Open Mind最新文献_第8页

The Scope and Limits of Iconic Prosody: Head Angle Predicts f0 Changes While Object Size Effects Are Absent. 符号韵律的范围与局限：在物体大小效应不存在的情况下，头角预测0个变化。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2025-12-15 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/OPMI.a.251

Aleksandra Ćwiek, Susanne Fuchs

{"title":"The Scope and Limits of Iconic Prosody: Head Angle Predicts f0 Changes While Object Size Effects Are Absent.","authors":"Aleksandra Ćwiek, Susanne Fuchs","doi":"10.1162/OPMI.a.251","DOIUrl":"10.1162/OPMI.a.251","url":null,"abstract":"The relation between the fundamental frequency of the voice (f0) and vertical space has been shown in previous studies; however, the underlying mechanisms are less clear. This study investigates the relationship between head angle and f0 in iconic prosody, along with the influence of object size on lip opening and formant frequencies. In the experiment, participants pointed to objects of two different sizes and in various vertical positions while saying the words \"piff\" or \"paff,\" which induced vertical head position change. Head angle emerged as a reliable predictor of f0, with a larger angle increasing the f0. This effect was consistent despite individual variations in head movement. While the vertical position of the object also showed a reliable effect on f0, head angle substantially outperformed it as a predictor, suggesting that head angle represents the primary physiological mechanism predicting f0 changes. Conversely, object size did not predict either lip opening or formant dispersion. Lip opening and formant dispersion were purely indexical, tracking vowel-specific articulatory configurations rather than external object properties. These findings underscore the role of head position in modulating f0 through direct physiological coupling, potentially underpinning iconic prosody, while revealing the limits of size-related iconicity in parameters constrained by phonemic requirements.","PeriodicalId":32558,"journal":{"name":"Open Mind","volume":"9 ","pages":"1959-1981"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12746761/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145865958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

What is Balance? A Vital Mechano-Regulation Paradigm. 什么是平衡？一个重要的机械调节范式。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2025-11-22 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/OPMI.a.257

Nicholas M Wilkinson

{"title":"What is Balance? A Vital Mechano-Regulation Paradigm.","authors":"Nicholas M Wilkinson","doi":"10.1162/OPMI.a.257","DOIUrl":"10.1162/OPMI.a.257","url":null,"abstract":"Within minutes of birth a newborn gnu or giraffe works to stand and walk, asserting postural balance and organised animate behaviour in an apparently goal-directed manner. In contrast, robots learning to stand and walk from scratch begin with random flailing, the behaviour cohering over time as the robot internalises some reward/value signal. How does the newborn gnu 'innately know' what goal to aim for, and decide to work towards it? How could similar goal-directed balance learning be implemented in robots? Currently, animate balance inherits its axiomatic definition from the Newtonian formulation for inanimate balance; static mechanical equilibrium. This is arguably inappropriate for animate balance, because animals need to move and are never in static mechanical equilibrium, giving rise to the 'posture-movement paradox'. The present Perspective proposes a more fluid, dynamical axiomatic task definition and goal which (a) isolates resisting gravity, (b) admits and enables movement, and (c) subsumes static mechanical equilibrium as a special case. This novel definition is founded upon inevitable biophysical requirements and observable developmental process. The article explains how animals apprehend and embed this goal through prenatal development suspended in equidense amniotic fluid, and then are challenged to self-maintain it by the perinatal transition. The account entails a paradigmatic shift in putative physiological organisation and associated conceptual framework for balance; from a subsidiary sensorimotor control task to a vital mechano-regulation task, organisationally akin to thermo-regulation. This vital mechano-regulation model of balance has practical implications and implies a range of predictions.","PeriodicalId":32558,"journal":{"name":"Open Mind","volume":"9 ","pages":"1982-2004"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12768556/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145913269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Agenda Setting and The Emperor's New Clothes: People Diagnose Information Cascades During Sequential Testimony by Reasoning About Informants' Speaking Order and Social Status. 议程设置与皇帝的新衣：人们通过对举报人说话顺序和社会地位的推理来诊断序贯证词中的信息级联。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2025-11-22 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/OPMI.a.258

Emory Richardson, Isaac Davis, Frank Keil

引用次数: 0

The Multifaceted Ganzfeld at the Crossroad Between Visual Perception and Consciousness: Behavioral, Neural and Qualitative Aspects. 多面甘兹菲尔德在视觉知觉和意识之间的十字路口：行为，神经和定性方面。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2025-11-10 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/OPMI.a.255

Eleftheria Pistolas, Boris Quétard, Sucharit Katyal, Johan Wagemans

{"title":"The Multifaceted Ganzfeld at the Crossroad Between Visual Perception and Consciousness: Behavioral, Neural and Qualitative Aspects.","authors":"Eleftheria Pistolas, Boris Quétard, Sucharit Katyal, Johan Wagemans","doi":"10.1162/OPMI.a.255","DOIUrl":"10.1162/OPMI.a.255","url":null,"abstract":"A Ganzfeld is a homogeneous visual field, devoid of any focal points. Such a stimulus has been used by researchers to study perceptual phenomena in the absence of changes in sensory structure. Others have used it to study altered states of consciousness (ASCs). Until now, these different facets have been studied separately with little attention for the emotional subjective experience. This study aimed to elucidate the perceptual, phenomenal, and emotional experience of the multifaceted Ganzfeld using a multi-method approach combining behavioral (eye-tracking) and neural (electroencephalography; EEG) measures, with qualitative (interviews) and quantitative (questionnaires) assessments. We show that Ganzfeld spaces induce ASCs and offer immersive, full-body experiences, including bodily effects. Our results pertaining to bodily sensations further prompted us to identify a perceptually grounded cognitive processing type with either an inward-directed or externally-directed focus. We also identified the presence of an abstract cognitive processing type characterized by an introspective focus and meditative experiences. At the behavioral level, decays were characterized by decreased eye movements. The lag in reporting decays and the subjective experience of decays point to the notion of mind blanking. At the neural level, we found increased theta activity preceding decays, further hinting at a potential interrelation between perceptual decays and mind blanking. Finally, decays were characterized by more alpha activity, a pattern often associated with attenuated sensory processing and states of reduced external engagement (Jensen & Mazaheri, 2010), such as relaxation. Our findings contribute to a more in-depth understanding of all the components contributing to the rich Ganzfeld experiences.","PeriodicalId":32558,"journal":{"name":"Open Mind","volume":"9 ","pages":"1906-1938"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12622472/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145551238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Learning to Decompose: Human-Like Subgoal Preferences Emerge in Neural Networks Learning Graph Traversal. 学习分解：类人的子目标偏好在神经网络学习图遍历中出现。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2025-11-10 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/OPMI.a.256

Yuxuan Li, James L McClelland

{"title":"Learning to Decompose: Human-Like Subgoal Preferences Emerge in Neural Networks Learning Graph Traversal.","authors":"Yuxuan Li, James L McClelland","doi":"10.1162/OPMI.a.256","DOIUrl":"10.1162/OPMI.a.256","url":null,"abstract":"Cognitive scientists have discovered normative and heuristic principles that capture human subgoal preferences when partitioning problems into smaller ones. However, it remains unclear where such preferences come from and why they tend to be both effective and efficient. In this work, we study the processes through which these preferences may be implicitly encoded over learning as learners improve towards optimal traversals. We build on the graph-based environments from prior work and use neural networks as model learners to test if learning shortest-path traversal can lead to human-like path decomposition. We find that simple transformer models develop a preference for paths containing nodes that occur frequently on the shortest paths, consistent with human subgoal preferences found in prior work. This preference is observed when models solve shortest path traversals for unseen problems in both known graphs and new graphs, demonstrating that human-like subgoal preferences can arise without requiring explicit preference computation or exhaustively searching over all possible paths. The same preference does not emerge when models learn to perform random or Hamiltonian traversals. Our findings are robust across several transformer variants as well as recurrent neural networks, suggesting they depend more on the data distribution than the network architecture.","PeriodicalId":32558,"journal":{"name":"Open Mind","volume":"9 ","pages":"1939-1954"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12622450/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145551247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Linguistic Rule Generalisation Creates the Same Distributional Structure That Feeds It. 语言规则概括创造了与之相同的分布结构。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2025-11-10 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/OPMI.a.253

Elizabeth Pankratz, Jennifer Culbertson, Simon Kirby

{"title":"Linguistic Rule Generalisation Creates the Same Distributional Structure That Feeds It.","authors":"Elizabeth Pankratz, Jennifer Culbertson, Simon Kirby","doi":"10.1162/OPMI.a.253","DOIUrl":"10.1162/OPMI.a.253","url":null,"abstract":"Part of language's great expressivity comes from its users creating new forms by applying familiar rules to novel items. But linguistic rules aren't all created equal-some are more readily generalisable than others. In this paper, we focus on how rule generalisation is affected by certain properties of frequency distributions. In an artificial language learning experiment that asks adult learners to generalise using one of two suffixes, we find that they probability-match their input but slightly prefer whichever suffix they encountered with more low-frequency stems. Then with an urn model of learning, we show that previous explanations of generalisation that focus only on a distribution's type count or its skew fail to capture participants' behaviour-only the low-frequency preference yields convergent results. We model learners' behaviour in terms of rational Bayesian inference about how likely a rule is to apply to more word types than somebody has already encountered. Overall, we suggest that linguistic rule generalisation is a self-sustaining process: by creating novel and therefore low-frequency items, rule generalisation produces the very same distributional structure that feeds it.","PeriodicalId":32558,"journal":{"name":"Open Mind","volume":"9 ","pages":"1875-1905"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12622461/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145551272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Vowel- and Diphthong-Like Spectral Patterns in Sperm Whale Codas. 抹香鲸尾语中类似元音和双元音的频谱模式。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2025-11-02 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/OPMI.a.252

Gašper Beguš, Ronald L Sprouse, Andrej Leban, Miles Silva, Shane Gero

{"title":"Vowel- and Diphthong-Like Spectral Patterns in Sperm Whale Codas.","authors":"Gašper Beguš, Ronald L Sprouse, Andrej Leban, Miles Silva, Shane Gero","doi":"10.1162/OPMI.a.252","DOIUrl":"10.1162/OPMI.a.252","url":null,"abstract":"The sperm whale communication system, consisting of groups of clicks called codas, has been primarily analyzed in terms of the number of clicks and their inter-click timing. This paper reports spectral properties in sperm whale vocalizations and demonstrates that spectral properties are highly structured, discretely distributed across codas, and uttered in dialogues, rather than being a physical artefact of whale movement. We report formant structure in whale codas and uncover previously unobserved spectral patterns. We argue that these spectral properties freely combine with the traditionally analyzed properties. We present a visualization technique that allows the description of several previously unobserved patterns. Codas are on many levels analogous to human vowels and diphthongs and can be conceptualized in terms of the source-filter theory: vowel duration and pitch correspond to the number of clicks and their timing (traditional coda types), while spectral properties of clicks correspond to formants in human vowels. We identify two recurrent and discrete coda-level spectral patterns that appear across individual sperm whales and across traditional coda types: the a- and i-coda vowels. We also report that sperm whales have diphthongal patterns on individual codas: with rising, falling, rising-falling and falling-rising formant patterns observed. These uncovered patterns suggest that spectral properties have the potential to add to the communicative complexity of codas independent of the traditionally analyzed properties and add a new dimension to the study of a cetacean communication system.","PeriodicalId":32558,"journal":{"name":"Open Mind","volume":"9 ","pages":"1849-1874"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12594577/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145482495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Heuristic Adaptation of Potentially Misspecified Domain Support for Likelihood-Free Inference in Stochastic Dynamical Systems 随机动力系统无似然推理中潜在错定域支持的启发式自适应

Open Mind Pub Date : 2025-10-30 DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.2510.26656

Kamaras, Georgios, Innes, Craig, Ramamoorthy, Subramanian

{"title":"Heuristic Adaptation of Potentially Misspecified Domain Support for Likelihood-Free Inference in Stochastic Dynamical Systems","authors":"Kamaras, Georgios, Innes, Craig, Ramamoorthy, Subramanian","doi":"10.48550/arxiv.2510.26656","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2510.26656","url":null,"abstract":"In robotics, likelihood-free inference (LFI) can provide the domain distribution that adapts a learnt agent in a parametric set of deployment conditions. LFI assumes an arbitrary support for sampling, which remains constant as the initial generic prior is iteratively refined to more descriptive posteriors. However, a potentially misspecified support can lead to suboptimal, yet falsely certain, posteriors. To address this issue, we propose three heuristic LFI variants: EDGE, MODE, and CENTRE. Each interprets the posterior mode shift over inference steps in its own way and, when integrated into an LFI step, adapts the support alongside posterior inference. We first expose the support misspecification issue and evaluate our heuristics using stochastic dynamical benchmarks. We then evaluate the impact of heuristic support adaptation on parameter inference and policy learning for a dynamic deformable linear object (DLO) manipulation task. Inference results in a finer length and stiffness classification for a parametric set of DLOs. When the resulting posteriors are used as domain distributions for sim-based policy learning, they lead to more robust object-centric agent performance.","PeriodicalId":32558,"journal":{"name":"Open Mind","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147919611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Can Large Language Models Generate Useful Linguistic Corpora?: A Case Study of the Word Frequency Effect in Young German Readers. 大型语言模型能生成有用的语料库吗？德语青年读者词频效应的个案研究

Open Mind Pub Date : 2025-10-29 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/OPMI.a.30

Job Schepens, Hanna Woloszyn, Nicole Marx, Benjamin Gagl

{"title":"Can Large Language Models Generate Useful Linguistic Corpora?: A Case Study of the Word Frequency Effect in Young German Readers.","authors":"Job Schepens, Hanna Woloszyn, Nicole Marx, Benjamin Gagl","doi":"10.1162/OPMI.a.30","DOIUrl":"10.1162/OPMI.a.30","url":null,"abstract":"Linguistic corpora are an essential resource in psycholinguistic research. Here, we generate new corpora using large language models (LLMs) and determine their usefulness for estimating the word frequency effect on reading performance, focusing on German children. We prompted three different LLMs to create corpora of children's stories using the titles of 500 books, mimicking an existing corpus of children's books (childLex). In Experiment 1, we found that word frequency correlated strongly between childLex and the LLM corpora, despite a lower lexical richness of LLM text. Compared to childLex, we found that the estimated effect size of the LLM-based word frequency effect was lower, but that it explained more variance in reading performance (using reaction times for about 1000 words in a lexical decision task). In Experiment 2, we found that prompting for children-directed text results in word frequency that better fits to child compared to adult reading times, and also that increasing temperature can increase lexical richness. In Experiment 3, we replicated Experiment 1 using two open-weight LLMs. Across all 10 corpora (out of which 9 were LLM-based), we found that corpora with lower lexical richness generally fit better to reaction times. We discuss the potential of this approach, considering the risks associated with utilizing highly complex large language models (LLMs).","PeriodicalId":32558,"journal":{"name":"Open Mind","volume":"9 ","pages":"1597-1656"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12571048/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145410145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Initial Expectations and Confidence Affect the Formation of Novel Self-Beliefs and Their Revision. 初始期望和信心影响新自我信念的形成及其修正。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2025-10-29 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/OPMI.a.36

Alexander Schröder, Nora Czekalla, Annalina V Mayer, Lei Zhang, David S Stolz, Christoph W Korn, Susanne Diekelmann, Finn Luebber, Frieder M Paulus, Laura Müller-Pinzler, Sören Krach

{"title":"Initial Expectations and Confidence Affect the Formation of Novel Self-Beliefs and Their Revision.","authors":"Alexander Schröder, Nora Czekalla, Annalina V Mayer, Lei Zhang, David S Stolz, Christoph W Korn, Susanne Diekelmann, Finn Luebber, Frieder M Paulus, Laura Müller-Pinzler, Sören Krach","doi":"10.1162/OPMI.a.36","DOIUrl":"10.1162/OPMI.a.36","url":null,"abstract":"Human self-beliefs hinge on social feedback, but their formation and revision are not solely based on new information. Biases during learning, such as confirming initial expectations, can lead to inaccurate beliefs. This study uses computational modeling to explore how initial expectations about one's own and others' abilities and confidence in these beliefs affect processes of belief formation and belief revision in novel behavioral domains. In the first session, participants formed performance beliefs through trial-by-trial feedback. In the second session, feedback contingencies were reversed to promote a revision of beliefs. Results showed that people form and revise beliefs in a confirmatory manner, with lower initial expectations being linked to more negatively biased belief formation and revision, while growing confidence strengthened these beliefs over time. Once formed, these beliefs proved resistant to change even when faced with contradictory feedback. The findings suggest that newly formed beliefs become entrenched and resistant to new, contradictory information in a short period of time. Understanding how self-beliefs are formed, the role that confidence plays in this process, and why established beliefs are difficult to revise can inform the development of interventions aimed at promoting more adaptive learning in educational, clinical, and social contexts.","PeriodicalId":32558,"journal":{"name":"Open Mind","volume":"9 ","pages":"1576-1596"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12543301/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145373038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0