Open Mind最新文献_第2页

"Groupitizing": A Visuo-Spatial and Arithmetic Phenomenon.

Open Mind Pub Date : 2025-01-20 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00181

Paula A Maldonado Moscoso, Giovanni Anobile, Giuseppe Maduli, Roberto Arrighi, Elisa Castaldi

{"title":"\"Groupitizing\": A Visuo-Spatial and Arithmetic Phenomenon.","authors":"Paula A Maldonado Moscoso, Giovanni Anobile, Giuseppe Maduli, Roberto Arrighi, Elisa Castaldi","doi":"10.1162/opmi_a_00181","DOIUrl":"10.1162/opmi_a_00181","url":null,"abstract":"When objects are grouped in space, humans can estimate numerosity more precisely than when they are randomly scattered. This phenomenon, called groupitizing, is thought to arise from the interplay of two components: the subitizing system which identifies both the number of subgroups and of items within each group, and the possibility to perform basic arithmetic operations on the subitized groups. Here we directly investigate the relative role of these two components in groupitizing via an interference (dual task) paradigm. Participants were required to estimate numerosities of grouped and ungrouped arrays while their attentional resources were fully available (single task) or while performing concurrent tasks loading auditory or visuo-spatial attention (both known to interfere with the subitizing process) as well as while performing arithmetic calculation. The attentional cost of performing any concurrent task was overall higher for grouped than ungrouped stimuli, supporting the idea that groupitizing relies on the recruitment of more than one attention-dependent mechanism. However, depriving visuo-spatial attention and preventing participants from performing calculations caused the strongest decrement in sensory precision for grouped numerosities indicating that these attentional components play a major role in groupitizing. These results are in line with the existence of an estimation mechanism that might operate across all numerical ranges, supplemented by attentional mechanisms (subitizing). This study shows that this attentional-demanding mechanism can be activated also when processing numerosities outside of the subitizing regime (n > 4), provided that grouping cues are available and, in concert with calculation abilities, gives rise to the groupitizing phenomenon.","PeriodicalId":32558,"journal":{"name":"Open Mind","volume":"9 ","pages":"121-137"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11774540/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143060680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Beliefs About the Speaker's Reasoning Ability Influence Pragmatic Interpretation: Children and Adults as Speakers.

Open Mind Pub Date : 2025-01-20 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00180

Alexandra Mayn, Jia E Loy, Vera Demberg

引用次数: 0

Infinite Mixture Chaining: An Efficiency-Based Framework for the Dynamic Construction of Word Meaning. 无限混合链接：一种基于效率的词义动态构建框架。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2025-01-04 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00176

Lei Yu, Yang Xu

{"title":"Infinite Mixture Chaining: An Efficiency-Based Framework for the Dynamic Construction of Word Meaning.","authors":"Lei Yu, Yang Xu","doi":"10.1162/opmi_a_00176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/opmi_a_00176","url":null,"abstract":"The lexicon is an evolving symbolic system that expresses an unbounded set of emerging meanings with a limited vocabulary. As a result, words often extend to new meanings. Decades of research have suggested that word meaning extension is non-arbitrary, and recent work formalizes this process as cognitive models of semantic chaining whereby emerging meanings link to existing ones that are semantically close. Existing approaches have typically focused on a dichotomous formulation of chaining, couched in the exemplar or prototype theories of categorization. However, these accounts yield either memory-intensive or simplistic representations of meaning, while evidence for them is mixed. We propose a unified probabilistic framework, infinite mixture chaining, that derives different forms of chaining through the lens of cognitive efficiency. This framework subsumes the existing chaining models as a trade-off between representational accuracy and memory complexity, and it contributes a flexible class of models that supports the dynamic construction of word meaning by automatically forming semantic clusters informed by existing and novel usages. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this framework in reconstructing the historical development of the lexicon across multiple word classes and in different languages, and we also show that it correlates with human judgment of semantic change. Our study offers an efficiency-based view on the cognitive mechanisms of word meaning extension in the evolution of the lexicon.","PeriodicalId":32558,"journal":{"name":"Open Mind","volume":"9 ","pages":"1-24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11729794/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143013054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

What Kinds of Computations Can Young Children Perform Over Non-Symbolic Representations of Small Quantities? 幼儿对小量的非符号表示能进行哪些计算？

Open Mind Pub Date : 2025-01-04 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00177

Chen Cheng, Melissa M Kibbe

{"title":"What Kinds of Computations Can Young Children Perform Over Non-Symbolic Representations of Small Quantities?","authors":"Chen Cheng, Melissa M Kibbe","doi":"10.1162/opmi_a_00177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/opmi_a_00177","url":null,"abstract":"Children can manipulate non-symbolic representations of both small quantities of objects (about four or fewer, represented by the parallel individuation system) and large quantities of objects (represented by the analog magnitude system, or AMS). Previous work has shown that children can perform a variety of non-symbolic operations over AMS representations (like summing and solving for an unknown addend), but are not able to perform further operations on the derived solutions of such non-symbolic operations. However, while the computational capacity of AMS has been studied extensively in early childhood, less is known about the computational capacity of the parallel individuation system. In two experiments, we examined children's ability to perform two types of arithmetic-like operations over representations of small, exact quantities, and whether they could subsequently perform novel operations on derived quantity representations. Four-6-year-old US children (n = 99) solved two types of non-symbolic arithmetic-like problems with small quantities: summation and unknown addend problems. We then tested whether children could use the solutions to these problems as inputs to new operations. Results showed that children more readily solved non-symbolic small, exact addition problems compared to unknown addend problems. However, when children did successfully solve either kind of problem, they were able to use those derived solutions to solve a novel non-symbolic small, exact problem. These results suggest that the parallel individuation system is computationally flexible, contrasting with previous work showing that the AMS is more computationally limited, and shed light on the computational capacities and limitations of representing and operating over representations of small quantities of individual objects.","PeriodicalId":32558,"journal":{"name":"Open Mind","volume":"9 ","pages":"25-46"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11729788/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143013059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Preschoolers Represent Abstract Relations Predicated on Kind Membership. 学龄前儿童表现出基于类成员关系的抽象关系。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2025-01-04 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00179

Rebecca Zhu

{"title":"Preschoolers Represent Abstract Relations Predicated on Kind Membership.","authors":"Rebecca Zhu","doi":"10.1162/opmi_a_00179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/opmi_a_00179","url":null,"abstract":"Recent work demonstrates that U.S. preschoolers can represent the abstract relational concepts same and different when these abstract relational concepts are predicated upon perceptual dimensions (e.g., size, shape, color). The current research investigates whether preschoolers (n = 192; predominantly White, upper middle class, U.S. convenience sample) can also represent the abstract relational concepts same and different when these abstract relational concepts are predicated upon abstract dimensions (e.g., kind membership). Experiment 1 shows that, at baseline, 4-year-olds fail at a relational match-to-sample (rMTS) task with familiar kinds. However, Experiment 2 shows that 4- and 5-year-olds, but not 3-year-olds, succeed at a rMTS task with familiar kinds when provided with training involving noun labels. Experiment 3 shows that 4- and 5-year-olds also succeed at a rMTS task with novel kinds when provided with training involving noun labels but not adjective labels, suggesting that noun labels but not adjective labels cue children's attention towards kind membership. Moreover, participants frequently provided explanations appealing to sameness and difference when justifying their responses. Taken together, these results suggest that, with training, preschoolers are capable of representing abstract relations predicated on abstract, as well as perceptual, dimensions.","PeriodicalId":32558,"journal":{"name":"Open Mind","volume":"9 ","pages":"70-88"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11729786/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143013056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Hearing Pronouns Primes Speakers to Use Pronouns. 听代词引导说话者使用代词。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2025-01-04 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00178

Jennifer E Arnold

{"title":"Hearing Pronouns Primes Speakers to Use Pronouns.","authors":"Jennifer E Arnold","doi":"10.1162/opmi_a_00178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/opmi_a_00178","url":null,"abstract":"Speaking requires frequent decisions about how to refer, for example whether to use a pronoun (she) or a name (Ana). It is well known that this choice is guided by the discourse context, but little is known about the representations that are activated. We use priming to test whether this choice can be facilitated through recent exposure, and if so, what representations are activated. In a storytelling task, participants take turns with experimenters telling a story that is illustrated in 2-panel cartoons. The first sentence is given, and participants describe the second panel in their own words. We manipulate whether the experimenter used a pronoun or name in the prior story. Experiment 1 provides the first evidence in the literature that reference form choice can be primed, and that it is not dependent on the syntactic position of the antecedent. However, the effect is not finely tuned to the preceding prime. Instead, exposure at the start of the experiment persists throughout, even when the prime changes. Experiments 2 and 3 further show that exposure to pronoun primes result in greater pronoun use than at baseline, but that there is no sensitivity to the prime on the most recent trial. Results argue against a role for production facilitation in pronoun use, which suggests that reference production is not impacted by production efficiency.","PeriodicalId":32558,"journal":{"name":"Open Mind","volume":"9 ","pages":"47-69"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11729791/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143013052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Learning or Boredom? Task Adaptation Effects in Sentence Processing Experiments. 学习还是无聊？句子加工实验中的任务适应效应

Open Mind Pub Date : 2024-12-15 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00173

Jan Chromý, Fabian Tomaschek

{"title":"Learning or Boredom? Task Adaptation Effects in Sentence Processing Experiments.","authors":"Jan Chromý, Fabian Tomaschek","doi":"10.1162/opmi_a_00173","DOIUrl":"10.1162/opmi_a_00173","url":null,"abstract":"Task adaptation, characterized by a progressive increase in speed throughout experimental trials, has been extensively observed across various paradigms. Yet, the underlying mechanisms driving this phenomenon remain unclear. According to the learning-based explanation, participants are implicitly learning, becoming more proficient over time. Conversely, a motivation-based view suggests that participants' drive wanes gradually, prompting quicker pace and reduced task engagement. These explanations offer distinct predictions. The learning-based view anticipates not only accelerated speed but also improved response accuracy. In contrast, the motivation-based view assumes that participants lose their focus, their pace increases, but their response accuracy tends to decline. The present study tests these implications in a series of six self-paced reading experiments investigating the interplay between reaction times, immediate recall, and trial order. Robust learning effects are documented. Participants not only read progressively faster during the experiments, but they also get better in responding. Moreover, an analysis of recall accuracy reveals systematic differences between different types of information, with nouns yielding substantially higher recall accuracy than adjectives. These findings are explained through attentional mechanisms: prolonged processing of specific words correlates with improved recall. Furthermore, the differential recall patterns are modulated by the task's question structure, with adjectives recalled more effectively in experiments with a higher proportion of adjective-targeting questions. This underscores participants' strategic allocation of attention to sentence components deemed crucial for task performance, highlighting the dynamic interplay between learning, motivation, and attentional mechanisms in task adaptation.","PeriodicalId":32558,"journal":{"name":"Open Mind","volume":"8 ","pages":"1447-1468"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11666283/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142883151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Do Languages Have Exclusive Disjunctions? 语言有排他性断语吗？

Open Mind Pub Date : 2024-12-15 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00175

Andreea C Nicolae, Aliona Petrenco, Anastasia Tsilia, Paul Marty

引用次数: 0

Object Feature Memory Is Distorted by Category Structure. 对象特征记忆受到类别结构的扭曲。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2024-11-22 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00170

Marlie C Tandoc, Cody V Dong, Anna C Schapiro

引用次数: 0

Going Round in Circles: A Cognitive Bias in Geometric Reasoning. 绕圈：几何推理中的认知偏差。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2024-11-22 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00169

Yacin Hamami, Marie Amalric

{"title":"Going Round in Circles: A Cognitive Bias in Geometric Reasoning.","authors":"Yacin Hamami, Marie Amalric","doi":"10.1162/opmi_a_00169","DOIUrl":"10.1162/opmi_a_00169","url":null,"abstract":"Deductive reasoning is essential to most of our scientific and technological achievements and is a crucial component to scientific education. In Western culture, deductive reasoning first emerged as a dedicated mode of thinking in the field of geometry, but the cognitive mechanisms behind this major intellectual achievement remain largely understudied. Here, we report an unexpected cognitive bias in geometric reasoning that challenges existing theories of human deductive reasoning. Over two experiments involving almost 250 participants, we show that educated adults systematically mistook as valid a set of elementary invalid inferences with points and circles in the Euclidean plane. Our results suggest that people got \"locked\" on unwarranted conclusions because they tended to represent geometric premisses in specific ways and they mainly relied on translating, but not scaling, the circles when searching for possible conclusions. We conducted two further experiments to test these hypotheses and found confirmation for them. Although mathematical reasoning is considered as the hallmark of rational thinking, our findings indicate that it is not exempt from cognitive biases and is subject to fundamental counter-intuitions. Our empirical investigations into the source of this bias provide some insights into the cognitive mechanisms underlying geometric deduction, and thus shed light on the cognitive roots of intuitive mathematical reasoning.","PeriodicalId":32558,"journal":{"name":"Open Mind","volume":"8 ","pages":"1312-1329"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11627530/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142801706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0