Open Mind最新文献

The Rapid Synthesis of Integral Stimuli. 积分刺激的快速合成。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2025-05-23 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00208

C E R Edmunds, Fraser Milton, Andy J Wills

引用次数: 0

The State-Before-Event Inference Emerges Across Tenses. 状态先于事件推理出现在时态中。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2025-05-23 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00207

Elena Marx, Natalia Jardón, Eva Wittenberg

{"title":"The State-Before-Event Inference Emerges Across Tenses.","authors":"Elena Marx, Natalia Jardón, Eva Wittenberg","doi":"10.1162/opmi_a_00207","DOIUrl":"10.1162/opmi_a_00207","url":null,"abstract":"In language, comprehenders often need to infer the temporal order of events to construct a mental model of a complex situation. Dynamicity differences are a key predictor of these inferences: Non-dynamic states are reliably inferred to precede dynamic events. In two studies, we test two theoretical explanations for this phenomenon through temporal order judgments for past-under-past and future-under-future relative clauses in English: According to a tense-mediated account of temporal anchoring, people rely on the conceptual distinction between a more salient reference time-often a dynamic event-and a less salient anchored situation-often a static state. The temporal relationship between the two is determined at the linguistic level by tense meaning: For the past tense, the relationship should be one of anteriority, and for the future tense, it should be one of posteriority. However, the future tense has often been placed closer to modals than to tenses, relegating the question of temporal order to other mechanisms. Alternatively, from a purely cognitive perspective, salience differences between states and events are sufficient to infer temporal order, with states acting as temporal backgrounds for more salient events, regardless of tense. Our results support such a cognitive mechanism: In both experiments, states are backgrounded relative to events. Differences between the experiments furthermore support modal accounts of the semantics of the future.","PeriodicalId":32558,"journal":{"name":"Open Mind","volume":"9 ","pages":"726-745"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12140571/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144235404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Rational Framework for Group-Based Selective Social Learning. 基于群体的选择性社会学习的理性框架。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2025-05-09 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00205

Max Taylor-Davies, Neil Bramley, Christopher G Lucas

引用次数: 0

Relative Value Encoding in Large Language Models: A Multi-Task, Multi-Model Investigation. 大型语言模型中的相对值编码：一项多任务、多模型的研究。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2025-05-09 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00209

William M Hayes, Nicolas Yax, Stefano Palminteri

{"title":"Relative Value Encoding in Large Language Models: A Multi-Task, Multi-Model Investigation.","authors":"William M Hayes, Nicolas Yax, Stefano Palminteri","doi":"10.1162/opmi_a_00209","DOIUrl":"10.1162/opmi_a_00209","url":null,"abstract":"In-context learning enables large language models (LLMs) to perform a variety of tasks, including solving reinforcement learning (RL) problems. Given their potential use as (autonomous) decision-making agents, it is important to understand how these models behave in RL tasks and the extent to which they are susceptible to biases. Motivated by the fact that, in humans, it has been widely documented that the value of a choice outcome depends on how it compares to other local outcomes, the present study focuses on whether similar value encoding biases apply to LLMs. Results from experiments with multiple bandit tasks and models show that LLMs exhibit behavioral signatures of relative value encoding. Adding explicit outcome comparisons to the prompt magnifies the bias, impairing the ability of LLMs to generalize from the outcomes presented in-context to new choice problems, similar to effects observed in humans. Computational cognitive modeling reveals that LLM behavior is well-described by a simple RL algorithm that incorporates relative values at the outcome encoding stage. Lastly, we present preliminary evidence that the observed biases are not limited to fine-tuned LLMs, and that relative value processing is detectable in the final hidden layer activations of a raw, pretrained model. These findings have important implications for the use of LLMs in decision-making applications.","PeriodicalId":32558,"journal":{"name":"Open Mind","volume":"9 ","pages":"709-725"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12140570/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144235402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Children Learn Best From Their Peers: The Crucial Role of Input From Other Children in Language Development. 儿童从同伴那里学得最好：来自其他儿童的输入在语言发展中的关键作用。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2025-04-29 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00198

Johanna Schick, Sabine Stoll

{"title":"Children Learn Best From Their Peers: The Crucial Role of Input From Other Children in Language Development.","authors":"Johanna Schick, Sabine Stoll","doi":"10.1162/opmi_a_00198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/opmi_a_00198","url":null,"abstract":"Language input is crucial for language learning, with child-directed speech being a strong predictor of language development. Yet, in many non-industrialized rural societies, children are less exposed to this type of input. Instead, children encounter frequent child-surrounding speech from third-party interactions. Little is known about whether and how children learn language from this type of input. By analyzing naturalistic data from children growing up in the Shipibo-Konibo community in the Peruvian Amazon, we demonstrate that despite a high prevalence of child-surrounding input, child-directed input best predicts children's production patterns defined as unigrams. We provide first evidence for remarkable similarities between child-surrounding speech and children's own speech patterns. In addition, we demonstrate that a specific type of input best predicts children's production frequencies across the domains of surrounding and directed input: speech from other children. Together, these findings expand our perspective beyond dyadic adult-child interactions, supporting the view that child-surrounding speech and especially speech from other children provide important learning opportunities.","PeriodicalId":32558,"journal":{"name":"Open Mind","volume":"9 ","pages":"665-676"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12058327/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144051001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Decoding Prosodic Information from Motion Capture Data: The Gravity of Co-Speech Gestures. 从动作捕捉数据解码韵律信息：共同语音手势的重力。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2025-04-29 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00196

Jacob P Momsen, Seana Coulson

{"title":"Decoding Prosodic Information from Motion Capture Data: The Gravity of Co-Speech Gestures.","authors":"Jacob P Momsen, Seana Coulson","doi":"10.1162/opmi_a_00196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/opmi_a_00196","url":null,"abstract":"In part due to correspondence in time, seeing how a speaking body moves can impact how speech is apprehended. Despite this, little is known about whether and which specific kinematic features of co-speech movements are relevant for their integration with speech. The current study uses machine learning techniques to investigate how co-speech gestures can be quantified to model vocal acoustics within an individual speaker. Specifically, we address whether kinetic descriptions of human movement are relevant for modeling their relationship with speech in time. To test this, we apply experimental manipulations that either highlight or obscure the relationship between co-speech movement kinematics and downward gravitational acceleration. Across two experiments, we provide evidence that quantifying co-speech movement as a function of its anisotropic relation to downward gravitational forces improves how well those co-speech movements can be used to predict prosodic dimensions of speech, as represented by the low-pass envelope. This study supports theoretical perspectives that invoke biomechanics to help explain speech-gesture synchrony and offers motivation for further behavioral or neuroimaging work investigating audiovisual integration and/or biological motion perception in the context of multimodal discourse.","PeriodicalId":32558,"journal":{"name":"Open Mind","volume":"9 ","pages":"652-664"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12058326/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143989159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Social Contexts Requiring Adjudication Self- and Peer-Interest Differentially Alter Risk Preferences Across Adolescence. 需要评判的社会环境——自我和同伴兴趣对青少年风险偏好的改变存在差异。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2025-04-22 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00201

Yelina Yiyi Chen, Gail M Rosenbaum, Haoxue Fan, John C Flournoy, Tianxiang Li, Laura Cegarra, Deanna A Youssoufian, Melanie J Grad-Freilich, Laurel E Kordyban, Patrick Mair, Leah H Somerville

{"title":"Social Contexts Requiring Adjudication Self- and Peer-Interest Differentially Alter Risk Preferences Across Adolescence.","authors":"Yelina Yiyi Chen, Gail M Rosenbaum, Haoxue Fan, John C Flournoy, Tianxiang Li, Laura Cegarra, Deanna A Youssoufian, Melanie J Grad-Freilich, Laurel E Kordyban, Patrick Mair, Leah H Somerville","doi":"10.1162/opmi_a_00201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/opmi_a_00201","url":null,"abstract":"Adolescence is a period of escalated rates of risk taking and a dynamic social landscape with peers taking on an important role in shaping one's decisions. Choosing to engage in risk rarely impacts only the decision maker, but also those around them. With a cohort of typically developing adolescent and young adult friend dyads (N = 128, 11-22 years), the current study investigates how peer-relevant social contexts influence risk preferences at different ages using a computational decision making task. We adapted a computational expected utility model to account for weighing the friend's outcome as part of one's utility calculation when deciding between assigning the risky option to oneself or one's friend. Compared to participants' baseline risk preferences absent of any friend involvement, we found age-related changes in risk taking when the preferred option can only be assigned to oneself or one's friend but not to both. Exploratory, data-driven analyses using behavioral measures and the computationally derived risk preference parameter revealed that overall, early adolescence is a period in which individuals assigned more weight to their friends' outcomes and were willing to forego personal benefits to a greater extent. Active observation by friends had no additional, age-dependent impact on participants' risky choices. These results indicate early adolescence to be a period of sensitivity to social contexts evoking prosocial gestures that are costly to oneself.","PeriodicalId":32558,"journal":{"name":"Open Mind","volume":"9 ","pages":"540-558"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12058330/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144050651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Inference About Absence as a Window Into the Mental Self-Model. 关于缺席作为心理自我模型窗口的推论。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2025-04-22 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00206

Matan Mazor

引用次数: 0

On the Persistence of Discourse Predictions: The Facilitative Effect of Discourse Markers Diminishes in the Presence of Intervening Material. 论话语预测的持续性：话语标记的促进作用在中介材料的存在下减弱。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2025-04-22 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00203

Merel C J Scholman, Hannah Rohde, Vera Demberg

引用次数: 0

Beliefs About the Development of Mental Life. 关于精神生活发展的信念。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2025-04-22 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00200

Kara Weisman, Lucy S King, Kathryn Humphreys

{"title":"Beliefs About the Development of Mental Life.","authors":"Kara Weisman, Lucy S King, Kathryn Humphreys","doi":"10.1162/opmi_a_00200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/opmi_a_00200","url":null,"abstract":"Caregiving relationships with infants and children are among the most common and most complex human social interactions. Adults' perceptions of children's mental capacities have important consequences for the well-being of children in their care-particularly in the first few years of life, when children's communication skills are limited and caregivers must infer children's rapidly developing thoughts, feelings, and needs. In a series of studies, we assessed how US adults conceptualize the development of the human mind over the first five years of life. Exploratory factor analysis identified four core capacities that anchored participants' representations of the developing human mind: bodily sensation (e.g., hunger, pain), negative affect (e.g., distress, frustration), social connection (e.g., love, learning from others), and cognition and control (e.g., planning, self-control). Participants believed that these capacities were present to different degrees at birth, followed different developmental trajectories, and were driven by different developmental mechanisms, such as biological \"preprogramming,\" physical maturation, passive observation, and social learning. The current studies shed light on this fascinating and understudied aspect of \"mind perception\" among US adults, in turn highlighting possibilities for theory-based interventions to encourage developmentally appropriate parenting behaviors.","PeriodicalId":32558,"journal":{"name":"Open Mind","volume":"9 ","pages":"515-539"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12058329/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144036936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0