Food and Chemical Toxicology最新文献

{"title":"The effect of resveratrol on lead-induced oxidative damage and apoptosis in HT-22 cells","authors":"Xiang Yi ,&nbsp;Ruokun Wei ,&nbsp;Shaoni Huang ,&nbsp;Peiqi Wei ,&nbsp;HuiShuai Li ,&nbsp;Zhenning Li ,&nbsp;Michael Aschner ,&nbsp;Yueming Jiang ,&nbsp;Shiyan Ou ,&nbsp;Shaojun Li","doi":"10.1016/j.fct.2025.115274","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fct.2025.115274","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>The purpose of this work was to investigate whether resveratrol affects lead-induced oxidative damage in HT-22 cells, characterizing mechanisms and strategies for preventing and treating lead-induced neurotoxicity.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Various lead and resveratrol concentrations were applied to HT-22 cells over different time periods. First, we established the lead treatment (12.5, 50 and 200 μmol/L) and resveratrol (40 μmol/L) intervention model for the study. MTT was used to analyze HT-22 cell survival rate. The rates of cell death, mitochondrial membrane potential, lipid peroxidation, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation were all measured by flow cytometry. Cellular oxidant (MDA) and antioxidant (SOD, GSH-Px) levels were measured with test kits. Western blotting was used to assess the expression of proteins related to autophagy and apoptosis.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Lead reduced HT-22 cell viability in a concentration/time-dependent manner. In addition, lead (200 μmol/L) decreased the protein expression of BCL2, while increasing PARP and BAX expression and apoptotic rate. Moreover, the lead-exposed group had significantly higher levels of ROS, lipid-ROS, and MDA than the control group. This was accompanied by increased MDA levels and decreased SOD, GSH-Px, and MMP levels in the lead-exposed cells. Furthermore, lead lowered SIRT1 protein expression, while increasing the levels of autophagy-related proteins, including P62, ATG5, Beclin-1 and LC3 Ⅱ/Ⅰ. Resveratrol (40 μmol/L), an agonist of SIRT1, restored the effects of lead (200 μmol/L) to levelsindistinguishable from controls.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Resveratrol inhibited mitochondrial damage and restored the lead-induced block of autophagic flux and oxidative stress by activating SIRT1, thereby alleviating lead-induced damage in HT-22 cells.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":317,"journal":{"name":"Food and Chemical Toxicology","volume":"197 ","pages":"Article 115274"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143045140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determining the cosmetics usage patterns of consumers for exposure assessment in China","authors":"Gaodan Luo ,&nbsp;Zhen Wu ,&nbsp;Zhenming Xie","doi":"10.1016/j.fct.2025.115273","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fct.2025.115273","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurately understanding the usage patterns of cosmetics is crucial for realistic exposure assessment. However, reference values for consumer exposure to cosmetics in China have yet to be established. A continuous survey was conducted in Guangdong Province to address this deficiency. Among 1320 potential participants, 268 men and 412 women completed the survey. The survey used a weighing method to accurately obtain the actual usage amounts of cosmetics by consumers, along with photographic documentation to ensure the accuracy and completeness of the information. Based on the participants' cosmetic usage, exposure factors for a total of 20 types of cosmetics were obtained. More than 60% of the participants reported the use of shower gel and shampoo. Face cleanser, shower gel, shampoo and conditioner were used at least once a day by ∼50% of the population. The amount of use of different cosmetics varies significantly due to individual usage habits. These data hold enlightening significance for initiating a nationwide survey on cosmetic exposure levels across China.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":317,"journal":{"name":"Food and Chemical Toxicology","volume":"197 ","pages":"Article 115273"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143035457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A proposed screening strategy for evaluating the genotoxicity potential of botanicals and botanical extracts","authors":"Kristine L. Witt ,&nbsp;Jan van Benthem ,&nbsp;Tetyana Kobets ,&nbsp;Guosheng Chen ,&nbsp;Olaf Kelber ,&nbsp;Julie Krzykwa ,&nbsp;James T. MacGregor ,&nbsp;Nan Mei ,&nbsp;Constance A. Mitchell ,&nbsp;Ivonne Rietjens ,&nbsp;Zehra Sarigol-Kilic ,&nbsp;Stephanie L. Smith-Roe ,&nbsp;Helga Stopper ,&nbsp;Yax Thakkar ,&nbsp;Errol Zeiger ,&nbsp;Stefan Pfuhler","doi":"10.1016/j.fct.2025.115277","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fct.2025.115277","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Botanicals have long been used to promote health and treat diseases, but the safety of many currently marketed botanicals has not been adequately evaluated. Given the chemical complexity of botanicals, which often contain numerous unknown constituents, and their widespread use, comprehensive toxicity assessments are needed. The Botanical Safety Consortium was established to address this challenge. This international group of experts in toxicology, chemistry, bioinformatics, and pharmacognosy is developing a toolkit of assays to generate reliable toxicological profiles for botanicals. Genotoxicity assessment is especially critical, because, unlike other toxicities, genotoxicity is not adequately identified by adverse event and history-of-use reports, and genotoxicity is directly linked to health consequences such as cancer and birth defects. The Consortium's Genotoxicity Technical Working Group is exploring a genotoxicity testing strategy based on the use of <em>in silico</em> modeling and the bacterial reverse mutation and <em>in vitro</em> micronucleus assays and including several options for additional tests to further characterize genotoxicity and mode of action when indicated. The effectiveness of this testing strategy is being evaluated using 13 well-characterized botanicals with existing toxicological data as case studies. A brief overview of each of these 13 botanicals is provided. The final strategy for developing comprehensive genotoxicity profiles of botanicals will incorporate published genotoxicity data, chemical composition information, <em>in silico</em> and <em>in vitro</em> test data, and human exposure data, reducing the need for animal testing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":317,"journal":{"name":"Food and Chemical Toxicology","volume":"197 ","pages":"Article 115277"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143035451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of methylglyoxal on intestine and microbiome composition in aged mice","authors":"Emanuela Tirelli ,&nbsp;Mariachiara Pucci ,&nbsp;Margherita Squillario ,&nbsp;Gloria Bignotti ,&nbsp;Serena Messali ,&nbsp;Stefania Zini ,&nbsp;Mattia Bugatti ,&nbsp;Moris Cadei ,&nbsp;Maurizio Memo ,&nbsp;Arnaldo Caruso ,&nbsp;Simona Fiorentini ,&nbsp;Vincenzo Villanacci ,&nbsp;Daniela Uberti ,&nbsp;Giulia Abate","doi":"10.1016/j.fct.2025.115276","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fct.2025.115276","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Methylglyoxal (MGO), a highly reactive precursor of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), is endogenously produced and prevalent in various ultra-processed foods. MGO has emerged as a significant precursor implicated in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases. To date, the effects of dietary MGO on the intestine have been limited explored. Thus, this study investigates the impact of prolonged oral administration of MGOs on gut health in aged mice.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Aged mice received MGO chronically (100 mg/kg/day) for 4 weeks Intestinal samples were analyzed using RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry for proinflammatory cytokines, permeability markers, and tight junction proteins. 16S rRNA gene-based microbiome analysis was also performed to characterize microbiome composition and its metabolic potential.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>MGO treatment induced notable alterations at the intestinal level, characterized by an increased formation of MGO-glycated proteins with a concurrent induction of a pro-inflammatory status and reduced expression and delocalization of zonulin-1 and occludin, tight junction proteins. Changes in intestinal morphology were also observed, including hyperproliferation of Paneth cells and an augmented thickness of the intestinal mucus layer, as indicated by immunohistochemical data from MGO-treated mice. Investigation into the microbiota composition revealed that MGO is effective in selectively modifying its composition and metabolic pathways. A decreased abundance of bacterial genera associated with the production of acetic and butyric acids (i.e<em>. Harryflintia</em>, <em>Intestinimonas</em> and <em>Ruminococcaceae</em> genera) and a substantial increase in <em>Lachnospiraceae</em> and <em>Akkermansia genera</em> were found in MGO-treated mice.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>These findings highlight how dietary MGO can affect intestinal balance, providing valuable insights into the potential links between glycotoxins, gut microbiota, and overall gut functionality.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":317,"journal":{"name":"Food and Chemical Toxicology","volume":"197 ","pages":"Article 115276"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143035502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, hexanal, CAS Registry Number 66-25-1","authors":"A.M. Api ,&nbsp;A. Bartlett ,&nbsp;D. Belsito ,&nbsp;D. Botelho ,&nbsp;M. Bruze ,&nbsp;A. Bryant-Friedrich ,&nbsp;G.A. Burton Jr. ,&nbsp;M.A. Cancellieri ,&nbsp;H. Chon ,&nbsp;M.L. Dagli ,&nbsp;W. Dekant ,&nbsp;C. Deodhar ,&nbsp;K. Farrell ,&nbsp;A.D. Fryer ,&nbsp;L. Jones ,&nbsp;K. Joshi ,&nbsp;A. Lapczynski ,&nbsp;M. Lavelle ,&nbsp;I. Lee ,&nbsp;H. Moustakas ,&nbsp;Y. Tokura","doi":"10.1016/j.fct.2025.115266","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fct.2025.115266","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":317,"journal":{"name":"Food and Chemical Toxicology","volume":"197 ","pages":"Article 115266"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143035507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimated long-term dietary exposure to cadmium from consumption of spinach in the United States: A probabilistic assessment","authors":"C.G. Scrafford ,&nbsp;B.J.K. Davis ,&nbsp;K.A. Higgins ,&nbsp;E. Moynihan ,&nbsp;K. Morris-Schaffer ,&nbsp;M. Anderson ,&nbsp;S.M. Rackl ,&nbsp;S. Hearon ,&nbsp;D. Davis","doi":"10.1016/j.fct.2025.115269","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fct.2025.115269","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As part of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's (FDA's) Closer to Zero initiative, a toxicological reference value (TRV) for oral dietary exposure to Cd was established. Dietary exposure to Cd typically occurs at low levels over a pro-longed time period. With increased focus on food sources, it is necessary to refine the risk assessment process to quantify potential health risk from dietary exposure to Cd with greater precision. This study focused on dietary exposure to Cd from spinach consumption. A probabilistic method of bridging the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 24-hour dietary recalls and the National Eating Trends frequency data to estimate long-term (usual) spinach consumption was applied to estimate longer term (i.e., chronic) intake among the general U.S. population and young children (0–6 years). The resulting consumption distribution was combined with a database of Cd levels representative of spinach grown in the U.S. from 2014 to 2015 and 2017 to estimate long-term dietary exposure to Cd from spinach consumption. Mean dietary exposure to Cd ranged from 0.006 to 0.026 μg/kg bw/day and 0.018–0.110 μg/kg bw/day among the U.S. population and young children, respectively. Exposure estimates from spinach consumption alone were below the FDA TRV range.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":317,"journal":{"name":"Food and Chemical Toxicology","volume":"197 ","pages":"Article 115269"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143035504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alterations in murine macrophage reactivity and bactericidal efficacy following exposure to an environmentally relevant mixture of organochlorine pesticide compounds","authors":"George E. Howell III,&nbsp;Darian Young,&nbsp;Keun Seok Seo,&nbsp;Maggie Tu","doi":"10.1016/j.fct.2025.115268","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fct.2025.115268","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>While there are a number of factors which may promote chronic inflammation, a major factor is pro-inflammatory activation of resident and infiltrating macrophages. Recently, exposures to persistent organic pollutants including organochlorine (OC) pesticides have been implicated in dysregulation of macrophage function. However, the majority of these studies examined single compound effects and not mixture-based effects. To this end, the present study investigated the effects of an environmentally relevant mixture of three prevalent OC pesticide compounds on macrophage function. Briefly, J77A.1 macrophages were exposed to a mixture of dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene, <em>trans</em>-nonachlor, and oxychlordane (DTO; 0.2–20 μM) for 24 h then effects on cell viability, caspase 3/7 activity, reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), antibacterial activity, and pro-inflammatory cytokine production were determined. Exposure to DTO significantly increased caspase activity and ROS production. The highest concentration of DTO significantly increased <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> uptake while decreasing phagolysosome formation and bactericidal efficacy. Lastly, exposure to DTO significantly increased basal production of Mcp-1. Taken together, the present study demonstrates an environmentally relevant mixture of OC pesticide compounds increases macrophage ROS and Mcp-1 production while decreasing macrophage bactericidal efficacy which may adversely affect macrophage function and increase susceptibility to <em>S. aureus</em> infection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":317,"journal":{"name":"Food and Chemical Toxicology","volume":"197 ","pages":"Article 115268"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143035453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of trends and allergenicity risk assessments in novel food approvals within the European Union between 2018 and 2023","authors":"Sim Ray Yue ,&nbsp;Kitty C.M. Verhoeckx ,&nbsp;Geert F. Houben ,&nbsp;Katrine Lindholm Bøgh","doi":"10.1016/j.fct.2025.115249","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fct.2025.115249","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Novel food (NF) approvals in the European Union between 2018 and 2023 (n = 117) were retrieved and analysed. They consist of new NF (52.1%), modification (38.5%), and traditional food (9.4%). The average time taken for new NF applications to be approved was 38 months in 2023, with clock-stops occurring in all approvals since 2020. For new NFs, only 21.3% and 9.8% performed tests by bioinformatics homology and immunological analyses respectively, suggesting that allergenicity assessments remain a challenge. Allergenicity risks were regarded as possible for 47.5% of the new NF approvals, while 52.5% were expected to be low, very low, or unlikely. However, it was not always clear what the decision was based on. While protein intake levels were rarely mentioned in the allergenicity conclusions of approvals, new NFs with allergenicity risks typically had protein intake exceeding 1 mg/day. Establishing a dose that represents a Threshold of Allergological Concern below which a protein is unlikely to cause sensitisation in consumers, could make <em>de novo</em> allergenicity assessment of NFs more feasible. This approach might exempt certain proteins from testing, instead focusing on proteins of possible allergenic relevance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":317,"journal":{"name":"Food and Chemical Toxicology","volume":"197 ","pages":"Article 115249"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143035454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The extracts from centaurea species abolished the cytotoxic effects of doxorubicin on breast cancer cell line – MCF-7 and bortezomib on prostate cancer cell line- PC3","authors":"Aleksandra Józefczyk ,&nbsp;Grzegorz Adamczuk ,&nbsp;Ewelina Humeniuk ,&nbsp;Magdalena Iwan ,&nbsp;Joanna Kubik ,&nbsp;Agnieszka Łubek-Nguyen ,&nbsp;Katarzyna Porębska ,&nbsp;Barbara Madej – Czerwonka ,&nbsp;Maciej Czerwonka ,&nbsp;Agnieszka Korga-Plewko","doi":"10.1016/j.fct.2025.115271","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fct.2025.115271","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The use of plant extracts by cancer patients during chemotherapy poses potential risks, as they may reduce the effectiveness of treatment or interact negatively with chemotherapeutic drugs. There is a lack of comprehensive studies evaluating the effects of various Centaurea spp. plant extracts on chemotherapy outcomes, highlighting the need for caution and medical supervision. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of five Centaurea spp. extracts in concentrations of 125 μg/ml and 250 μg/ml on the cytotoxicity induced by doxorubicin (DOX, 1 μM) in MCF-7 breast cancer cells and by bortezomib (BOR, 7 nM) in PC-3 prostate cancer cells. Selected cell lines were treated with drugs and extracts or combined for 48 h. Biological assays revealed that four out of five tested extracts abolished the cytotoxic effects of DOX and BOR. The extracts showed low antioxidant activity compared to Trolox, with no correlation to total compound content, indicating the abolition of the cytotoxic effect was not due to antioxidant activity. However, genotoxicity and DNA damage response studies showed a protective effect of the extract on the DNA of cancer cells and upregulation of DNA repair, which may underlie the reversal of the chemotherapy effect.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":317,"journal":{"name":"Food and Chemical Toxicology","volume":"197 ","pages":"Article 115271"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143027475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oral administration of cyantraniliprole to wistar rats during pregnancy and lactation alters maternal behavior and harms the female reproductive system of pubertal and adult offspring","authors":"Ana Camila Ferreira de Menezes ,&nbsp;Karen Gomes Luiz ,&nbsp;Julia Bandeira Velho ,&nbsp;Débora Hipólito Quadreli ,&nbsp;Ivana Regina da Costa ,&nbsp;Letícia Pazin Bomfim ,&nbsp;Maria Stacy dos Santos Silva ,&nbsp;Simone Forcato Ferreira ,&nbsp;Fábio Goulart de Andrade ,&nbsp;Daniela Cristina Ceccatto Gerardin ,&nbsp;Glaura Scantamburlo Alves Fernandes","doi":"10.1016/j.fct.2025.115272","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fct.2025.115272","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Over the past years, global pesticide use has increased by 20%. New insecticidal molecules, like cyantraniliprole, aim to reduce side effects due to the high toxicity of pesticides and their harmful effects on health and the environment. Its mechanism involves binding to ryanodine receptors, causing rapid calcium ion release. As a new molecule, studies on its effects on mammals are scarce. This work evaluates oral cyantraniliprole's impacts during pregnancy and lactation on maternal behavior and the reproductive system of female offspring. Approved by CEUA-UEL (OF. CIRC. CEUA n. 20/2020), <em>Wistar</em> rats were mated, and after pregnancy diagnosis, divided into control groups, C1, C10, and C150, receiving water and cyantraniliprole at 1, 10, and 150 mg/kg/day, respectively, by gavage. Maternal behavior, offspring physical development, uterine and ovarian histology, and oxidative stress levels were analyzed. Maternal exposure to 150 mg/kg/day was toxic to pregnancy, causing loss of the experimental group. Analysis showed significant changes in maternal behavior in C1 and C10, with increased pup contact, longer breastfeeding, and less cleaning time. No changes in offspring development were observed in C1 and C10. Histology and oxidative stress analysis of the ovaries showed no changes, while uterine analysis indicated thickening and increased oxidative stress.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":317,"journal":{"name":"Food and Chemical Toxicology","volume":"197 ","pages":"Article 115272"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143027472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}