Open Mind最新文献_第9页

Response to Difficulty Drives Variation in IQ Test Performance. 对难度的反应导致智商测试成绩的差异。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2024-03-26 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00127

Samuel J Cheyette, Steven T Piantadosi

引用次数: 0

It's All in the Interaction: Early Acquired Words Are Both Frequent and Highly Imageable. 一切都在互动中：早期习得的单词既频繁又高度形象化

Open Mind Pub Date : 2024-03-26 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00130

Joseph R Coffey, Margarita Zeitlin, Jean Crawford, Jesse Snedeker

{"title":"It's All in the Interaction: Early Acquired Words Are Both Frequent and Highly Imageable.","authors":"Joseph R Coffey, Margarita Zeitlin, Jean Crawford, Jesse Snedeker","doi":"10.1162/opmi_a_00130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/opmi_a_00130","url":null,"abstract":"Prior studies have found that children are more likely to learn words that are frequent in the input and highly imageable. Many theories of word learning, however, predict that these variables should interact, particularly early in development: frequency of a form is of little use if you cannot infer its meaning, and a concrete word cannot be acquired if you never hear it. The present study explores this interaction, how it changes over time and its relationship to syntactic category effects in children acquiring American English. We analyzed 1461 monolingual English-speaking children aged 1;4-2;6 from the MB-CDI norming study (Fenson et al., 1994). Word frequency was estimated from the CHILDES database, and imageability was measured using adult ratings. There was a strong over-additive interaction between frequency and imageability, such that children were more likely to learn a word if it was both highly imageable and very frequent. This interaction was larger in younger children than in older children. There were reliable differences between syntactic categories independent of frequency and imageability, which did not interact with age. These findings are consistent with theories in which children's early words are acquired by mapping frequent word forms onto concrete, perceptually available referents, such that highly frequent items are only acquired if they are also imageable, and vice versa.","PeriodicalId":32558,"journal":{"name":"Open Mind","volume":"8 ","pages":"309-332"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10990573/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140868360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

What Does That Mean? Complementizers and Epistemic Authority. 这意味着什么？补充者与认识论权威》。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2024-03-26 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00135

Rebecca Tollan, Bilge Palaz

{"title":"What Does That Mean? Complementizers and Epistemic Authority.","authors":"Rebecca Tollan, Bilge Palaz","doi":"10.1162/opmi_a_00135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/opmi_a_00135","url":null,"abstract":"A core goal of research in language is to understand the factors that guide choice of linguistic form where more than one option is syntactically well-formed. We discuss one case of optionality that has generated longstanding discussion: the choice of either using or dropping the English complementizer that in sentences like I think (that) the cat followed the dog. Existing psycholinguistic analyses tie that-usage to production pressures associated with sentence planning (Ferreira & Dell, 2000), avoidance of ambiguity (Hawkins, 2004), and relative information density (Jaeger, 2010). Building on observations from cross-linguistic fieldwork, we present a novel proposal in which English that can serve to mark a speaker's \"epistemic authority\" over the information packaged within the embedded clause; that is, it indicates that the speaker has more knowledge of the embedded proposition compared with their addressee and thus has a perspective that they believe their addressee doesn't share. Testing this proposal with a forced-choice task and a series of corpus surveys, we find that English that is keyed to the use of embedded speaker (first-person) subject pronouns and occurs in sentences containing newsworthy information. Our account of that-optionality takes into account why that is associated with both (i) a dense information signal and (ii) semantic-pragmatic content, as well as extending to cases of non-optionality in subject/sentence-initial clauses (e.g., *(That) the cat is following the dog, I already know) and fragment answers (e.g., What do you already know? *(That) the cat is following the dog), where that is required.","PeriodicalId":32558,"journal":{"name":"Open Mind","volume":"8 ","pages":"366-394"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10990574/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140863179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Infants Infer Social Relationships Between Individuals Who Engage in Imitative Social Interactions. 婴儿推断参与模仿性社会互动的个体之间的社会关系。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2024-03-05 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00124

Vanessa Kudrnova, Elizabeth S Spelke, Ashley J Thomas

{"title":"Infants Infer Social Relationships Between Individuals Who Engage in Imitative Social Interactions.","authors":"Vanessa Kudrnova, Elizabeth S Spelke, Ashley J Thomas","doi":"10.1162/opmi_a_00124","DOIUrl":"10.1162/opmi_a_00124","url":null,"abstract":"Infants are born into rich social networks and are faced with the challenge of learning about them. When infants observe social interactions, they make predictions about future behavior, but it is not clear whether these predictions are based on social dispositions, social relationships, or both. The current studies (N = 188, N = 90 males) address this question in 12-month-old infants and 16- to 18-month-old toddlers who observe social interactions involving imitation. In Studies 1 and 3, infants and toddlers expected that imitators, compared to non-imitators, would respond to their social partners' distress. Likewise, they expected the targets of imitation, compared to non-targets, to respond to their partner's distress. In Study 2, these expectations did not generalize to interactions with a new partner, providing evidence that infants learned about the relationships between individuals as opposed to their dispositions. In Study 3, infants did not make predictions about responses to laughter, suggesting that infants see imitation as indicative of a specific kind of social relationship. Together, these results provide evidence that imitative interactions support infants' and toddlers' learning about the social relationships connecting unknown individuals.","PeriodicalId":32558,"journal":{"name":"Open Mind","volume":"8 ","pages":"202-216"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10932586/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140112614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Word Frequency and Predictability Dissociate in Naturalistic Reading. 自然阅读中的词频与可预测性脱节。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2024-03-05 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00119

Cory Shain

{"title":"Word Frequency and Predictability Dissociate in Naturalistic Reading.","authors":"Cory Shain","doi":"10.1162/opmi_a_00119","DOIUrl":"10.1162/opmi_a_00119","url":null,"abstract":"Many studies of human language processing have shown that readers slow down at less frequent or less predictable words, but there is debate about whether frequency and predictability effects reflect separable cognitive phenomena: are cognitive operations that retrieve words from the mental lexicon based on sensory cues distinct from those that predict upcoming words based on context? Previous evidence for a frequency-predictability dissociation is mostly based on small samples (both for estimating predictability and frequency and for testing their effects on human behavior), artificial materials (e.g., isolated constructed sentences), and implausible modeling assumptions (discrete-time dynamics, linearity, additivity, constant variance, and invariance over time), which raises the question: do frequency and predictability dissociate in ordinary language comprehension, such as story reading? This study leverages recent progress in open data and computational modeling to address this question at scale. A large collection of naturalistic reading data (six datasets, >2.2 M datapoints) is analyzed using nonlinear continuous-time regression, and frequency and predictability are estimated using statistical language models trained on more data than is currently typical in psycholinguistics. Despite the use of naturalistic data, strong predictability estimates, and flexible regression models, results converge with earlier experimental studies in supporting dissociable and additive frequency and predictability effects.","PeriodicalId":32558,"journal":{"name":"Open Mind","volume":"8 ","pages":"177-201"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10932590/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140111558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Signal Smoothing and Syntactic Choices: A Critical Reflection on the UID Hypothesis. 信号平滑与句法选择：对 UID 假设的批判性反思。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2024-03-05 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00125

Tom S Juzek

引用次数: 0

Expecting the Unexpected: Infants Use Others' Surprise to Revise Their Own Expectations. 期待意外：婴儿利用他人的惊讶来修正自己的期望。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2024-03-01 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00117

Yang Wu, Megan Merrick, Hyowon Gweon

{"title":"Expecting the Unexpected: Infants Use Others' Surprise to Revise Their Own Expectations.","authors":"Yang Wu, Megan Merrick, Hyowon Gweon","doi":"10.1162/opmi_a_00117","DOIUrl":"10.1162/opmi_a_00117","url":null,"abstract":"Human infants show systematic responses to events that violate their expectations. Can they also revise these expectations based on others' expressions of surprise? Here we ask whether infants (N = 156, mean = 15.2 months, range: 12.0-18.0 months) can use an experimenter's expression of surprise to revise their own expectations about statistically probable vs. improbable events. An experimenter sampled a ball from a box of red and white balls and briefly displayed either a surprised or an unsurprised expression at the outcome before revealing it to the infant. Following an unsurprised expression, the results were consistent with prior work; infants looked longer at a statistically improbable outcome than a probable outcome. Following a surprised expression, however, this standard pattern disappeared or was even reversed. These results suggest that even before infants can observe the unexpected events themselves, they can use others' surprise to expect the unexpected. Starting early in life, human learners can leverage social information that signals others' prediction error to update their own predictions.","PeriodicalId":32558,"journal":{"name":"Open Mind","volume":"8 ","pages":"67-83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10898783/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140022738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Systematic Human Learning and Generalization From a Brief Tutorial With Explanatory Feedback. 人类从带有解释性反馈的简短教程中进行系统学习和归纳。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2024-03-01 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00123

Andrew J Nam, James L McClelland

{"title":"Systematic Human Learning and Generalization From a Brief Tutorial With Explanatory Feedback.","authors":"Andrew J Nam, James L McClelland","doi":"10.1162/opmi_a_00123","DOIUrl":"10.1162/opmi_a_00123","url":null,"abstract":"We investigate human adults' ability to learn an abstract reasoning task quickly and to generalize outside of the range of training examples. Using a task based on a solution strategy in Sudoku, we provide Sudoku-naive participants with a brief instructional tutorial with explanatory feedback using a narrow range of training examples. We find that most participants who master the task do so within 10 practice trials and generalize well to puzzles outside of the training range. We also find that most of those who master the task can describe a valid solution strategy, and such participants perform better on transfer puzzles than those whose strategy descriptions are vague or incomplete. Interestingly, fewer than half of our human participants were successful in acquiring a valid solution strategy, and this ability was associated with completion of high school algebra and geometry. We consider the implications of these findings for understanding human systematic reasoning, as well as the challenges these findings pose for building computational models that capture all aspects of our findings, and we point toward a role for learning from instructions and explanations to support rapid learning and generalization.","PeriodicalId":32558,"journal":{"name":"Open Mind","volume":"8 ","pages":"148-176"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10898786/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140022740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Deep Learning Approach to Analyzing Continuous-Time Cognitive Processes 分析连续时间认知过程的深度学习方法

Open Mind Pub Date : 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00126

Cory Shain, William Schuler

{"title":"A Deep Learning Approach to Analyzing Continuous-Time Cognitive Processes","authors":"Cory Shain, William Schuler","doi":"10.1162/opmi_a_00126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/opmi_a_00126","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The dynamics of the mind are complex. Mental processes unfold continuously in time and may be sensitive to a myriad of interacting variables, especially in naturalistic settings. But statistical models used to analyze data from cognitive experiments often assume simplistic dynamics. Recent advances in deep learning have yielded startling improvements to simulations of dynamical cognitive processes, including speech comprehension, visual perception, and goal-directed behavior. But due to poor interpretability, deep learning is generally not used for scientific analysis. Here, we bridge this gap by showing that deep learning can be used, not just to imitate, but to analyze complex processes, providing flexible function approximation while preserving interpretability. To do so, we define and implement a nonlinear regression model in which the probability distribution over the response variable is parameterized by convolving the history of predictors over time using an artificial neural network, thereby allowing the shape and continuous temporal extent of effects to be inferred directly from time series data. Our approach relaxes standard simplifying assumptions (e.g., linearity, stationarity, and homoscedasticity) that are implausible for many cognitive processes and may critically affect the interpretation of data. We demonstrate substantial improvements on behavioral and neuroimaging data from the language processing domain, and we show that our model enables discovery of novel patterns in exploratory analyses, controls for diverse confounds in confirmatory analyses, and opens up research questions in cognitive (neuro)science that are otherwise hard to study.","PeriodicalId":32558,"journal":{"name":"Open Mind","volume":"192 ","pages":"235-264"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140278413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

The Accuracy and Precision of Memory for Natural Scenes: A Walk in the Park. 自然景观记忆的准确性和精确性：公园漫步

Open Mind Pub Date : 2024-03-01 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00122

Leo Westebbe, Yibiao Liang, Erik Blaser

引用次数: 0