' representations of the developing human mind: bodily sensation (e.g., hunger, pain), negative affect (e.g., distress, frustration), social connection (e.g., love, learning from others), and cognition and control (e.g., planning, self-control). Participants believed that these capacities were present to different degrees at birth, followed different developmental trajectories, and were driven by different developmental mechanisms, such as biological \"preprogramming,\" physical maturation, passive observation, and social learning. The current studies shed light on this fascinating and understudied aspect of \"mind perception\" among US adults, in turn highlighting possibilities for theory-based interventions to encourage developmentally appropriate parenting behaviors.","PeriodicalId":32558,"journal":{"name":"Open Mind","volume":"9 ","pages":"515-539"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12058329/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144036936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Spontaneous Encoding of Event Roles in Hominids. 原始人事件角色的自发编码。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2025-04-22 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00202

Sarah Brocard, Pavel V Voinov, Balthasar Bickel, Klaus Zuberbühler

{"title":"Spontaneous Encoding of Event Roles in Hominids.","authors":"Sarah Brocard, Pavel V Voinov, Balthasar Bickel, Klaus Zuberbühler","doi":"10.1162/opmi_a_00202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/opmi_a_00202","url":null,"abstract":"When observing social interactions, humans rapidly and spontaneously encode events in terms of agents, patients and causal relations. This propensity can be made visible empirically with the switch cost paradigm, a reaction time experiment and well-established tool of cognitive psychology. We adapted the paradigm for non-human primates to test whether non-linguistic animals encoded event roles in the same way. Both human and non-human participants were requested to attend to different social interactions between two artificially coloured (blue or green) actors and to target the actor masked by a specified colour (e.g., blue), regardless of her role. We found that when we switched the targeted colour mask from agents to patients (or vice versa) the processing time significantly increased in both hominid species (i.e., human and chimpanzee), suggesting that event roles were spontaneously encoded and subsequently interfered with our simplistic colour search task. We concluded that the propensity to encode social events in terms of agents and patients was a common feature of hominid cognition, as demonstrated in several human and one chimpanzee participant, pointing towards an evolutionarily old and phylogenetically shared cognitive mechanism central to language processing.","PeriodicalId":32558,"journal":{"name":"Open Mind","volume":"9 ","pages":"559-575"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12058332/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143999442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Towards Human-Like Emergent Communication via Utility, Informativeness, and Complexity. 从实用性、信息性和复杂性走向类人紧急沟通。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2025-04-02 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00188

Mycal Tucker, Julie Shah, Roger Levy, Noga Zaslavsky

{"title":"Towards Human-Like Emergent Communication via Utility, Informativeness, and Complexity.","authors":"Mycal Tucker, Julie Shah, Roger Levy, Noga Zaslavsky","doi":"10.1162/opmi_a_00188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/opmi_a_00188","url":null,"abstract":"Two prominent, yet contrasting, theoretical views are available to characterize the underlying drivers of language evolution: on the one hand, task-specific utility maximization; on the other hand, task-agnostic communicative efficiency. The latter has recently been grounded in an information-theoretic tradeoff between communicative complexity and informativeness, known as the Information Bottleneck (IB) principle. Here, we integrate these two views and propose an information-constrained emergent communication framework that trades off utility, informativeness, and complexity. To train agents within our framework, we develop a method, called Vector-Quantized Variational Information Bottleneck (VQ-VIB), that allows agents to interact using information-constrained discrete communication embedded in a continuous vector space. We test this approach in three domains and show that pressure for informativeness facilitates faster learning and better generalization to novel domains. At the same time, limiting complexity yields better alignment with actual human languages. Lastly, we find that VQ-VIB outperforms previously proposed emergent communication methods; we posit that this is due to the semantically-meaningful communication embedding space that VQ-VIB affords. Overall, our work demonstrates the role of cognitively-motivated optimality principles in inducing aspects of human-like communication among artificial agents.","PeriodicalId":32558,"journal":{"name":"Open Mind","volume":"9 ","pages":"418-451"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11984795/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144052275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Present-Focused Behavior as a Rational Adaptation to Precarity. 关注当下的行为是对不稳定性的理性适应。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2025-04-02 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00195

Arjun Mitra, Narayanan Srinivasan, Nisheeth Srivastava

引用次数: 0

The Scientific and Cultural Cost of Convenience Sampling in the Face of Rising Language Endangerment: Highlighting the Role of Language Acquisition. 面对日益严重的语言濒危，方便抽样的科学文化代价：强调语言习得的作用。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2025-04-02 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00199

Sam Passmore, Birgit Hellwig, Rowena Garcia, Evan Kidd

引用次数: 0

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