Open Mind最新文献_第9页

Today, Tomorrow, and Overmorrow: The Acquisition of Deictic Temporal Terms in English and German. 今天、明天和明天：英语和德语指示语时间术语的习得。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2025-10-29 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/OPMI.a.254

Katherine Steele, Anna Bánki, Gabriela Markova, Stefanie Hoehl, Katharine A Tillman

{"title":"Today, Tomorrow, and Overmorrow: The Acquisition of Deictic Temporal Terms in English and German.","authors":"Katherine Steele, Anna Bánki, Gabriela Markova, Stefanie Hoehl, Katharine A Tillman","doi":"10.1162/OPMI.a.254","DOIUrl":"10.1162/OPMI.a.254","url":null,"abstract":"English and German both have single words for yesterday and tomorrow, but German also includes the words vorgestern (\"the day before yesterday\") and übermorgen (\"the day after tomorrow\"). This study investigates how these differences in time-word sets influence children's learning of temporal language. In two tasks, English- and German-speaking children ages 3 to 7 (N = 304) and adult controls (N = 75), marked the locations of temporal terms on a continuous timeline and a discontinuous calendar template. We assessed knowledge of three distinct facets of time-meaning (past/future status, sequential ordering, and temporal remoteness) and precise meanings for temporal terms. Our results show that German-speaking children were more likely to demonstrate precise understanding of items lexicalized only in German (e.g., übermorgen/day-after-tomorrow) as well as basic time words lexicalized in both languages (e.g., gestern/yesterday). The German advantage was primarily driven by children's better understanding of these words' temporal remoteness (i.e., distance from the present), while there were no language-group differences in children's understanding of past/future status. These findings suggest that children acquire time-word meanings gradually, using different linguistic cues for different facets of meaning, and that having a more extensive time-word lexicon may help constrain German-speaking children's early understanding of temporal concepts like yesterday and tomorrow.","PeriodicalId":32558,"journal":{"name":"Open Mind","volume":"9 ","pages":"1826-1848"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12594576/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145483109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Chimpanzee's in Black: Visual Search for the Conspecific Body Silhouette by Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). 穿黑衣服的黑猩猩：黑猩猩（类人猿）同种身体轮廓的视觉搜索。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2025-10-29 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/OPMI.a.38

Masaki Tomonaga, Tomoko Imura

{"title":"Chimpanzee's in Black: Visual Search for the Conspecific Body Silhouette by Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes).","authors":"Masaki Tomonaga, Tomoko Imura","doi":"10.1162/OPMI.a.38","DOIUrl":"10.1162/OPMI.a.38","url":null,"abstract":"Like faces, we obtain various information from the body, such as species, individual identity, age, sex, action, and emotional state. Bodies are processed in a specialized manner, similar to faces. Furthermore, it is known that faces capture attention and cause efficient search in primates including humans (i.e., shallower response-time slopes with increasing set size). In this study we aimed to examine from a comparative cognitive perspective whether bodies have a similar effect. To this end, we conducted a visual search task using body silhouette stimuli with chimpanzees and humans as participants. The results showed that chimpanzees detected body silhouettes among a set of miscellaneous object silhouettes more quickly and accurately compared to the other stimulus categories. These results could not be explained by physical features such as pattern complexity and suggest that chimpanzees categorically perceive the bodies of their own species. In contrast, the body-specific inversion effect, which could be evidence for specialized processing of bodies, was not observed. Furthermore, in a generalization test using silhouettes of quadrupedal animals, which were novel but similar in pattern to chimpanzees, and silhouettes of humans, which were familiar but not quadrupedal, their performance was better with the silhouettes of quadrupedal animals than with the familiar human silhouettes. These findings contrast with those in humans, who efficiently searched for both chimpanzee and human silhouettes, and suggests species differences in the effect of familiarity (expertise).","PeriodicalId":32558,"journal":{"name":"Open Mind","volume":"9 ","pages":"1802-1825"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12594578/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145483202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Delayed First Language Exposure Negatively Impacts Representation of Small Quantities: Evidence from Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Children. 延迟第一语言接触对小数量表征有负面影响：来自失聪和听力障碍儿童的证据。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2025-10-29 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/OPMI.a.32

Madeline Quam, Emily Carrigan, Kristin Walker, Anna Shusterman, Marie Coppola

{"title":"Delayed First Language Exposure Negatively Impacts Representation of Small Quantities: Evidence from Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Children.","authors":"Madeline Quam, Emily Carrigan, Kristin Walker, Anna Shusterman, Marie Coppola","doi":"10.1162/OPMI.a.32","DOIUrl":"10.1162/OPMI.a.32","url":null,"abstract":"Most deaf and hard-of-hearing children are born to hearing parents, often delaying exposure to their first language. This negatively influences development of not only language, but also many other aspects of cognition, including exact representations of large quantities. The core knowledge view of numeracy predicts that delays in language exposure should not affect nonverbal representations of small quantities (1-3). This study is the first to investigate effects of language modality (spoken vs. signed) and timing of language experience (early, from birth vs. later) on the representation of small quantities of objects. We adapted the \"Mr. Elephant\" task (Shusterman et al., 2017) and examined whether children (age 3 to 7 years) succeeded on trials involving quantities 2 and 3. A logistic regression found that Timing and Socioeconomic Status significantly predicted Mr. Elephant performance, while Modality and Age did not. Early-exposed children were more likely to succeed on the task than Later-exposed children. For an exploratory follow-up, two measures of language were added into the analysis: Highest Count, which records children's recitation of the count list, and Give-a-Number ('Give-N'), which assesses children's understanding of the cardinal principle (CP). This logistic regression found that Timing and Give-N performance significantly and independently predicted Mr. Elephant performance, but Socioeconomic Status and Highest Count did not. Children who were CP-knowers were more likely to succeed on Mr. Elephant than non-CP-knowers. These results suggest that the representation of small quantity representations is associated with the timing of children's language exposure and their knowledge of the cardinal principle.","PeriodicalId":32558,"journal":{"name":"Open Mind","volume":"9 ","pages":"1657-1681"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12571047/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145410206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Using MoTR to Probe Agreement Processing in Russian. 用MoTR研究俄语协议处理。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2025-10-29 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/OPMI.a.35

Metehan Oğuz, Cui Ding, Ethan Gotlieb Wilcox, Zuzanna Fuchs

{"title":"Using MoTR to Probe Agreement Processing in Russian.","authors":"Metehan Oğuz, Cui Ding, Ethan Gotlieb Wilcox, Zuzanna Fuchs","doi":"10.1162/OPMI.a.35","DOIUrl":"10.1162/OPMI.a.35","url":null,"abstract":"One important distinction in the syntax literature is between agreement that is external to the nominal phrase and agreement that is internal to it (sometimes called concord). How this type of agreement impacts sentence processing, however, is not well understood. In this paper, we ask whether agreement errors are processed differently based on their internal vs. external status. We investigate this question in Russian, a Slavic language that has a rich morphological agreement system and flexible word order, allowing us to control for several confounds. Our results are not fully conclusive but do provide moderate evidence that processing of agreement is modulated by internal vs. external status. We measure real-time language processing using Mouse Tracking for Reading (MoTR), a new web-deployable measurement tool that has been argued to improve over previous methods (e.g., self-paced reading) but has so far been tested only in English, and never for agreement processing phenomena. We find that MoTR can successfully pick up differences in our factorized psycholinguistic experiment in Russian, validating MoTR as a reliable tool for investigating agreement (error) processing. A direct comparison with existing data collected using in-lab eye-tracking-while-reading with similar experimental materials (Fuchs et al., 2025) suggests MoTR data yields larger effect sizes than does eye-tracking data.","PeriodicalId":32558,"journal":{"name":"Open Mind","volume":"9 ","pages":"1682-1710"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12571046/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145410171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Minds That Matter: How Robots' Mental Capacities Shape Children's Evaluations and Trust. 重要的思想：机器人的心理能力如何塑造儿童的评价和信任。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2025-10-29 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/OPMI.a.37

Anastasiia D Grigoreva Crean, Arber Tasimi

{"title":"The Minds That Matter: How Robots' Mental Capacities Shape Children's Evaluations and Trust.","authors":"Anastasiia D Grigoreva Crean, Arber Tasimi","doi":"10.1162/OPMI.a.37","DOIUrl":"10.1162/OPMI.a.37","url":null,"abstract":"Robots express a great deal of diverse human-like capacities, ranging from communicating in natural languages to displaying emotions to responding to physical touch. Here we examined the role of different kinds of mental capacities on children's evaluations of, and trust in, robots. We presented 6- to 9-year-olds with identical-looking humanoid robots described as having one (or none) of the following capacities: cognitive-perceptual, social-emotional, or physiological. Across three studies (N = 287), we found that children differentially evaluated (Studies 1A and 1B) and selectively trusted (Study 2) robots with different types of minds. The diverging evaluations (i.e., of benevolence, intelligence, affinity, and epistemic appeal) of robots with different minds emerged between ages 7 and 8 and became stronger with age. Moreover, these differences translated into selective trust choices: children trusted robots with cognitive-perceptual capacities over robots with social-emotional capacities in a factual, but not a social, context, and over robots with bodily capacities across both contexts. Altogether, these findings open avenues for future interdisciplinary research on children's reasoning about emerging technologies.","PeriodicalId":32558,"journal":{"name":"Open Mind","volume":"9 ","pages":"1550-1575"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12543304/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145356309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Sensitivity to Geometric Shape Regularity Emerges Independently of Vision. 对几何形状规则的敏感性独立于视觉而产生。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2025-10-17 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/OPMI.a.39

Andrea Adriano, Mathias Sablé-Meyer, Lorenzo Ciccione, Minye Zhan, Stanislas Dehaene

{"title":"Sensitivity to Geometric Shape Regularity Emerges Independently of Vision.","authors":"Andrea Adriano, Mathias Sablé-Meyer, Lorenzo Ciccione, Minye Zhan, Stanislas Dehaene","doi":"10.1162/OPMI.a.39","DOIUrl":"10.1162/OPMI.a.39","url":null,"abstract":"In a visual intruder task, regular quadrilaterals such as squares and rectangles are easier to process than matched shapes devoid of parallelism, symmetry or right-angles. This geometric regularity effect was found in various human groups, including preschoolers and uneducated adults, but not in non-human primates. It was proposed to reflect a fundamental ability to combine discrete geometric features into structured representations of geometric shapes using an abstract amodal language-of-thought (LoT) that also supports the acquisition of symbolic drawing and formal mathematics. Here, we tested a prediction of this hypothesis: blind participants should have the same intuitions of geometric regularity as sighted ones. To evaluate this prediction, congenitally blind and sighted (but blindfolded) adults underwent a tactile version of the visual quadrilateral intruder task. Among six tactile shapes, five of which were identical up to small size and rotation changes, participants were asked to identify a deviant shape defined by a fixed displacement of a single vertex, and to rate their confidence in their response. Both variables revealed a geometric regularity effect in both groups, and also correlated with previous results in the visual domain. Furthermore, a symbolic LoT model was a better predictor of tactile performance than a visual CNN model in blind participants. Thus, the geometric regularity effect develops in the absence of vision.","PeriodicalId":32558,"journal":{"name":"Open Mind","volume":"9 ","pages":"1711-1727"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12618013/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145542713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Curious U: Integrating Theories Linking Knowledge and Information-Seeking Behavior. 好奇的U：连接知识和信息寻求行为的整合理论。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2025-10-17 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/OPMI.a.41

Alexandr Ten, Pierre-Yves Oudeyer, Michiko Sakaki, Kou Murayama

{"title":"The Curious U: Integrating Theories Linking Knowledge and Information-Seeking Behavior.","authors":"Alexandr Ten, Pierre-Yves Oudeyer, Michiko Sakaki, Kou Murayama","doi":"10.1162/OPMI.a.41","DOIUrl":"10.1162/OPMI.a.41","url":null,"abstract":"Many empirical studies have found a curvilinear (inverted-U) relationship between knowledge and curiosity, such that curiosity is induced when stimuli are neither unknown nor too familiar. While various theoretical accounts have been proposed to explain this phenomenon, no clear link between them have been delineated. In this Perspective, we review seven psychological accounts of the inverted-U relationship between knowledge and curiosity (\"the U\") and provide a coherent framework integrating them. According to this framework, the U emerges as a consequence of the imperative to pursue learning progress and thus maximize knowledge. We show that some theories of curiosity address this issue by explicitly stipulating knowledge maximization as the computational objective, and learning-progress maximization as an optimal means of achieving it (i.e., normative theories). Other theories focus on psychological mechanisms or factors that drive curiosity (i.e., process theories). We propose that these process-theoretic mechanisms could also work in a manner that maximizes learning by signaling situations in which some relevant prior knowledge exists, but is incomplete. The implications of this framework for future theoretical work on curiosity and its connections to related phenomena are discussed.","PeriodicalId":32558,"journal":{"name":"Open Mind","volume":"9 ","pages":"1763-1785"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12618012/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145542809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Information-Theoretic Measures of Metacognition: Bounds and Relation to Group Performance. 元认知的信息论测度：与群体绩效的界限和关系。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2025-10-17 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/OPMI.a.40

Sascha Meyen, Frieder Göppert, Carina Schrenk, Ulrike von Luxburg, Volker H Franz

{"title":"Information-Theoretic Measures of Metacognition: Bounds and Relation to Group Performance.","authors":"Sascha Meyen, Frieder Göppert, Carina Schrenk, Ulrike von Luxburg, Volker H Franz","doi":"10.1162/OPMI.a.40","DOIUrl":"10.1162/OPMI.a.40","url":null,"abstract":"Metacognition comprises the ability to differentiate the accuracy of predictions about the world. This is often called Type 2 performance (with Type 1 performance being the overall accuracy). Typical measures of metacognition are based on signal detection theory and require the strong assumption of truncated normal noise underlying confidence ratings. To minimize distributional assumptions, measures based on classical information theory have been proposed. We further this approach by providing bounds on its key quantity, the transmitted information. We show that classifiers making predictions with a certain accuracy can transmit information only within a limited range, depending on the underlying noise distribution: The lowest transmitted information indicates the worst Type 2 performance and corresponds to binary noise; the highest transmitted information indicates the best Type 2 performance and corresponds to uniform noise. Because normal noise is only an intermediate case, traditional measures based on this assumption can bias interpretations of Type 2 performance. Based on these bounds, we suggest a new measure: Relative metainformation (RMI). RMI scales from 0 (lower bound) to 1 (upper bound) and therefore advances towards the much-needed decoupling of Type 2 from Type 1 performance measures. To demonstrate the strengths of RMI, we apply it to groups: In a setting where multiple independent group members with fixed accuracies combine their predictions in an optimal way, we show that the group performance depends directly on RMI: Group accuracy is best vs. worst if the group members have highest vs. lowest RMI values. Overall, our theoretical bounds allow to better evaluate measures of Type 2 and group performance.","PeriodicalId":32558,"journal":{"name":"Open Mind","volume":"9 ","pages":"1728-1762"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12618015/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145542745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Haptic Compensation in Blind People's Conceptual Representations. 盲人概念表征中的触觉补偿。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2025-10-17 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/OPMI.a.250

Laura J Speed, Eva D Poort, Tanita P Duiker, Heidi Baseler, Asifa Majid

{"title":"Haptic Compensation in Blind People's Conceptual Representations.","authors":"Laura J Speed, Eva D Poort, Tanita P Duiker, Heidi Baseler, Asifa Majid","doi":"10.1162/OPMI.a.250","DOIUrl":"10.1162/OPMI.a.250","url":null,"abstract":"Vision is typically dominant in our perception of the world. Such asymmetry is also observed in conceptual representations. This could be driven by perceptual experience or learned from other input, such as language. In this study we tested the role of direct perceptual experience in conceptual representation by investigating the sensory underpinnings of word meanings in blind and sighted individuals. Seventeen early-blind and 17 matched sighted Dutch native speakers rated 100 Dutch nouns for their sensory associations across six modalities (vision, audition, haptic, interoception, gustation, and olfaction) on a 0 (not at all) to 5 (very much) scale. To cover a range of concepts we used five semantic categories thought to be strongly associated with different sensory modalities: animals (vision), instruments (audition), tactile objects (haptics), food (gustation), and odor objects (olfaction). We found no difference between blind and sighted individuals in their ratings of visual associations, suggesting that conceptual associations with vision can be learned indirectly via means beyond direct visual perception. However, blind participants did associate concepts more strongly with haptics than sighted participants for all semantic categories except animals. This is evidence for crossmodal compensation in conceptual representation, in line with enhanced tactile acuity reported elsewhere for blind individuals. Overall, the results point to a role for perceptual experience in conceptual representation, but suggest there are other strategies that can be recruited to learn about perception, supporting hybrid models of semantic representation.","PeriodicalId":32558,"journal":{"name":"Open Mind","volume":"9 ","pages":"1786-1801"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12618011/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145542777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Missing Half of Language Learning in Current Developmental Language Models: Exogenous and Endogenous Linguistic Input. 当前发展性语言模型中缺失的语言学习的一半：外生和内生语言输入。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2025-09-17 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/OPMI.a.33

Nan Zhao, Xufeng Duan, Zhenguang G Cai

{"title":"The Missing Half of Language Learning in Current Developmental Language Models: Exogenous and Endogenous Linguistic Input.","authors":"Nan Zhao, Xufeng Duan, Zhenguang G Cai","doi":"10.1162/OPMI.a.33","DOIUrl":"10.1162/OPMI.a.33","url":null,"abstract":"Developmental language models (DLMs) aim to replicate the efficiency of child language acquisition but often focus solely on the estimation of exogenous linguistic input. We argue that a child's linguistic growth is also critically shaped by endogenous processes, including (1) co-opting language in non-linguistic perception and cognition, (2) engaging in private and inner speech, and (3) benefiting from neural replay of linguistic information during sleep. These endogenous processes amplify and refine exogenous linguistic input in ways that current DLMs do not replicate. To align DLMs with child language acquisition, we propose redefining \"linguistic exposure\" to encompass both exogenous and endogenous linguistic input. By integrating label feedback, self-generated speech, and sleep-like consolidation, researchers can narrow the gap between artificial and human learning. Collaborations across machine learning, psychology, and linguistics will be essential to ground models in empirical data on child behavior and build DLMs that truly reflect the marvel of language acquisition.","PeriodicalId":32558,"journal":{"name":"Open Mind","volume":"9 ","pages":"1543-1549"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12506926/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145259319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0