Open Mind最新文献_第10页

Aesthetic Motivation Impacts Judgments of Others' Prosociality and Mental Life. 审美动机影响对他人亲社会性和精神生活的判断

Open Mind Pub Date : 2023-12-08 eCollection Date: 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00113

Tanushree Agrawal, Adena Schachner

{"title":"Aesthetic Motivation Impacts Judgments of Others' Prosociality and Mental Life.","authors":"Tanushree Agrawal, Adena Schachner","doi":"10.1162/opmi_a_00113","DOIUrl":"10.1162/opmi_a_00113","url":null,"abstract":"The ability to infer others' prosocial vs. antisocial behavioral tendencies from minimal information is core to social reasoning. Aesthetic motivation (the value or appreciation of aesthetic beauty) is linked with prosocial tendencies, raising the question of whether this factor is used in interpersonal reasoning and in the attribution of mental capacities. We propose and test a model of this reasoning, predicting that evidence of others' aesthetic motivations should impact judgments of others' prosocial (and antisocial) tendencies by signaling a heightened capacity for emotional experience. In a series of four pre-registered experiments (total N = 1440), participants saw pairs of characters (as photos/vignettes), and judged which in each pair showed more of a mental capacity of interest. Distractor items prevented participants from guessing the hypothesis. For one critical pair of characters, both characters performed the same activity (music listening, painting, cooking, exercising, being in nature, doing math), but one was motivated by the activities' aesthetic value, and the other by its functional value. Across all activities, participants robustly chose aesthetically-motivated characters as more likely to behave compassionately (Exp. 1; 3), less likely to behave selfishly/manipulatively (Exp. 1; 3), and as more emotionally sensitive, but not more intelligent (Exp. 2; 3; 4). Emotional sensitivity best predicted compassionate behavior judgements (Exp. 3). Aesthetically-motivated characters were not reliably chosen as more helpful; intelligence best predicted helpfulness judgements (Exp. 4). Evidence of aesthetic motivation conveys important social information about others, impacting fundamental interpersonal judgments about others' mental life and social behavior.","PeriodicalId":32558,"journal":{"name":"Open Mind","volume":"7 ","pages":"947-980"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10727777/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138810659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Direct and Observed Joint Attention Modulate 9-Month-Old Infants' Object Encoding. 直接注意和观察到的共同注意调节 9 个月大婴儿的物体编码

Open Mind Pub Date : 2023-11-27 eCollection Date: 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00114

Maleen Thiele, Steven Kalinke, Christine Michel, Daniel B M Haun

{"title":"Direct and Observed Joint Attention Modulate 9-Month-Old Infants' Object Encoding.","authors":"Maleen Thiele, Steven Kalinke, Christine Michel, Daniel B M Haun","doi":"10.1162/opmi_a_00114","DOIUrl":"10.1162/opmi_a_00114","url":null,"abstract":"Sharing joint visual attention to an object with another person biases infants to encode qualitatively different object properties compared to a parallel attention situation lacking interpersonal sharedness. This study investigated whether merely observing joint attention amongst others shows the same effect. In Experiment 1 (first-party replication experiment), N = 36 9-month-old German infants were presented with a violation-of-expectation task during which they saw an adult looking either in the direction of the infant (eye contact) or to the side (no eye contact) before and after looking at an object. Following an occlusion phase, infants saw one of three different outcomes: the same object reappeared at the same screen position (no change), the same object reappeared at a novel position (location change), or a novel object appeared at the same position (identity change). We found that infants looked longer at identity change outcomes (vs. no changes) in the \"eye contact\" condition compared to the \"no eye contact\" condition. In contrast, infants' response to location changes was not influenced by the presence of eye contact. In Experiment 2, we found the same result pattern in a matched third-party design, in which another sample of N = 36 9-month-old German infants saw two adults establishing eye contact (or no eye contact) before alternating their gaze between an object and their partner without ever looking at the infant. These findings indicate that infants learn similarly from interacting with others and observing others interact, suggesting that infant cultural learning extends beyond infant-directed interactions.","PeriodicalId":32558,"journal":{"name":"Open Mind","volume":"7 ","pages":"917-946"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10695677/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138488618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Prediction, Explanation, and Control: The Use of Mental Models in Dynamic Environments. 预测、解释和控制：动态环境中心理模型的使用》。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2023-11-27 eCollection Date: 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00112

Roman Tikhonov, Simon DeDeo

{"title":"Prediction, Explanation, and Control: The Use of Mental Models in Dynamic Environments.","authors":"Roman Tikhonov, Simon DeDeo","doi":"10.1162/opmi_a_00112","DOIUrl":"10.1162/opmi_a_00112","url":null,"abstract":"The abilities to predict, explain, and control might arise out of operations on a common underlying representation or, conversely, from independent cognitive processes. We developed a novel experimental paradigm to explore how individuals might use probabilistic mental models in these three tasks, under varying levels of complexity and uncertainty. Participants interacted with a simple chatbot defined by a finite-state machine, and were then tested on their ability to predict, explain, and control the chatbot's responses. When full information was available, performance varied significantly across the tasks, with control proving most robust to increased complexity, and explanation being the most challenging. In the presence of hidden information, however, performance across tasks equalized, and participants demonstrated an alternative neglect bias, i.e., a tendency to ignore less likely possibilities. A second, within-subject experimental design then looked for correlations between abilities. We did not find strong correlations, but the challenges of the task for the subjects limited our statistical power. To understand these effects better, a final experiment investigated the possibility of cross-training, skill transfer, or \"zero-shot\" performance: how well a participant, explicitly trained on one of the three tasks, could perform on the others without additional training. Here we found strong asymmetries: participants trained to control gained generalizable abilities to both predict and explain, while training on either prediction or explanation did not lead to transfer. This cross-training experiment also revealed correlations in performance; most notably between control and prediction. Our findings highlight the complex role of mental models, in contrast to task-specific heuristics, when information is partially hidden, and suggest new avenues for research into situations where the acquisition of general purpose mental models may provide a unifying explanation for a variety of cognitive abilities.","PeriodicalId":32558,"journal":{"name":"Open Mind","volume":"7 ","pages":"894-916"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10695676/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138488558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

What's in the Box? Preschoolers Consider Ambiguity, Expected Value, and Information for Future Decisions in Explore-Exploit Tasks. 盒子里有什么？学龄前儿童在探索开发任务中考虑歧义、期望值和未来决策信息。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2023-10-27 eCollection Date: 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00110

Elizabeth Lapidow, Elizabeth Bonawitz

引用次数: 0

Number Agreement Attraction in Czech Comprehension: Negligible Facilitation Effects. 捷克语理解中的数字协定吸引：可忽略的促进效应。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2023-10-27 eCollection Date: 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00107

Jan Chromý, Radim Lacina, Jakub Dotlačil

引用次数: 0

Children's Reasoning About Empathy and Social Relationships. 儿童关于移情和社会关系的推理。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2023-10-27 eCollection Date: 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00109

Alexis S Smith-Flores, Gabriel J Bonamy, Lindsey J Powell

{"title":"Children's Reasoning About Empathy and Social Relationships.","authors":"Alexis S Smith-Flores, Gabriel J Bonamy, Lindsey J Powell","doi":"10.1162/opmi_a_00109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/opmi_a_00109","url":null,"abstract":"Across the lifespan, empathic and counter-empathic emotions are shaped by social relationships. Here we test the hypothesis that this connection is encoded in children's intuitive theory of psychology, allowing them to predict when others will feel empathy versus counter-empathy and to use vicarious emotion information to infer relationships. We asked 4- to 7-year-old children (N = 79) to make emotion predictions or relationship inferences in response to stories featuring two characters, an experiencer and an observer, and either a positive or negative outcome for the experiencer. In the context of positive outcomes, we found that children engaged in robust joint reasoning about relationships and vicarious emotions. When given information about the characters' relationship, children predicted empathy from a friendly observer and counter-empathy from a rival observer. When given information about the observer's response to the experiencer, children inferred positive and negative relationships from empathic and counter-empathic responses, respectively. In the context of negative outcomes, children predicted that both friendly and rival observers would feel empathy toward the experiencer, but they still used information about empathic versus counter-empathic responses to infer relationship status. Our results suggest that young children in the US have a blanket expectation of empathic concern in response to negative outcomes, but otherwise expect and infer that vicarious emotions are connected to social relationships. Future research should investigate if children use this understanding to select social partners, evaluate their own relationships, or decide when to express empathy toward others.","PeriodicalId":32558,"journal":{"name":"Open Mind","volume":"7 ","pages":"837-854"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10631796/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72211056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Calculated Feelings: How Children Use Probability to Infer Emotions. 计算的感觉：孩子如何利用概率推断情绪。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2023-10-27 eCollection Date: 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00111

Tiffany Doan, Ori Friedman, Stephanie Denison

引用次数: 0

A Shared Intuitive (Mis)understanding of Psychophysical Law Leads Both Novices and Educated Students to Believe in a Just Noticeable Difference (JND). 对心理物理定律的共同直觉（错误）理解导致新手和受过教育的学生都相信一个明显的差异（JND）。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2023-10-20 eCollection Date: 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00108

Emily M Sanford, Justin Halberda

{"title":"A Shared Intuitive (Mis)understanding of Psychophysical Law Leads Both Novices and Educated Students to Believe in a Just Noticeable Difference (JND).","authors":"Emily M Sanford, Justin Halberda","doi":"10.1162/opmi_a_00108","DOIUrl":"10.1162/opmi_a_00108","url":null,"abstract":"Humans are both the scientists who discover psychological laws and the thinkers who behave according to those laws. Oftentimes, when our natural behavior is in accord with those laws, this dual role serves us well: our intuitions about our own behavior can serve to inform our discovery of new laws. But, in cases where the laws that we discover through science do not agree with the intuitions and biases we carry into the lab, we may find it harder to believe in and adopt those laws. Here, we explore one such case. Since the founding of psychophysics, the notion of a Just Noticeable Difference (JND) in perceptual discrimination has been ubiquitous in experimental psychology-even in spite of theoretical advances since the 1950's that argue that there can be no such thing as a threshold in perceiving difference. We find that both novices and psychologically educated students alike misunderstand the JND to mean that, below a certain threshold, humans will be unable to tell which of two quantities is greater (e.g., that humans will be completely at chance when trying to judge which is heavier, a bag with 3000 grains of sand or 3001). This belief in chance performance below a threshold is inconsistent with psychophysical law. We argue that belief in a JND is part of our intuitive theory of psychology and is therefore very difficult to dispel.","PeriodicalId":32558,"journal":{"name":"Open Mind","volume":"7 ","pages":"785-801"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10631794/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72015560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Erratum. 勘误表。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2023-10-01 eCollection Date: 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_e_00106

引用次数: 0

Lexical Processing Strongly Affects Reading Times But Not Skipping During Natural Reading. 自然阅读过程中词汇加工对阅读时间有强烈影响，但不会跳过。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2023-10-01 eCollection Date: 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00099

Micha Heilbron, Jorie van Haren, Peter Hagoort, Floris P de Lange

{"title":"Lexical Processing Strongly Affects Reading Times But Not Skipping During Natural Reading.","authors":"Micha Heilbron, Jorie van Haren, Peter Hagoort, Floris P de Lange","doi":"10.1162/opmi_a_00099","DOIUrl":"10.1162/opmi_a_00099","url":null,"abstract":"In a typical text, readers look much longer at some words than at others, even skipping many altogether. Historically, researchers explained this variation via low-level visual or oculomotor factors, but today it is primarily explained via factors determining a word's lexical processing ease, such as how well word identity can be predicted from context or discerned from parafoveal preview. While the existence of these effects is well established in controlled experiments, the relative importance of prediction, preview and low-level factors in natural reading remains unclear. Here, we address this question in three large naturalistic reading corpora (n = 104, 1.5 million words), using deep neural networks and Bayesian ideal observers to model linguistic prediction and parafoveal preview from moment to moment in natural reading. Strikingly, neither prediction nor preview was important for explaining word skipping-the vast majority of explained variation was explained by a simple oculomotor model, using just fixation position and word length. For reading times, by contrast, we found strong but independent contributions of prediction and preview, with effect sizes matching those from controlled experiments. Together, these results challenge dominant models of eye movements in reading, and instead support alternative models that describe skipping (but not reading times) as largely autonomous from word identification, and mostly determined by low-level oculomotor information.","PeriodicalId":32558,"journal":{"name":"Open Mind","volume":"7 ","pages":"757-783"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10575561/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41239326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0