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Davinci the Dualist: The Mind-Body Divide in Large Language Models and in Human Learners. 二元论者达文西：大型语言模型和人类学习者的身心分裂。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2024-03-01 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00120

Iris Berent, Alexzander Sansiveri

{"title":"Davinci the Dualist: The Mind-Body Divide in Large Language Models and in Human Learners.","authors":"Iris Berent, Alexzander Sansiveri","doi":"10.1162/opmi_a_00120","DOIUrl":"10.1162/opmi_a_00120","url":null,"abstract":"A large literature suggests that people are intuitive Dualists-they consider the mind ethereal, distinct from the body. Furthermore, Dualism emerges, in part, via learning (e.g., Barlev & Shtulman, 2021). Human learners, however, are also endowed with innate systems of core knowledge, and recent results suggest that core knowledge begets Dualism (Berent, 2023a; Berent et al., 2022). The resulting question, then, is whether the acquisition of Dualism requires core knowledge, or whether Dualism is learnable from experience alone, via domain-general mechanism. Since human learners are equipped with both systems, the evidence from humans cannot decide this question. Accordingly, here, we probe for a mind-body divide in Davinci-a large language model (LLM) that is devoid of core knowledge. We show that Davinci still leans towards Dualism, and that this bias increases systematically with the learner's inductive potential. Thus, davinci (which forms part of the GPT-3 suite) exhibits mild Dualist tendencies, whereas its descendent, text-davinci-003 (a GPT-3.5 model), shows a stronger bias. It selectively considers thoughts (epistemic states) as disembodied-as unlikely to show up in the body (in the brain). Unlike humans, GPT 3.5 categorically rejected the persistence of the psyche after death. Still, when probed about life, GPT 3.5 showed robust Dualist tendencies. These results demonstrate that the mind-body divide is partly learnable from experience. While results from LLMs cannot fully determine how humans acquire Dualism, they do place a higher burden of proof on nativist theories that trace Dualism to innate core cognition (Berent, 2023a; Berent et al., 2022).","PeriodicalId":32558,"journal":{"name":"Open Mind","volume":"8 ","pages":"84-101"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10898781/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140022737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Quantifying Bias in Hierarchical Category Systems. 量化分级分类系统中的偏差。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2024-03-01 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00121

Katie Warburton, Charles Kemp, Yang Xu, Lea Frermann

{"title":"Quantifying Bias in Hierarchical Category Systems.","authors":"Katie Warburton, Charles Kemp, Yang Xu, Lea Frermann","doi":"10.1162/opmi_a_00121","DOIUrl":"10.1162/opmi_a_00121","url":null,"abstract":"Categorization is ubiquitous in human cognition and society, and shapes how we perceive and understand the world. Because categories reflect the needs and perspectives of their creators, no category system is entirely objective, and inbuilt biases can have harmful social consequences. Here we propose methods for measuring biases in hierarchical systems of categories, a common form of category organization with multiple levels of abstraction. We illustrate these methods by quantifying the extent to which library classification systems are biased in favour of western concepts and male authors. We analyze a large library data set including more than 3 million books organized into thousands of categories, and find that categories related to religion show greater western bias than do categories related to literature or history, and that books written by men are distributed more broadly across library classification systems than are books written by women. We also find that the Dewey Decimal Classification shows a greater level of bias than does the Library of Congress Classification. Although we focus on library classification as a case study, our methods are general, and can be used to measure biases in both natural and institutional category systems across a range of domains.","PeriodicalId":32558,"journal":{"name":"Open Mind","volume":"8 ","pages":"102-130"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10898782/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140022739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Better Together: 14-Month-Old Infants Expect Agents to Cooperate. 更好地合作：14 个月大的婴儿期待代理合作。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2024-02-01 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00115

Liza Vizmathy, Katarina Begus, Gunther Knoblich, György Gergely, Arianna Curioni

{"title":"Better Together: 14-Month-Old Infants Expect Agents to Cooperate.","authors":"Liza Vizmathy, Katarina Begus, Gunther Knoblich, György Gergely, Arianna Curioni","doi":"10.1162/opmi_a_00115","DOIUrl":"10.1162/opmi_a_00115","url":null,"abstract":"Humans engage in cooperative activities from early on and the breadth of human cooperation is unparalleled. Human preference for cooperation might reflect cognitive and motivational mechanisms that drive engagement in cooperative activities. Here we investigate early indices of humans' cooperative abilities and test whether 14-month-old infants expect agents to prefer cooperative over individual goal achievement. Three groups of infants saw videos of agents facing a choice between two actions that led to identical rewards but differed in the individual costs. Our results show that, in line with prior research, infants expect agents to make instrumentally rational choices and prefer the less costly of two individual action alternatives. In contrast, when one of the action alternatives is cooperative, infants expect agents to choose cooperation over individual action, even though the cooperative action demands more effort from each agent to achieve the same outcome. Finally, we do not find evidence that infants expect agents to choose the less costly alternative when both options entail cooperative action. Combined, these results indicate an ontogenetically early expectation of cooperation, and raise interesting implications and questions regarding the nature of infants' representations of cooperative actions and their utility.","PeriodicalId":32558,"journal":{"name":"Open Mind","volume":"8 ","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10898613/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139991307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

"Now I Get It!": Eureka Experiences During the Acquisition of Mathematical Concepts. "现在我明白了！"：数学概念习得过程中的尤里卡经历。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2024-02-01 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00116

Charlotte Barot, Louise Chevalier, Lucie Martin, Véronique Izard

{"title":"\"Now I Get It!\": Eureka Experiences During the Acquisition of Mathematical Concepts.","authors":"Charlotte Barot, Louise Chevalier, Lucie Martin, Véronique Izard","doi":"10.1162/opmi_a_00116","DOIUrl":"10.1162/opmi_a_00116","url":null,"abstract":"Many famous scientists have reported anecdotes where a new understanding occurred to them suddenly, in an unexpected flash. Do people generally experience such \"Eureka\" moments when learning science concepts? And if so, do these episodes truly vehicle sudden insights, or is this impression illusory? To address these questions, we developed a paradigm where participants were taught the mathematical concept of geodesic, which generalizes the common notion of straight line to straight trajectories drawn on curved surfaces. After studying lessons introducing this concept on the sphere, participants (N = 56) were tested on their understanding of geodesics on the sphere and on other surfaces. Our findings indicate that Eureka experiences are common when learning mathematics, with reports by 34 (61%) participants. Moreover, Eureka experiences proved an accurate description of participants' learning, in two respects. First, Eureka experiences were associated with learning and generalization: the participants who reported experiencing Eurekas performed better at identifying counterintuitive geodesics on new surfaces. Second, and in line with the firstperson experience of a sudden insight, our findings suggest that the learning mechanisms responsible for Eureka experiences are inaccessible to reflective introspection. Specifically, reports of Eureka experiences and of participants' confidence in their own understanding were associated with different profiles of performance, indicating that the mechanisms bringing about Eureka experiences and those informing reflective confidence were at least partially dissociated. Learning mathematical concepts thus appears to involve mechanisms that operate unconsciously, except when a key computational step is reached and a sudden insight breaks into consciousness.","PeriodicalId":32558,"journal":{"name":"Open Mind","volume":"8 ","pages":"17-41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10898616/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139991306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Missing VP Illusion in Spanish: Assessing the Role of Language Statistics and Working Memory 西班牙语中缺失副词的错觉：评估语言统计和工作记忆的作用

Open Mind Pub Date : 2024-02-01 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00118

Claudia Pañeda, S. Lago

{"title":"The Missing VP Illusion in Spanish: Assessing the Role of Language Statistics and Working Memory","authors":"Claudia Pañeda, S. Lago","doi":"10.1162/opmi_a_00118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/opmi_a_00118","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In English, double center-embedded sentences yield a so-called “missing VP illusion”: When they are ungrammatical due to a missing verb, they are judged as equally or even more acceptable than their grammatical counterparts. The illusion is often attributed to working memory limitations. Additionally, it has been suggested that statistical differences across languages—e.g., the lower frequency of consecutive verb clusters in verb-initial languages—play a role, since languages with verb-final embedded clauses are less susceptible to the illusion than English. In two speeded acceptability experiments, we demonstrate that the illusion arises in Spanish, a verb-initial language. We also find that the strength of the illusion is modulated by the number of consecutive verbs, consistent with the involvement of language statistics. By contrast, we do not find that participants’ working memory modulates the illusion, failing to support a role of memory limitations. Our results support the generalization that cross-linguistic variation in the missing VP illusion is associated with language statistics and verb position and they demonstrate that this is the case even in languages in which word order is not a reliable processing cue.","PeriodicalId":32558,"journal":{"name":"Open Mind","volume":"10 1","pages":"42-66"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139967059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Aesthetic Motivation Impacts Judgments of Others' Prosociality and Mental Life. 审美动机影响对他人亲社会性和精神生活的判断

Open Mind Pub Date : 2023-12-08 eCollection Date: 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00113

Tanushree Agrawal, Adena Schachner

{"title":"Aesthetic Motivation Impacts Judgments of Others' Prosociality and Mental Life.","authors":"Tanushree Agrawal, Adena Schachner","doi":"10.1162/opmi_a_00113","DOIUrl":"10.1162/opmi_a_00113","url":null,"abstract":"The ability to infer others' prosocial vs. antisocial behavioral tendencies from minimal information is core to social reasoning. Aesthetic motivation (the value or appreciation of aesthetic beauty) is linked with prosocial tendencies, raising the question of whether this factor is used in interpersonal reasoning and in the attribution of mental capacities. We propose and test a model of this reasoning, predicting that evidence of others' aesthetic motivations should impact judgments of others' prosocial (and antisocial) tendencies by signaling a heightened capacity for emotional experience. In a series of four pre-registered experiments (total N = 1440), participants saw pairs of characters (as photos/vignettes), and judged which in each pair showed more of a mental capacity of interest. Distractor items prevented participants from guessing the hypothesis. For one critical pair of characters, both characters performed the same activity (music listening, painting, cooking, exercising, being in nature, doing math), but one was motivated by the activities' aesthetic value, and the other by its functional value. Across all activities, participants robustly chose aesthetically-motivated characters as more likely to behave compassionately (Exp. 1; 3), less likely to behave selfishly/manipulatively (Exp. 1; 3), and as more emotionally sensitive, but not more intelligent (Exp. 2; 3; 4). Emotional sensitivity best predicted compassionate behavior judgements (Exp. 3). Aesthetically-motivated characters were not reliably chosen as more helpful; intelligence best predicted helpfulness judgements (Exp. 4). Evidence of aesthetic motivation conveys important social information about others, impacting fundamental interpersonal judgments about others' mental life and social behavior.","PeriodicalId":32558,"journal":{"name":"Open Mind","volume":"7 ","pages":"947-980"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10727777/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138810659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Direct and Observed Joint Attention Modulate 9-Month-Old Infants' Object Encoding. 直接注意和观察到的共同注意调节 9 个月大婴儿的物体编码

Open Mind Pub Date : 2023-11-27 eCollection Date: 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00114

Maleen Thiele, Steven Kalinke, Christine Michel, Daniel B M Haun

{"title":"Direct and Observed Joint Attention Modulate 9-Month-Old Infants' Object Encoding.","authors":"Maleen Thiele, Steven Kalinke, Christine Michel, Daniel B M Haun","doi":"10.1162/opmi_a_00114","DOIUrl":"10.1162/opmi_a_00114","url":null,"abstract":"Sharing joint visual attention to an object with another person biases infants to encode qualitatively different object properties compared to a parallel attention situation lacking interpersonal sharedness. This study investigated whether merely observing joint attention amongst others shows the same effect. In Experiment 1 (first-party replication experiment), N = 36 9-month-old German infants were presented with a violation-of-expectation task during which they saw an adult looking either in the direction of the infant (eye contact) or to the side (no eye contact) before and after looking at an object. Following an occlusion phase, infants saw one of three different outcomes: the same object reappeared at the same screen position (no change), the same object reappeared at a novel position (location change), or a novel object appeared at the same position (identity change). We found that infants looked longer at identity change outcomes (vs. no changes) in the \"eye contact\" condition compared to the \"no eye contact\" condition. In contrast, infants' response to location changes was not influenced by the presence of eye contact. In Experiment 2, we found the same result pattern in a matched third-party design, in which another sample of N = 36 9-month-old German infants saw two adults establishing eye contact (or no eye contact) before alternating their gaze between an object and their partner without ever looking at the infant. These findings indicate that infants learn similarly from interacting with others and observing others interact, suggesting that infant cultural learning extends beyond infant-directed interactions.","PeriodicalId":32558,"journal":{"name":"Open Mind","volume":"7 ","pages":"917-946"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10695677/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138488618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Prediction, Explanation, and Control: The Use of Mental Models in Dynamic Environments. 预测、解释和控制：动态环境中心理模型的使用》。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2023-11-27 eCollection Date: 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00112

Roman Tikhonov, Simon DeDeo

{"title":"Prediction, Explanation, and Control: The Use of Mental Models in Dynamic Environments.","authors":"Roman Tikhonov, Simon DeDeo","doi":"10.1162/opmi_a_00112","DOIUrl":"10.1162/opmi_a_00112","url":null,"abstract":"The abilities to predict, explain, and control might arise out of operations on a common underlying representation or, conversely, from independent cognitive processes. We developed a novel experimental paradigm to explore how individuals might use probabilistic mental models in these three tasks, under varying levels of complexity and uncertainty. Participants interacted with a simple chatbot defined by a finite-state machine, and were then tested on their ability to predict, explain, and control the chatbot's responses. When full information was available, performance varied significantly across the tasks, with control proving most robust to increased complexity, and explanation being the most challenging. In the presence of hidden information, however, performance across tasks equalized, and participants demonstrated an alternative neglect bias, i.e., a tendency to ignore less likely possibilities. A second, within-subject experimental design then looked for correlations between abilities. We did not find strong correlations, but the challenges of the task for the subjects limited our statistical power. To understand these effects better, a final experiment investigated the possibility of cross-training, skill transfer, or \"zero-shot\" performance: how well a participant, explicitly trained on one of the three tasks, could perform on the others without additional training. Here we found strong asymmetries: participants trained to control gained generalizable abilities to both predict and explain, while training on either prediction or explanation did not lead to transfer. This cross-training experiment also revealed correlations in performance; most notably between control and prediction. Our findings highlight the complex role of mental models, in contrast to task-specific heuristics, when information is partially hidden, and suggest new avenues for research into situations where the acquisition of general purpose mental models may provide a unifying explanation for a variety of cognitive abilities.","PeriodicalId":32558,"journal":{"name":"Open Mind","volume":"7 ","pages":"894-916"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10695676/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138488558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

What's in the Box? Preschoolers Consider Ambiguity, Expected Value, and Information for Future Decisions in Explore-Exploit Tasks. 盒子里有什么？学龄前儿童在探索开发任务中考虑歧义、期望值和未来决策信息。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2023-10-27 eCollection Date: 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00110

Elizabeth Lapidow, Elizabeth Bonawitz

引用次数: 0

Number Agreement Attraction in Czech Comprehension: Negligible Facilitation Effects. 捷克语理解中的数字协定吸引：可忽略的促进效应。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2023-10-27 eCollection Date: 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00107

Jan Chromý, Radim Lacina, Jakub Dotlačil

引用次数: 0