Open Mind最新文献_第9页

Signal Smoothing and Syntactic Choices: A Critical Reflection on the UID Hypothesis. 信号平滑与句法选择：对 UID 假设的批判性反思。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2024-03-05 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00125

Tom S Juzek

引用次数: 0

Expecting the Unexpected: Infants Use Others' Surprise to Revise Their Own Expectations. 期待意外：婴儿利用他人的惊讶来修正自己的期望。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2024-03-01 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00117

Yang Wu, Megan Merrick, Hyowon Gweon

{"title":"Expecting the Unexpected: Infants Use Others' Surprise to Revise Their Own Expectations.","authors":"Yang Wu, Megan Merrick, Hyowon Gweon","doi":"10.1162/opmi_a_00117","DOIUrl":"10.1162/opmi_a_00117","url":null,"abstract":"Human infants show systematic responses to events that violate their expectations. Can they also revise these expectations based on others' expressions of surprise? Here we ask whether infants (N = 156, mean = 15.2 months, range: 12.0-18.0 months) can use an experimenter's expression of surprise to revise their own expectations about statistically probable vs. improbable events. An experimenter sampled a ball from a box of red and white balls and briefly displayed either a surprised or an unsurprised expression at the outcome before revealing it to the infant. Following an unsurprised expression, the results were consistent with prior work; infants looked longer at a statistically improbable outcome than a probable outcome. Following a surprised expression, however, this standard pattern disappeared or was even reversed. These results suggest that even before infants can observe the unexpected events themselves, they can use others' surprise to expect the unexpected. Starting early in life, human learners can leverage social information that signals others' prediction error to update their own predictions.","PeriodicalId":32558,"journal":{"name":"Open Mind","volume":"8 ","pages":"67-83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10898783/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140022738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Systematic Human Learning and Generalization From a Brief Tutorial With Explanatory Feedback. 人类从带有解释性反馈的简短教程中进行系统学习和归纳。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2024-03-01 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00123

Andrew J Nam, James L McClelland

{"title":"Systematic Human Learning and Generalization From a Brief Tutorial With Explanatory Feedback.","authors":"Andrew J Nam, James L McClelland","doi":"10.1162/opmi_a_00123","DOIUrl":"10.1162/opmi_a_00123","url":null,"abstract":"We investigate human adults' ability to learn an abstract reasoning task quickly and to generalize outside of the range of training examples. Using a task based on a solution strategy in Sudoku, we provide Sudoku-naive participants with a brief instructional tutorial with explanatory feedback using a narrow range of training examples. We find that most participants who master the task do so within 10 practice trials and generalize well to puzzles outside of the training range. We also find that most of those who master the task can describe a valid solution strategy, and such participants perform better on transfer puzzles than those whose strategy descriptions are vague or incomplete. Interestingly, fewer than half of our human participants were successful in acquiring a valid solution strategy, and this ability was associated with completion of high school algebra and geometry. We consider the implications of these findings for understanding human systematic reasoning, as well as the challenges these findings pose for building computational models that capture all aspects of our findings, and we point toward a role for learning from instructions and explanations to support rapid learning and generalization.","PeriodicalId":32558,"journal":{"name":"Open Mind","volume":"8 ","pages":"148-176"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10898786/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140022740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Deep Learning Approach to Analyzing Continuous-Time Cognitive Processes 分析连续时间认知过程的深度学习方法

Open Mind Pub Date : 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00126

Cory Shain, William Schuler

{"title":"A Deep Learning Approach to Analyzing Continuous-Time Cognitive Processes","authors":"Cory Shain, William Schuler","doi":"10.1162/opmi_a_00126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/opmi_a_00126","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The dynamics of the mind are complex. Mental processes unfold continuously in time and may be sensitive to a myriad of interacting variables, especially in naturalistic settings. But statistical models used to analyze data from cognitive experiments often assume simplistic dynamics. Recent advances in deep learning have yielded startling improvements to simulations of dynamical cognitive processes, including speech comprehension, visual perception, and goal-directed behavior. But due to poor interpretability, deep learning is generally not used for scientific analysis. Here, we bridge this gap by showing that deep learning can be used, not just to imitate, but to analyze complex processes, providing flexible function approximation while preserving interpretability. To do so, we define and implement a nonlinear regression model in which the probability distribution over the response variable is parameterized by convolving the history of predictors over time using an artificial neural network, thereby allowing the shape and continuous temporal extent of effects to be inferred directly from time series data. Our approach relaxes standard simplifying assumptions (e.g., linearity, stationarity, and homoscedasticity) that are implausible for many cognitive processes and may critically affect the interpretation of data. We demonstrate substantial improvements on behavioral and neuroimaging data from the language processing domain, and we show that our model enables discovery of novel patterns in exploratory analyses, controls for diverse confounds in confirmatory analyses, and opens up research questions in cognitive (neuro)science that are otherwise hard to study.","PeriodicalId":32558,"journal":{"name":"Open Mind","volume":"192 ","pages":"235-264"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140278413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

The Accuracy and Precision of Memory for Natural Scenes: A Walk in the Park. 自然景观记忆的准确性和精确性：公园漫步

Open Mind Pub Date : 2024-03-01 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00122

Leo Westebbe, Yibiao Liang, Erik Blaser

引用次数: 0

Davinci the Dualist: The Mind-Body Divide in Large Language Models and in Human Learners. 二元论者达文西：大型语言模型和人类学习者的身心分裂。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2024-03-01 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00120

Iris Berent, Alexzander Sansiveri

{"title":"Davinci the Dualist: The Mind-Body Divide in Large Language Models and in Human Learners.","authors":"Iris Berent, Alexzander Sansiveri","doi":"10.1162/opmi_a_00120","DOIUrl":"10.1162/opmi_a_00120","url":null,"abstract":"A large literature suggests that people are intuitive Dualists-they consider the mind ethereal, distinct from the body. Furthermore, Dualism emerges, in part, via learning (e.g., Barlev & Shtulman, 2021). Human learners, however, are also endowed with innate systems of core knowledge, and recent results suggest that core knowledge begets Dualism (Berent, 2023a; Berent et al., 2022). The resulting question, then, is whether the acquisition of Dualism requires core knowledge, or whether Dualism is learnable from experience alone, via domain-general mechanism. Since human learners are equipped with both systems, the evidence from humans cannot decide this question. Accordingly, here, we probe for a mind-body divide in Davinci-a large language model (LLM) that is devoid of core knowledge. We show that Davinci still leans towards Dualism, and that this bias increases systematically with the learner's inductive potential. Thus, davinci (which forms part of the GPT-3 suite) exhibits mild Dualist tendencies, whereas its descendent, text-davinci-003 (a GPT-3.5 model), shows a stronger bias. It selectively considers thoughts (epistemic states) as disembodied-as unlikely to show up in the body (in the brain). Unlike humans, GPT 3.5 categorically rejected the persistence of the psyche after death. Still, when probed about life, GPT 3.5 showed robust Dualist tendencies. These results demonstrate that the mind-body divide is partly learnable from experience. While results from LLMs cannot fully determine how humans acquire Dualism, they do place a higher burden of proof on nativist theories that trace Dualism to innate core cognition (Berent, 2023a; Berent et al., 2022).","PeriodicalId":32558,"journal":{"name":"Open Mind","volume":"8 ","pages":"84-101"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10898781/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140022737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Quantifying Bias in Hierarchical Category Systems. 量化分级分类系统中的偏差。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2024-03-01 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00121

Katie Warburton, Charles Kemp, Yang Xu, Lea Frermann

{"title":"Quantifying Bias in Hierarchical Category Systems.","authors":"Katie Warburton, Charles Kemp, Yang Xu, Lea Frermann","doi":"10.1162/opmi_a_00121","DOIUrl":"10.1162/opmi_a_00121","url":null,"abstract":"Categorization is ubiquitous in human cognition and society, and shapes how we perceive and understand the world. Because categories reflect the needs and perspectives of their creators, no category system is entirely objective, and inbuilt biases can have harmful social consequences. Here we propose methods for measuring biases in hierarchical systems of categories, a common form of category organization with multiple levels of abstraction. We illustrate these methods by quantifying the extent to which library classification systems are biased in favour of western concepts and male authors. We analyze a large library data set including more than 3 million books organized into thousands of categories, and find that categories related to religion show greater western bias than do categories related to literature or history, and that books written by men are distributed more broadly across library classification systems than are books written by women. We also find that the Dewey Decimal Classification shows a greater level of bias than does the Library of Congress Classification. Although we focus on library classification as a case study, our methods are general, and can be used to measure biases in both natural and institutional category systems across a range of domains.","PeriodicalId":32558,"journal":{"name":"Open Mind","volume":"8 ","pages":"102-130"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10898782/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140022739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Better Together: 14-Month-Old Infants Expect Agents to Cooperate. 更好地合作：14 个月大的婴儿期待代理合作。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2024-02-01 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00115

Liza Vizmathy, Katarina Begus, Gunther Knoblich, György Gergely, Arianna Curioni

{"title":"Better Together: 14-Month-Old Infants Expect Agents to Cooperate.","authors":"Liza Vizmathy, Katarina Begus, Gunther Knoblich, György Gergely, Arianna Curioni","doi":"10.1162/opmi_a_00115","DOIUrl":"10.1162/opmi_a_00115","url":null,"abstract":"Humans engage in cooperative activities from early on and the breadth of human cooperation is unparalleled. Human preference for cooperation might reflect cognitive and motivational mechanisms that drive engagement in cooperative activities. Here we investigate early indices of humans' cooperative abilities and test whether 14-month-old infants expect agents to prefer cooperative over individual goal achievement. Three groups of infants saw videos of agents facing a choice between two actions that led to identical rewards but differed in the individual costs. Our results show that, in line with prior research, infants expect agents to make instrumentally rational choices and prefer the less costly of two individual action alternatives. In contrast, when one of the action alternatives is cooperative, infants expect agents to choose cooperation over individual action, even though the cooperative action demands more effort from each agent to achieve the same outcome. Finally, we do not find evidence that infants expect agents to choose the less costly alternative when both options entail cooperative action. Combined, these results indicate an ontogenetically early expectation of cooperation, and raise interesting implications and questions regarding the nature of infants' representations of cooperative actions and their utility.","PeriodicalId":32558,"journal":{"name":"Open Mind","volume":"8 ","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10898613/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139991307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

"Now I Get It!": Eureka Experiences During the Acquisition of Mathematical Concepts. "现在我明白了！"：数学概念习得过程中的尤里卡经历。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2024-02-01 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00116

Charlotte Barot, Louise Chevalier, Lucie Martin, Véronique Izard

{"title":"\"Now I Get It!\": Eureka Experiences During the Acquisition of Mathematical Concepts.","authors":"Charlotte Barot, Louise Chevalier, Lucie Martin, Véronique Izard","doi":"10.1162/opmi_a_00116","DOIUrl":"10.1162/opmi_a_00116","url":null,"abstract":"Many famous scientists have reported anecdotes where a new understanding occurred to them suddenly, in an unexpected flash. Do people generally experience such \"Eureka\" moments when learning science concepts? And if so, do these episodes truly vehicle sudden insights, or is this impression illusory? To address these questions, we developed a paradigm where participants were taught the mathematical concept of geodesic, which generalizes the common notion of straight line to straight trajectories drawn on curved surfaces. After studying lessons introducing this concept on the sphere, participants (N = 56) were tested on their understanding of geodesics on the sphere and on other surfaces. Our findings indicate that Eureka experiences are common when learning mathematics, with reports by 34 (61%) participants. Moreover, Eureka experiences proved an accurate description of participants' learning, in two respects. First, Eureka experiences were associated with learning and generalization: the participants who reported experiencing Eurekas performed better at identifying counterintuitive geodesics on new surfaces. Second, and in line with the firstperson experience of a sudden insight, our findings suggest that the learning mechanisms responsible for Eureka experiences are inaccessible to reflective introspection. Specifically, reports of Eureka experiences and of participants' confidence in their own understanding were associated with different profiles of performance, indicating that the mechanisms bringing about Eureka experiences and those informing reflective confidence were at least partially dissociated. Learning mathematical concepts thus appears to involve mechanisms that operate unconsciously, except when a key computational step is reached and a sudden insight breaks into consciousness.","PeriodicalId":32558,"journal":{"name":"Open Mind","volume":"8 ","pages":"17-41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10898616/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139991306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Missing VP Illusion in Spanish: Assessing the Role of Language Statistics and Working Memory 西班牙语中缺失副词的错觉：评估语言统计和工作记忆的作用

Open Mind Pub Date : 2024-02-01 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00118

Claudia Pañeda, S. Lago

{"title":"The Missing VP Illusion in Spanish: Assessing the Role of Language Statistics and Working Memory","authors":"Claudia Pañeda, S. Lago","doi":"10.1162/opmi_a_00118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/opmi_a_00118","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In English, double center-embedded sentences yield a so-called “missing VP illusion”: When they are ungrammatical due to a missing verb, they are judged as equally or even more acceptable than their grammatical counterparts. The illusion is often attributed to working memory limitations. Additionally, it has been suggested that statistical differences across languages—e.g., the lower frequency of consecutive verb clusters in verb-initial languages—play a role, since languages with verb-final embedded clauses are less susceptible to the illusion than English. In two speeded acceptability experiments, we demonstrate that the illusion arises in Spanish, a verb-initial language. We also find that the strength of the illusion is modulated by the number of consecutive verbs, consistent with the involvement of language statistics. By contrast, we do not find that participants’ working memory modulates the illusion, failing to support a role of memory limitations. Our results support the generalization that cross-linguistic variation in the missing VP illusion is associated with language statistics and verb position and they demonstrate that this is the case even in languages in which word order is not a reliable processing cue.","PeriodicalId":32558,"journal":{"name":"Open Mind","volume":"10 1","pages":"42-66"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139967059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0